时空调控微柱表面浸润性强化单气泡沸腾换热

微结构耦合浸润性调控是目前强化核态沸腾换热的主要手段,针对水工质在单晶硅微柱表面的核态沸腾过程,采用CFD-VOF三维数值模拟方法,对比研究时间及空间分别调控表面浸润性对沸腾气泡动力学、相界面形变及传热性能的影响。结果表明：亲水性增强使得气泡界面曲率增大、合力增强,促使气泡的脱离;空间调控主要表现为增大气泡体积,时间调控则主要表现为优化气泡动力学过程,提高热流较大的生长阶段在整个气泡周期内的占比,从而强化换热;本实验工况下,空间梯度浸润表面以及在生长阶段提高壁面亲水性,均可大幅度提高单气泡沸腾换热性能,平均热流最大可提高42.7%;考虑微尺度下梯度浸润性加工难度,时间调控浸润性强化沸腾换热具有更好的发展前景。     

池沸腾孤立气泡生长过程中微液层蒸发影响的实验和模拟耦合分析

微液层蒸发是沸腾过程中重要的换热机理。本文旨在通过单个气泡池沸腾实验中测得的气泡动态参数探究孤立气泡生长过程中加热表面的换热机理。首先通过沸腾池和加热表面的严格设计实现了单个气泡沸腾。进一步通过对孤立气泡生长时序图像的处理,得到了气泡在一个生长周期内气泡直径、纵横比以及气泡根部基圆半径的变化。对比发现,气泡生长速率与气泡根部基圆半径随时间的变化呈现显著正相关,而与大液层区域的变化相关程度较低,这表明微液层蒸发直接影响气泡体积变化,在孤立气泡沸腾过程中起主导作用。在此基础上进一步建立了加热表面换热过程的数值模型,基于实验中测得的气泡动态参数对气泡底层的微液层厚度进行了预测;通过多次迭代计算并匹配气泡生长速率和加热棒的温度发现,当表面过热度为4.82 K时,气泡底层微液层厚度约为3.43 μm,与相关文献中的微液层厚度测量值基本一致,进一步证实了微液层蒸发在孤立气泡沸腾换热过程中的重要性。本研究揭示了孤立气泡池沸腾过程中近壁面处的换热机制,为进一步的孤立气泡沸腾传热过程数值模拟奠定了理论基础。     

方肋微通道内流动沸腾的气泡动态与传热特性分析

为揭示方肋微通道热沉内流动沸腾的传热传质机理,本文基于耦合VOF方法与“饱和界面”相变模型对微通道内单个气泡绕流加热方肋的传热传质过程进行了数值研究。通过分析该过程中气泡增长速率与方肋壁面传热系数的变化,重点讨论了初始气泡体积和入口雷诺数Re对相变传热效率和流动结构的影响。结果表明：在气泡流经加热方肋过程中,气泡与方肋表面之间形成一层薄液膜,该薄液膜的相变蒸发极大强化方肋表面的换热效果,换热系数较相同条件下的单相流动提升6倍以上。此外液膜厚度随Re增大而变厚,液膜热阻相应增大,液膜蒸发对换热的促进作用随Re增大而降低。最后考察了气泡体积对方肋壁面换热的影响,结果表明：初始体积大的气泡具有更薄的液膜厚度及更大的蒸发面积,表现出更高的相变传热效率;而小气泡对壁面温度影响较小。     

基于气泡动力学分段调控浸润性强化核态沸腾

基于多孔或微结构表面润湿性改性的核态沸腾强化传热,已得到广泛研究。利用CFD-VOF数值模拟方法,针对单晶硅微柱表面单气泡的生长及脱离过程,进行表面浸润性分段调控,实现气泡沸腾换热的全程强化。分别调控初始接触角为48°、60°、90°和110°后,同一时刻 （t = 0.152 ms） 变接触角为20°,对比研究分段调控浸润性对气泡动力学过程与表面换热性能的影响。结果表明：疏水性可提高气泡生长速率,增强微柱表面对气泡的黏附力,促进气泡在微结构缝隙内的横向铺展;t = 0.150 ms时接触角为110° 表面上气泡与底面接触面积增加1.3倍,微层蒸发功率增加1.2倍。需要指出的是,毛细效应随颗粒粒径变化趋势受到多孔介质复杂孔隙结构特征的影响。在当前粒径范围内,认为其具有正相关关系,但在更大范围内的对应关系,还需要在未来进一步深入揭示。     

单晶硅表面池沸腾可视化测量及数据分析

针对核态沸腾过程,利用高速摄像机和红外热成像设备对光滑、微坑、均匀微柱和槽型微柱四种不同单晶硅表面的沸腾现象进行了在线可视观测,获得了各表面气泡动力学演变过程及局部温度演变规律,揭露了基于动力学过程的沸腾强化机理。由沸腾曲线可知,光滑硅表面,沸腾起始过热度为6℃,而三种微结构表面,起沸过热度为3～4℃;同时,微坑、槽型微柱和均匀微柱表面核态沸腾的CHF较光滑表面分别提高了109%、129%和140%。动力学演变过程则证明了微坑的存在为核化沸腾提供了核化点,有效降低了核化能垒、缩短了壁面蓄能阶段的时长。微柱的存在大幅度增加了气泡核化密度,减小了脱离直径,缩短了脱离时间,促进了沸腾表面温度的均匀化。     

单晶硅表面池沸腾可视化测量及数据分析

针对核态沸腾过程,利用高速摄像机和红外热成像设备对光滑、微坑、均匀微柱和槽型微柱四种不同单晶硅表面的沸腾现象进行了在线可视观测,获得了各表面气泡动力学演变过程及局部温度演变规律,揭露了基于动力学过程的沸腾强化机理。由沸腾曲线可知,光滑硅表面,沸腾起始过热度为6℃,而三种微结构表面,起沸过热度为3～4℃;同时,微坑、槽型微柱和均匀微柱表面核态沸腾的CHF较光滑表面分别提高了109%、129%和140%。动力学演变过程则证明了微坑的存在为核化沸腾提供了核化点,有效降低了核化能垒、缩短了壁面蓄能阶段的时长。微柱的存在大幅度增加了气泡核化密度,减小了脱离直径,缩短了脱离时间,促进了沸腾表面温度的均匀化。     

双组分混合制冷工质沸腾换热理论研究

基于单组分工质池沸腾动态微液层预测模型,提出了预测双组分混合工质沸腾换热系数的理论模型。该模型认为沸腾换热的机理主要是由于在气泡的周期生长过程中所形成微液层的蒸发。模型中考虑了气泡生长过程中液体传质对传热的影响,给出了气泡生长过程中传热面上气液固接触的动态构造。利用本模型所得预测结果与实验结果能够较好地符合。     

R-113池沸腾气泡行为的可视化及传热机理

利用ITO透明加热膜和高速摄影仪,对制冷工质R-113在压力为0.1 MPa的池沸腾的气泡行为进行了可视化研究.利用高速摄影仪观察得到了不同热通量下气泡的生长、脱离以及相邻气泡之间的合并情况.实验结果表明,随着热通量的升高,气泡的脱离时间减小,而加热壁面的汽化核心密度增大.文中给出了气泡的脱离时间、脱离直径以及汽化核心密度随热通量的变化曲线.在实验过程中,并没有观察到气泡底部的微液层在蒸干过程中有液体补充.最后,利用动态微液层模型对R-113的池沸腾换热曲线进行了预测,并将预测结果和实验结果进行了对比,结果显示,预测结果与实验结果符合较好.     

通入惰性气体强化管外沸腾传热的实验研究

<正>在沸腾传热中,微层蒸发(Vaporization of microlayer)是热量传递的一个重要途径.微层蒸发是指沸腾壁面产生的气泡在生长过程中,与壁面之间形成极薄的过热液体微层(30～50μm),微层过热而向气泡内部蒸发扩散,同时从壁面吸收热量做为汽化潜热,     

碳纳米管悬浮液在重力热管中的沸腾特性

为研究纳米流体的沸腾传热效果,进行了以碳纳米管充装的重力热管的沸腾特性实验.以碳纳米管悬浮液为工质的重力热管的起沸温度、温度漂移及蒸发段管壁温度比水工质热管的高,热管的热阻增大,换热性能恶化.通过测定,水中添加碳纳米管颗粒后悬浮液的表面张力增大,使得加热壁面的活化成核点密度、数量、脱离频率、气泡体积、气泡间聚合能力发生改变,气液界面处的温度梯度和浓度梯度引发Marangoni流动,易蒸发组分水在界面处的蒸发产生质扩散效应.几种因素的共同作用使热管蒸发段管壁和热管的启动温度上升,热阻增大,热管的传热性能恶化.     

基于双流体模型的液氢流动沸腾数值模拟

基于双流体模型,建立了液氢管内流动沸腾的数值模型,在液体Reynolds数67000～660000、壁面热通量16300～317800 W/m²、饱和温度22～29 K、入口过冷度0～8 K的范围内,对管径5.95和6.35 mm的圆管内液氢流动沸腾开展了数值模拟研究,并与试验结果进行了对比。对比显示,液氢流动沸腾传热系数的模拟结果与试验数据的平均误差（MAE）为7.79%,94%的模拟数据都在±20%误差带范围内。     

BOILING OF MIXTURES IN A NARROW SPACE

Nucleate pool boiling of binary mixtures composed of water and normal propyl alcohol (NPA) within a narrow space between heated and unheated horizontal-parallel surface has been investigated under atmospheric pressure. The electrically heated lower surface is made of a sheet of stainless steel 304 with the dimension of 145 x 22 x 0.05 mm and the unheated upper plate is a stainlesssieel cylinder with a diameter of 20 mm. The periphery of the confined space is open and the size of the gap can be varied from 0 to 10 mm. Experimental results show that the heat transfer coefficient of nucleate pool boiling of binary mixture in a narrow space is much greater than that of conventional nucleate pool boiling. It is due to the evaporation of a thin liquid film under the deformed bubble. Experimental results also show that mass diffusion effect is important in both nucleate pool boiling in a narrow space and in conventional nucleate pool boiling. Based on the experimental results, the microlayer evaporation, mass diffusion and the film flow driven by the gradient of the disjoining pressure and the Marangoni effect are discussed.     

Infrared thermometry study of nanofluid pool boiling phenomena

Infrared thermometry was used to obtain first-of-a-kind, time- and space-resolved data for pool boiling phenomena in water-based nanofluids with diamond and silica nanoparticles at low concentration (<0.1 vol.%). In addition to macroscopic parameters like the average heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux [CHF] value, more fundamental parameters such as the bubble departure diameter and frequency, growth and wait times, and nucleation site density [NSD] were directly measured for a thin, resistively heated, indium-tin-oxide surface deposited onto a sapphire substrate. Consistent with other nanofluid studies, the nanoparticles caused deterioration in the nucleate boiling heat transfer (by as much as 50%) and an increase in the CHF (by as much as 100%). The bubble departure frequency and NSD were found to be lower in nanofluids compared with water for the same wall superheat. Furthermore, it was found that a porous layer of nanoparticles built up on the heater surface during nucleate boiling, which improved surface wettability compared with the water-boiled surfaces. Using the prevalent nucleate boiling models, it was possible to correlate this improved surface wettability to the experimentally observed reductions in the bubble departure frequency, NSD, and ultimately to the deterioration in the nucleate boiling heat transfer and the CHF enhancement.     

双组分制冷工质R11-R113气泡动力学特性的可视化研究

A digital photographic study of pool boiling with binary mixture Rll（CC13）-Rll3（CCl3CF3） was performed on a horizontal transparent heater at pressure of 0.1MPa. A high speed digital camera was applied to record the bubble behaviors in boiling process. Strong effects of composition on bubble departure diameter, deparatre time, nucleation density were observed, which was attributed to the nature of the activation of the boiling surface and mass diffusion effects. The bubble departure diameter, departure period and nucleation density as functions of composition for binary mixtures R 11-R 113 were presented respectively. From the video images, it can be concluded that evaporation of microlayer is very important to the growth of bubble. It is also observed that there is not any liquid recruited into the microlayer below the bubble.     

水平管束沸腾传热的对流与薄层蒸发贡献

引言目前,卧式再沸器的热设计仍沿用Palen等人60年代初基于单管池沸腾传热机理所提出的方法．近十几年来,大量实验研究结果表明,在相同条件下管束的沸腾传热系数高于单管．人们逐渐认识到管束沸腾传热为核沸腾、对流和薄层蒸发传热机理所控制．由此可见,在卧式再沸器的设计中,基于单一的池沸腾传热机理所得关联式进行卧式再沸器的热设计,造成传热面积裕度偏大、设备体积庞大、浪费材料、设备效率低,显得十分保守．因此,深入研究水平管束的沸腾传热机理,进而发展更为合理的卧式再沸器的设计模型,对于改进这类设备的设计、改善设备…     

POOL BOILING OF BINARY MIXTURES

Nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients for pure water, pure n-propanol and eight of their mixtures including the azeotrope were measured by using a horizontal electrically heated stainless steel tube of 3.35 mm O.D. and 9.8 cm long as heating element. This binary system was chosen for the reason that it is suitable for simultaneous investigation of the mass diffusion effect (the F effect), the effect of slowing down in bubble growth rate caused by the exhaustion of the volatile component near the vapor-liquid interface, the Marangoni effect (the M effect), the effect of surface tension gradient caused by the evaporation of the component of lower surface tension, and the dynamic surface effect (the Y effect), the effect of surface tension gradient caused by the stretching of vapor-liquid interface, on the boiling heat transfer rate in mixture. It is concluded that the mass diffusion effect can qualitatively account for the experimental results of the system. The discrepancy between the experimental data and the theoretical prediction by considering the F effect is due to taking no account of the intercorrelated effects of M and Y.

The effect of interfacial properties such as surface tension and contact angle on boiling heat transfer rate and the incipience of boiling were also evaluated.