YC6108ZQ型车用柴油机的开发

在ＹＣ６１０８ＺＱ型柴油机基础上，采用废气涡轮增压技术，并对气缸体、曲轴、进排气系统、系统和供油系统等进行了高度改进。改进后的ＹＣ６１０８ＺＱ柴油机提高了功率、增大了扭矩，同时获得了较低的噪声、排放、低油耗等综合性能指标。通过装车考核，表明该机具有良好的动力性、经济性和适应性。     

二级可调增压器旁通阀与喷油参数调节规律的仿真分析

利用Wave仿真软件建立了某二级可调增压V型8缸电控单体泵柴油机的仿真分析模型,应用台架试验数据对模型进行了标定,以最佳燃油经济性为目标,计算了外特性条件下排气旁通阀开度与喷油提前角对柴油机性能的影响规律,得到两者的优化匹配规律。计算结果表明:旁通阀阀门开度及喷油参数直接影响二级可调高增压柴油机系统的燃烧和换气过程;高转速高负荷工况时需要打开排气旁通阀,并适当增加喷油提前角以降低过高的排气背压,减少泵气损失,且转速越高放气阀开度越大、喷油提前角越大;中低转速高负荷工况时,排气背压低于进气压力,泵气损失功小,不需要打开排气旁通阀,并且应适当减小喷油提前角。     

KV495ZQ增压柴油机的研制

论述了KV495ZQ增压柴油机的研制过程 ,通过对KV495Q(DI)自然进气柴油机实施增压改造以及对配气系统和供油系统的研制开发 ,使柴油机的动力性和经济性达到了国内同类柴油机的较好水平。     

柴油机可调进气涡流系统的研制

以1132Z单缸柴油机为平台,研制了电控可调进气涡流系统,包括可调涡流进气道、可调涡流执行机构和基于ADUC812单片机的电控单元。针对发动机的不同工况实现了进气涡流强度的最佳化控制;试验结果表明,在最大扭矩工况,发动机燃油消耗率和烟度排放明显改善。     

谐振进气改善增压中冷柴油机性能和排放的研究

自行设计了适合于车用增压中冷柴油机的谐振进气系统,试验研究了谐振进气对柴油机燃油消耗率(b)、充量系数(c)、排气烟度(Rb)、PM等气体排放物的影响。结果表明,采用谐振进气系统可有效改善增压中冷柴油机的低速性能。合理匹配谐振系统参数,在低于谐振转速的工况范围内,可有效提高增压中冷柴油机的进气充量,增加空燃比(α),降低b和Rb。采用谐振箱容积为1.83 L、谐振管直径为50 mm、谐振管长度为1.1 m的谐振系统,与原机相比,低速工况c提高5%,Rb降低33%,同时有效降低了CO及PM排放。     

货车用柴油机超高喷射压力泵喷嘴的试验研究

本文介绍由Ｌｕｃａｓ公司研制的喷射压力达２００ＭＰａ的泵喷嘴的工作原理与特点，并将该喷射系统应用于一带模拟增压中冷的单缸发动机上的试验情况，其结果表明，高喷射压力的电控泵喷嘴与无涡流开式燃烧室相匹配时，可获得相当低的微粒与ＮＯＸ排放和低燃油消耗的性能，实现不需要排气后处理便能满足ＥＵＲＯⅡ的排放标准的要求。     

Development of the high-efficiency,low-noise L4 gasoline engine for trucks

In recent years, global environmental preservation and energy savings have become primary objectives even for truck engines. The 3RZ-FE engine, newly developed to succeed the 22R-E engine, is an in-line 4-cylinder 2.7-liter gasoline engine. With such features as 16-valve DOHC, well tuned intake system and a pair of balance shafts built into the cylinder block, this engine provides high performance, low fuel consumption, low exhaust emissions, low noise and vibration and high reliability.     

Efficiency improvement for an unthrottled SI engine at part load

Variable valve timing (VVT) and cylinder deactivation (CDA) are promising methods in reducing fuel consumption and emission at part load in SI engines. An SI engine which uses electromagnetic valvetrain (EMV) will eliminate flow restriction from the throttle valve and produce higher indicated mean efficiency pressure (IMEP) due to the disabling of some of the working cylinders at part load. Therefore, pumping loss can be significantly reduced at part-load conditions. In addition, duration and timing of valve events are variably controlled at different operating conditions. This contributes to the improvement of engine efficiency. In this study, a dynamic model of an unthrottled SI engine has been developed to simulate the engine cycle. The model uses an EMV system that allows valvetrain control and cylinder deactivation techniques to be carried out in simulation flexibly. The simulated results find the optimal valve timing for different engine speeds. The optimal timing of intake valve closing depends on engine speed linearly, while the intake valve opening insignificantly influences engine performance. Additionally, this study also shows that cylinder deactivation modes can be successfully applied in improving engine efficiency at different engine loads. Different cylinder deactivation strategies have been applied for the full range of engine loads. It is concluded that the two-cylinder deactivation mode (50% CDA) considerably improves fuel consumption at low engine load. Meanwhile, one-cylinder deactivation (25% CDA) is an optimal fuel economy mode at medium engine load. With proper uses of VVT and CDA strategies, the efficiency of an SI engine can be increased more than 30% at low engine load and 11.7 % at medium engine load.     

Efficiency and ecological characteristics of a VCR diesel engine

Compression ratio (CR) is a design parameter with highest influence on efficiency, emission and engine characteristics. In conventional internal combustion (IC) engines, the compression ratio is fixed and their performance is, therefore, a compromise between conflicting requirements. One fundamental problem is that drive units in the vehicles must successfully operate at variable speed and loads and in different ambient conditions. If a diesel engine has a fixed CR, a minimal value must be chosen that can achieve a reliable self-ignition when starting the engine in cold start conditions. In diesel engines, variable compression ratio (VCR) provides control of peak cylinder pressure, improves cold start ability and low load operation, enabling the multi-fuel capability, increase of fuel economy and reduction of emissions. By application of VCR and other mechanisms, the optimal regime fields are extended to the prime requirements: consumption, power, emission, noise, etc., and/or the possibility of the engine to operate with different fuels is extended. An experimental Diesel engine has been developed at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac. The changes of CR are realized by changing the piston chamber diameter. Detailed engine tests were performed at the Laboratory for IC engines. Special attention has been given to decrease of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. An optimal field of CR variation has been determined depending on the given objectives: minimal fuel consumption, minimal nitric oxides, and particulate matter emissions, etc.     

Operating strategy for gasoline/diesel dual-fuel premixed compression ignition in a light-duty diesel engine

Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability.     

Reduction of engine emissions via a real-time engine combustion control with an egr rate estimation model

Vehicle emissions regulations are becoming increasingly severe and remain a principal issue for vehicle manufacturers. Since, WLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedures) and RDE (real driving emission) regulations have been recently introduced, the engine operating conditions have been rapidly changed during the emission tests. Significantly more emissions are emitted during transient operation conditions compared to those at steady state operation conditions. For a diesel engine, combustion control is one of the most effective approaches to reduce engine exhaust emissions, particularly during the transient operation. The concern of this paper is about reducing emissions using a closed loop combustion control system which includes a EGR rate estimation model. The combustion control system calculates the angular position where 50 % of the injected fuel mass is burned (MFB50) using in-cylinder pressure for every cycle. In addition, the fuel injection timing is changed to make current MFB50 follow the target values. The EGR rate can be estimated by using trapped air mass and in-cylinder pressure when the intake valves are closed. When the EGR rate is different from the normal steady conditions, the target of MFB50 and the fuel injection timing are changed. The accuracy of the model is verified through engine tests, as well as the effect of combustion control. The peaks in NO level was decreased during transient conditions after adoption of the EGR model-based closed loop combustion control system.     

Effect of fuel injection strategies on the combustion process in a PFI boosted SI engine

A low-cost solution based on fuel injection strategies was investigated to optimize the combustion process in a boosted port fuel injection spark ignition (PFI SI) engine. The goal was to reduce the fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while maintaining performance. The effect of fuel injection was analyzed for the closed and open valve conditions, and the multiple injection strategies (MIS) based on double and triple fuel injection in the open-valve condition. The tests were performed on an optical accessible single-cylinder PFI SI engine equipped with an external boost device. The engine was operated at full load and with a stoichiometric ratio equivalent to that of commercial gasolines. Optical techniques based on 2D-digital imaging were used to follow the flame propagation from the flame kernel to late combustion phase. In particular, the diffusion-controlled flames near the valves and cylinder walls, due to fuel deposition, were studied. In these conditions, the presence of soot was measured by two-color pyrometry, and correlated with engine parameters and exhaust emissions measured by conventional methods. The open valve fuel injection strategies demonstrated better combustion process efficiency than the closed ones. They provided very low soot levels in the combustion chamber and engine exhaust, and a reduction in specific fuel consumption. The multiple injection strategies proved to be the best solution in terms of performance, soot concentration, and fuel consumption.     

车用重型柴油机二级增压系统模拟及试验研究

针对某车用重型柴油机进行了二级增压系统匹配研究,根据产品开发目标要求选择了高、低二级增压器。采用GT-Power软件建立了二级增压柴油机仿真模型,并对柴油机外特性稳态工况性能进行了模拟计算,分析了二级增压系统能量分配对柴油机性能的影响规律。建立了二级增压柴油机测试平台,并进行了外特性、万有特性及排放特性试验。模拟及试验结果表明,二级增压系统可以大幅提高柴油机低速扭矩,改善燃油经济性,拓宽柴油机燃油经济性运行区域,大幅降低柴油机PM排放。     

Nonlinear sliding mode observer for exhaust manifold pressure estimation in a light-duty diesel engine

In this paper, a sliding mode observer is proposed to estimate exhaust pressure for a diesel engine equipped with variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems. Since the exhaust pressure directly affects generation of the VGT power and the EGR rate in the cylinder, the exhaust pressure information is important for precise control of the VGT and EGR systems. In order to estimate the exhaust pressure accurately, a dynamic model of intake and exhaust pressure was derived. Furthermore, the mass flow rate and temperature of the air system in the diesel engines were modeled by consideration of physical phenomena and the thermodynamic law. Based on the developed models, a nonlinear sliding mode observer was designed to estimate the exhaust pressure. Convergence of the proposed observer was verified by the Lyapunov stability criterion. The proposed observer was implemented on a real-time embedded system and validated with the engine experiments. The experimental results show that the observer estimates the exhaust pressure accurately in both steady and transient engine operating conditions. Moreover, as a case study, the estimation results of the proposed observer could be applied for detecting a fault of the EGR system. The fault of the EGR system was detected precisely using the estimation result and the limited sensor information in mass-produced engines.     

自然吸气和增压柴油机排放特性研究

按照欧洲排放法规ISO 8178.4规定的八工况法、五工况法分别对增压柴油机(LR4100TZ和LR4100 TZE)和自然吸气式柴油机(YTR3105)进行了排放特性的试验研究,并对增压柴油机的各工况排放特性及经济性进行了分析。结果表明,增压柴油机在中间转速时排放工况分担率较高,自然吸气式柴油机排放工况分担率集中在中、低负荷,而高负荷排放较低,增压柴油机采用电控喷油可进一步降低NOx排放和燃油消耗率。     

柴油机均质混合气制备过程的数值模拟

针对复合式进排气系统燃油喷射混合新技术,对均质压燃(HCCI)柴油机的均质混合气制备过程进行了数值分析。建立了研究对象的物理模型和空气—燃油雾化混合的数学模型,对HCCI柴油机混合气形成过程特点与相关参数进行了详细的数值计算,并对复合式进排气系统内柴油喷雾蒸发和混合气形成过程以及影响因素进行了分析。数值研究表明,提出的复合进排气系统燃油喷射混合气制备技术能有效形成较均匀的预混合气,对进一步开发HCCI柴油机具有指导意义。     

车用燃料和车用柴油机技术的发展动向

从石油类液体、烃类气体、醇醚类、新型液体等燃料的应用分析了车用燃料的发展动向,从进气方式、喷油系统、涡轮增压、排气后处理、混合动力方面分析了柴油机技术的发展动向,并展望了未来几年的发展。     

Electromagnetic valve train for gasoline engine exhaust system

Electromagnetic valve train (EMVT) in camless engine offers large potential for both part load fuel economy and high load engine torque. However, it is more difficult to be applied on exhaust system than intake system. Because the gas pressure brings high demands for driving force, especially at high engine speed and full load. Based on the working characters of actuator, a method by increasing the transient currents in windings during valve’s opening motion is suggested to overcome the gas pressure. But this will cause more energy losses and heat. In order to make the EMVT used on exhaust system better, quantitative analysis is carried out against the additional power consumption caused by gas pressure under different conditions. Furthermore, an approach is introduced to define the optimal exhaust valve opening motion at full load conditions. It aims at making a better compromise between the engine power output and exhaust valves’ power consumption, thus both the efficiency of EMVT and engine performance are enhanced.     

495ZLQ柴油机参数匹配与性能计算分析

利用发动机模拟计算软件BOOST建立了495ZLQ柴油机的计算分析模型,探讨分析了不同增压器型式、排气管结构、压缩比及供油提前角等匹配参数对整机性能的影响,并确定了较合适的匹配参数。对选定的柴油机优化方案进行了标定转速3 200 r/min和最大扭矩转速2 200 r/min下的负荷特性模拟计算分析与试验验证。结果表明,模拟计算结果与试验值较为一致,柴油机性能符合预定的目标,为该柴油机改进设计与试验研究提供理论依据和研究方向。     

小缸径增压中冷柴油机燃烧特性及放热规律分析

通过实测小缸径增压中冷柴油机气缸压力,分析其燃烧过程及放热规律。结果表明,负荷增加,放热率增大,燃烧始点提前;采用较小的供油提前角,可降低最大压力升高率和最大燃烧压力;采用增压中冷技术,可降低峰值温度,因而对降低NOx 有利。