YD-大厚度风力机翼型粗糙敏感度试验研究

基于YD-系列3个大厚度钝后缘风力机翼型（相对厚度35%、40%和60%）,在西北工业大学NF-3低速翼型风洞开展粗糙敏感度对翼型性能影响的试验研究。结果表明,前缘粗糙对大厚度翼型的性能影响很大,造成升力线斜率和最大升力系数急剧减小,吸力面后缘流动的提前分离。     

Airfoil optimization for wind turbine application

An airfoil optimization method for wind turbine applications that controls the loss in performance due to leading edge contamination is developed and tested. The method uses the class‐shape‐transformation technique to parametrize the airfoil geometry and uses an adjusted version of the panel code XFOIL to calculate the aerodynamic performance. To find optimal airfoil shapes, the derivative‐free Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy is used in combination with an adaptive penalty function. The method is tested for the design of airfoils for the outer part of a megawatt‐class wind turbine rotor blade, and the results are compared with airfoils from Delft University. It is found that the method is able to automatically create airfoils with equal or improved performance compared with the Delft designs. For the tested application, the adjustments performed to the XFOIL code improve the maximum lift, post stall, and the overall drag predictions.     

Blade sections for wind turbine and tidal current turbine applications–current status and future challenges

The designers of horizontal axis wind turbines and tidal current turbines are increasingly focusing their attention on the design of blade sections appropriate for specific applications. In modern large wind turbines, the blade tip is designed using a thin airfoil for high lift : drag ratio, and the root region is designed using a thick version of the same airfoil for structural support. A high lift to drag ratio is a generally accepted requirement; however, although a reduction in the drag coefficient directly contributes to a higher aerodynamic efficiency, an increase in the lift coefficient does not have a significant contribution to the torque, as it is only a small component of lift that increases the tangential force while the larger component increases the thrust, necessitating an optimization. An airfoil with a curvature close to the leading edge that contributes more to the rotation will be a good choice; however, it is still a challenge to design such an airfoil. The design of special purpose airfoils started with LS and SERI airfoils, which are followed by many series of airfoils, including the new CAS airfoils. After nearly two decades of extensive research, a number of airfoils are available; however, majority of them are thick airfoils as the strength is still a major concern. Many of these still show deterioration in performance with leading edge contamination. Similarly, a change in the freestream turbulence level affects the performance of the blade. A number of active and passive flow control devices have been proposed and tested to improve the performance of blades/turbines. The structural requirements for tidal current turbines tend to lead to thicker sections, particularly near the root, which will cause a higher drag coefficient. A bigger challenge in the design of blades for these turbines is to avoid cavitation (which also leads to thicker sections) and still obtain an acceptably high lift coefficient. Another challenge for the designers is to design blades that give consistent output at varying flow conditions with a simple control system. The performance of a rotating blade may be significantly different from a non‐rotating blade, which requires that the design process should continue till the blade is tested under different operating conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

前缘改形对翼型气动噪声特性影响

为得到高气动性能、低噪声的风力机专用翼型,基于参数化建模翼型,研究前缘外形对风力机翼型气动性能及气动噪声的影响规律。通过分离涡模拟方法和声学类比方程建立噪声预测方法。针对非对称翼型S809通过样条函数参数化处理前缘改形进行气动噪声计算。结果表明:翼型压力面前缘加厚,对翼型升阻力系数无明显影响,但大攻角时翼型周围压力分布均匀,流动相对稳定,且气动噪声声压级低于原始翼型,随压力面厚度增加气动噪声越大;吸力面加厚使得翼型升力系数增大,阻力系数减小,能抑制翼型失速时尾缘涡与前缘涡的生成,变形量越大气动噪声越小;翼型前缘上弯,翼型在失速区升力系数减小,阻力系数增大,流动越加不稳定,声压级随着攻角的增加呈递增趋势;翼型前缘下弯,翼型处于失速区升力系数增大,阻力系数减小,能抑制流动分离,未生成前缘涡和尾缘涡,当前缘下弯不变时,随加厚厚度增加翼型声压级呈减小趋势,且前缘下弯翼型声压级小于前缘上弯。     

基于CFD技术与遗传算法的风力机大厚度翼型优化设计

针对目前风力机大厚度翼型设计参数空间有限、优化设计过程中气动力预测不准等问题,利用B样条函数表征通用翼型廓线,编制程序集成耦合翼型设计模块、任意翼型自适应网格模块、CFD流场计算模块、遗传算法优化模块,提出了基于CFD技术与遗传算法的风力机叶片大厚度翼型优化设计方法,并对比分析优化新翼型与DU97-W-300翼型的几何特性与气动性能。结果表明,优化方法设计的新翼型在主要攻角范围内具有较高的气动性能,在雷诺数为3.0×106的情况下,其升力系数、升阻比分别提高了13.555%、38.588%。该翼型优化设计方法为风力机大厚度通用翼型的设计与应用提供参考。     

齿形襟翼对风力机翼型气动噪声影响的数值研究

为分析齿形襟翼（SGF）尾缘对风力机翼型气动性能及噪声特性的影响,利用SST k-ω湍流模型对装设Gurney襟翼（GF）和SGF的NACA0018翼型进行数值模拟,研究齿高和齿宽对气动性能和静压分布的影响,并采用大涡模拟（LES）对气动性能最优的SGF进行噪声预估和涡结构分析。结果表明：SGF可有效提高翼型升力系数并延迟失速;SGF-0.8-6.7模型可使最大升阻比提高8.61%,失速攻角延迟3°,其在拓宽高升力区间、延迟失速等方面具有最优性能;SGF翼型上下翼面噪声无明显差异,平均声压级随攻角增大而提高;SGF-0.8-6.7模型的尾迹噪声随攻角增大呈现先增后减的变化趋势,随距离增加而降低;翼型辐射噪声呈典型偶极子状,GF噪声小攻角下降低,而大攻角下则增大,SGF在不同攻角下均降噪显著,最大降噪量达10.2 dB;SGF尾涡稳定有序,能耗及损失降低,由此使气动性能和噪声得以明显改善。     

基于小样本神经网络与多约束的风力机翼型快速优化设计

针对神经网络模型可以基于现有数据快速准确地预测风力机翼型的气动性能,但大量学习样本的构建需要较高的时间成本的问题,建立基于小样本集的风力机翼型神经网络模型,提出了多约束条件下的翼型气动性能优化设计方法,解决了训练数据过少所造成的学习不充分问题。基于建立的优化设计模型,应用粒子群算法完成了NACA4415翼型的优化设计,将新翼型与原始翼型进行气动特性对比分析。结果表明：新翼型在主要工作攻角范围内最大升力系数提高了6.96%,最大升阻比提高了7.37%,气动性能明显改善;该方法的优化效率远远高于传统方法,从而验证了该方法的可行性。     

Airfoil optimisation for vertical‐axis wind turbines with variable pitch

To advance the design of a multimegawatt vertical‐axis wind turbine (VAWT), application‐specific airfoils need to be developed. In this research, airfoils are tailored for a VAWT with variable pitch. A genetic algorithm is used to optimise the airfoil shape considering a balance between the aerodynamic and structural performance of airfoils. At rotor scale, the aerodynamic objective aims to create the required optimal loading while minimising losses. The structural objective focusses on maximising the bending stiffness. Three airfoils from the Pareto front are selected and analysed using the actuator cylinder model and a prescribed‐wake vortex code. The optimal pitch schedule is determined, and the loadings and power performance are studied for different tip‐speed ratios and solidities. The comparison of the optimised airfoils with similar airfoils from the first generation shows a significant improvement in performance, and this proves the necessity to properly select the airfoil shape.     

叶片翼型在气—水流场中流动特性的差异

现代水力机械叶片设计时采用的翼型大多为空气动力学翼型,而较少关注水流场与空气流场的差异及流质改变对翼型流动特性的影响,因此选取七种翼型,基于CFD软件,在高雷诺数、小攻角下,对翼型在水、空气两种流场中绕流的升阻力、表面涡量分布、速度场进行二维数值模拟计算,并分析了两种流场中的差异,提出了水、空气两种流场中升力、阻力系数的差异修正系数,推导了以水(气)流场试验数据表达的相同条件下气(水)流场运动方程。结果表明,气流场、水流场的差异对翼型升力系数的影响较小,对阻力系数及升阻比的影响较大;水流场中,翼型表面涡量不存在较大波动,分布更为均匀稳定,且分离点位置集中于翼型中段;水、空气流场的尾流低速区域面积之比能够较好地反映阻力系数的差异修正系数。研究成果可用于指导不同流场中的翼型设计。     

Numerical study of the aerodynamic performance of blunt trailing-edge airfoil considering the sensitive roughness height

For rough wind turbine airfoil and its blunt trailing-edge modification, the aerodynamic performance has been numerically investigated to facilitate a greater understanding of the effects of the blunt trailing-edge modification on the aerodynamic performance enhancement of airfoil with sensitive roughness height. The S834 airfoil from National Renewable Energy Laboratory is used for the simulation. The lift and drag coefficients of S834 airfoil with smooth or rough surface are calculated by the k-ω SST turbulence model, and are compared with wind tunnel test results. The aerodynamic performance of airfoils with different roughness heights is studied to obtain the sensitive roughness heights of suction and pressure surfaces. The mathematical expression of the blunt trailing-edge airfoil profile is established using the coordinate's rotation combined with the zoom coefficient of coordinate. Then, the S834 airfoil with sensitive roughness height is modified to be symmetrical blunt trailing-edge modification, and the lift and drag coefficients and the lift-drag ratio are also calculated and analyzed. Results indicate that the sensitive roughness height of suction surface is 0.5 mm, and the pressure surface is insensitive to the roughness height. Through the blunt trailing-edge modification, the lift coefficient and the maximum lift-drag ratio obviously increase for rough airfoil, and the sensitivity of airfoil to roughness height is reduced. The research provides significant guidance for designing the wind turbine airfoil under conditions of rough blade.     

尾缘襟翼对风力机翼型气动特性影响研究

尾缘襟翼(TEF)因其对翼型气动特性的调控能力,被认为是降低叶片疲劳和局部载荷最具可行性的气动控制部件。对TEF进行建模,采用Xfoil和CFD软件分析了TEF对翼型气动特性的影响及其机理,并从叶素理论角度对变化来流下TEF的减载效果进行了验证,结果表明:TEF位于不同摆角时翼型升阻力系数均有不同程度的变化,TEF可有效实现对翼型气动特性的主动控制;TEF摆动改变了翼型表面的静压分布和流动状态,进而对翼型升阻力和失速攻角产生影响;TEF可快速有效降低风速突然增加后的叶素受力,进而控制并减小叶片载荷。     

垂直轴风力机两种翼型气动性能比较研究

叶片是风力机最重要的组成部分,在不同的风能资源情况下,翼型的选择对垂直轴风力机气动特性有着重要的影响。文章分别以NACA0018翼型(对称翼型)和NACA4418翼型(非对称翼型)建立3叶片H型垂直轴风力机二维仿真模型。应用数值模拟的研究方法,从功率系数、单个叶片切向力系数等方面比较两种风力机模型在不同叶尖速比下的气动特性,并采用风洞实验数据验证了流场计算的准确性。CFD计算结果表明:在低叶尖速比下,NACA4418翼型风力机气动特性优于NACA0018翼型风力机,适用于低风速区域;在高叶尖速比下,NACA0018翼型风力机气动特性较好,适用于高风速地区。而且在高叶尖速比时,NACA0018翼型在上风区时,切向力系数平均值要高于NACA4418翼型,在下风区时,NACA418翼型切向力系数平均值高。该研究可为小型垂直轴风力机翼型的选择提供参考。     

Airfoil wind tunnel correction for angles of attack from −180° to 180°

Wind tunnel corrections are investigated for two‐dimensional low‐speed wind tunnel tests that are performed for three similar airfoils for angles of attack ranging from ?180° to 180° at Re = 0.75 × 10⁶. Aided by the Blasius theorem, wind tunnel corrections are deduced for the lift, drag and pitching moment of the airfoil at high angles of attack. The wall pressure signature method is applied to determine the strengths of the equivalent singularities. The tunnel wall‐induced force and pitching moment are obtained by calculating the force and moment exerted on the equivalent singularities. The maximum correction for drag is determined to be about 50%. The corrected forces and pitching moments for three similar airfoils are coincident with one another. A method to determine an optimum singularities distribution range is presented. The results indicate that the correction method in the paper is effective for airfoil testing at high angles of attack. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

垂直轴风力机改进翼型气动及功率特性研究

为提高垂直轴风力机的风能利用率,基于CFD数值模拟技术,分析了常用典型垂直轴风力机翼型的气动及功率特性,并以NACA0012翼型为基础对其进行改进。对比改进前后翼型表明,增大翼型厚度可降低升阻比,增大翼型弯度可增强其失速特性;厚尾缘翼型、升阻互补型翼型可分别降低翼型失速性能、增加启动力矩,其中厚尾缘翼型的H型垂直轴风力机的功率系数较大,可提高风能利用率,为翼型优化设计提供了新思路。     

Performance analysis of the airfoil-slat arrangements for hydro and wind turbine applications

Standard airfoils historically used for wind and hydrokinetic turbines had maximum lift coefficients of around 1.3 at stall angles of attack, which is about 12°. At these conditions, the minimum flow velocities to generate electric power were about 7 m/s and 2 m/s for the wind turbine and the hydrokinetic turbine cases, respectively. In this study, NACA4412-NACA6411 slat–airfoil arrangement was chosen for these two cases in order to investigate the potential performance improvements. Aerodynamic performances of these cases were both numerically and experimentally investigated. The 2D and 3D numerical analysis software were used and the optimum geometric and flow conditions leading to the maximum power coefficient or the maximum lift to drag ratio were obtained. The maximum lift to drag ratio of 24.16 was obtained at the optimum geometric and flow parameters. The maximum power coefficient of 0.506 and the maximum torque were determined at the tip speed ratios of 5.5 and 4.0 respectively. The experimental work conducted in a towing tank gave the power coefficient to be 0.47 which is about %7 lower than the numerical results obtained. Hence, there is reasonable agreement between numerical end experimental values. It may be concluded that slat-hydrofoil or airfoil arrangements may be applied in the design of wind and hydrokinetic turbines for electrical power generation in lower wind velocities (3–4 m/s) and current velocities (about 1 m/s).     

风力机翼型尾缘厚度对粗糙敏感性影响的研究

综合应用涡面元和RANS方法,研究DU93-W-210、DU91-W2-250及DU97-W-300这3种常用翼型经尾缘修型后尾缘厚度对粗糙敏感性的影响.在涡面元方法中采用设置固定转捩和在RANS方法中采用设置锯齿形边界条件的方式来模拟翼型前缘污染,研究发现前缘污染造成翼型吸力峰降低,引起翼型气动性能下降,然而随着尾缘...     

USST高性能水平轴风力机翼型族

结合层流翼型与钝尾缘的特性,通过Hicks-Henne型函数对翼型参数化修型,基于多岛遗传算法及Xfoil气动分析,针对大型水平轴风力机翼型进行多目标函数、多设计工况、多约束条件下的优化设计,得到适用于大型风力机的高性能翼型族（USST翼型族）。其升阻比在大多数攻角下均高于同厚度的FFA、DU系列等现有风力机翼型族,且在同样的升力系数下具有更大的升阻比。最后为考核优化设计得到的翼型族,采用数值模拟方法对优化结果进行验证,证明设计得到的新型风力机翼型族具有优越的气动性能。     

凹变翼型对风力机气动性能影响的实验研究

为改进课题组自行设计某S型翼型结构,提高300 W小型水平轴风力机气动性能,本课题重点研究翼型吸力面凹变对风力机气动性能的影响.利用二阶迎风格式、S-A湍流模型数值模拟方法及内蒙古工业大学风能太阳能利用技术教育部重点实验室检测设备,探究风力机在3种定常风速、9种叶尖速比共27种工况下风轮的功率系数、功率、转矩等气动参数...     

Improvement of airfoil design using smooth curvature technique

The newly developed generalized function of airfoil profiles of wind turbine based on Trajkovski conformal transform theory can be used to fit the existing airfoil profiles and create the new ones by adjusting the coefficients of the generalized function. In this approach, the geometrical scale factor a， which was taken as a constant 0.25, has a significant impact on the curvature smooth continuity which will affect the aerodynamic performances of the airfoil. In this paper, the functional integral theory of wind turbine airfoils is studied. Furthermore, the advantage and the importance of curvature issue for airfoil surface are discussed in detail. It is found that, when different existing airfoils were analyzed using the generalized function, the geometrical scale factor a reaches an unexpected lower value. Based on curvature smooth continuity theory, a new method is presented to correct the geometrical scale factor a. As a result, the curvature smooth continuity of the fitting profile has been greatly improved, compared with that of the original profile. As an application of this new method, the DU93-W-210 airfoil is improved with the corrected geometrical scale factor a, and optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) method by controlling the coefficients of the shape function, leading to a new airfoil. Comparatively, the aerodynamic performances of the new airfoil such as maximum lift coefficient, maximum lift-drag ratio, roughness insensitivity and so forth are better than the DU93-W-210 airfoil performances. The achieved results show that this novel method is feasible to optimize airfoils of wind turbine.