Symbolic computation of conservation laws for nonlinear partial differential equations in multiple space dimensions

A method for symbolically computing conservation laws of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) in multiple space dimensions is presented in the language of variational calculus and linear algebra. The steps of the method are illustrated using the Zakharov–Kuznetsov and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equations as examples.The method is algorithmic and has been implemented in Mathematica. The software package, ConservationLawsMD.m, can be used to symbolically compute and test conservation laws for polynomial PDEs that can be written as nonlinear evolution equations.The code ConservationLawsMD.m has been applied to multi-dimensional versions of the Sawada–Kotera, Camassa–Holm, Gardner, and Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya equations.     

Numerical solution of nonlinear system of Klein–Gordon equations by cubic B-spline collocation method

A technique to approximate the solutions of nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation and Klein–Gordon-Schrödinger equations is presented separately. The approach is based on collocation of cubic B-spline functions. The above-mentioned equations are decomposed into a system of partial differential equations, which are further converted to an amenable system of ODEs. The obtained system has been solved by SSP-RK54 scheme. Numerical solutions are presented for five examples, to show the accuracy and usefulness of proposed approach. The approximate solutions of both the equations are computed without using any transformation and linearization. The technique can be applied with ease to solve linear and nonlinear PDEs and also reduces the computational work.     

Squeezing flow of nanofluids of Cu–water and kerosene between two parallel plates by Gegenbauer Wavelet Collocation method

Operational matrices of Gegenbauer wavelets have significant role for approximate solution of differential equations. In the present study, approximate solutions of the squeezing nanofluids of Cu–kerosene and Cu–water between parallel plates with magnetic field are obtained by GW Collocation Method. The governing nonlinear PDEs may be turned into the nonlinear ODEs by similarity transformation. These nonlinear equations are turned into the set of linear ODEs by quasilinearization technique. The effective thermal conductivity and the effective dynamic viscosity of nanofluids have been taken as models of Maxwell–Garnetts and Brinkman. The effects of physical parameters have been displayed by graphs and tables.

     

Symbolic computation of hyperbolic tangent solutions for nonlinear differential-difference equations

A new algorithm is presented to find exact traveling wave solutions of differential-difference equations in terms of tanh functions. For systems with parameters, the algorithm determines the conditions on the parameters so that the equations might admit polynomial solutions in tanh. Examples illustrate the key steps of the algorithm. Through discussion and example, parallels are drawn to the tanh-method for partial differential equations. The new algorithm is implemented in Mathematica. The package DDESpecialSolutions.m can be used to automatically compute traveling wave solutions of nonlinear polynomial differential-difference equations. Use of the package, implementation issues, scope, and limitations of the software are addressed.

Program summary

Title of program: DDESpecialSolutions.mCatalogue identifier:ADUJProgram summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADUJProgram obtainable from:CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandDistribution format: tar.gzComputers: Created using a PC, but can be run on UNIX and Apple machinesOperating systems under which the program has been tested: Windows 2000 and Windows XPProgramming language used: Mathematica, version 3.0 or higherMemory required to execute with typical data: 9 MBNumber of processors used: 1Has the code been vectorised or parallelized?: NoNumber of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 3221Number of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 23 745Nature of physical problem: The program computes exact solutions to differential-difference equations in terms of the tanh function. Such solutions describe particle vibrations in lattices, currents in electrical networks, pulses in biological chains, etc.Method of solution: After the differential-difference equation is put in a traveling frame of reference, the coefficients of a candidate polynomial solution in tanh are solved for. The resulting traveling wave solutions are tested by substitution into the original differential-difference equation.Restrictions on the complexity of the program: The system of differential-difference equations must be polynomial. Solutions are polynomial in tanh.Typical running time: The average run time of 16 cases (including the Toda, Volterra, and Ablowitz-Ladik lattices) is 0.228 seconds with a standard deviation of 0.165 seconds on a 2.4 GHz Pentium 4 with 512 MB RAM running Mathematica 4.1. The running time may vary considerably, depending on the complexity of the problem.     

Lie symmetry analysis and conservation law of variable-coefficient Davey–Stewartson equation

A variable-coefficient Davey–Stewartson (vcDS) equation is investigated in this paper. Infinitesimal generators and symmetry groups are presented by the Lie group method, and the optimal system is presented with adjoint representation. Based on the optimal system, similarity reductions to partial differential equations (PDEs) are obtained, then some PDEs are reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by two-dimensional subalgebras, and the similarity solutions are provided, including periodic solutions and elliptic function solutions. With Lagrangian, it is shown that vcDS is nonlinearly self-adjoint. Furthermore, based on nonlinear self-adjointness, conservation laws for vcDS equation are derived.     

Performance analysis of error-control B-spline Gaussian collocation software for PDEs

B-spline Gaussian collocation software has been widely used in the numerical solution of boundary value ordinary differential equations (BVODEs) and 1D partial differential equations (PDEs) for several decades. Such packages represent the numerical solution in terms of a piecewise polynomial (B-spline) basis with basis coefficients determined through the use of Gaussian collocation. The software package, BACOL, developed over a decade ago, was the first 1D PDE package of this type to provide both temporal and spatial error control. A recently developed package, BACOLI, improves upon the efficiency of BACOL through the use of new types of spatial error estimation and control. The complexity of the interactions among the component numerical algorithms used by these packages (particularly the spatial and temporal error estimation and control algorithms) implies that extensive testing and analysis of the test results is an essential factor in the ongoing development of these packages In this paper, we investigate the performance of BACOL and BACOLI with respect to several important machine independent algorithmic measures, examine the effectiveness of the new spatial error estimation and control strategies, and investigate the influence of the choice of the degree of the B-spline basis on the performance of the solvers. These results will provide new insights into how to improve BACOLI, potentially lead to improvements in Gaussian collocation BVODE solvers, and guide further development of B-spline Gaussian collocation software with error control for 2D PDEs.     

求一类非线性偏微分方程精确解的简化试探函数法

利用试探函数法,将一个难于求解的非线性偏微分方程化为一个易于求解的代数方程,然后用待定系数法确定相应的常数,简洁地求得了一类非线性偏微分方程的精确解．将此方法应用到Burgers方程、KdV方程和KdV—Burgers方程,所得结果与已有结果完全吻合．本方法可望进一步推广用于求解其它非线性偏微分方程．     

Exact linearization of nonlinear ordinary autonomous differential equations

Many methods for finding exact solutions to nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE) are based on certain euristic rules. The author suggested a newexact linearization method that provides an algorithmic procedure for constructing exact solutions for some important classes of ODEs [1].     

Nonlinear stabilization in infinite dimension

Significant advances have taken place in the last few years in the development of control designs for nonlinear infinite-dimensional systems. Such systems typically take the form of nonlinear ODEs (ordinary differential equations) with delays and nonlinear PDEs (partial differential equations). In this article we review several representative but general results on nonlinear control in the infinite-dimensional setting. First we present designs for nonlinear ODEs with constant, time-varying or state-dependent input delays, which arise in numerous applications of control over networks. Second, we present a design for nonlinear ODEs with a wave (string) PDE at its input, which is motivated by the drilling dynamics in petroleum engineering. Third, we present a design for systems of (two) coupled nonlinear first-order hyperbolic PDEs, which is motivated by slugging flow dynamics in petroleum production in off-shore facilities. Our design and analysis methodologies are based on the concepts of nonlinear predictor feedback and nonlinear infinite-dimensional backstepping. We present several simulation examples that illustrate the design methodology.     

RAEEM: A Maple package for finding a series of exact traveling wave solutions for nonlinear evolution equations

In Maple 8, by taking advantage of the package RIF contained in DEtools, we developed a package RAEEM which is a comprehensive and complete implementation of such methods as the tanh-method, the extended tanh-method, the Jacobi elliptic function method and the elliptic equation method. RAEEM can entirely automatically output a series of exact traveling wave solutions, including those of polynomial, exponential, triangular, hyperbolic, rational, Jacobi elliptic, Weierstrass elliptic type. The effectiveness of the package is illustrated by applying it to a large variety of equations. In addition to recovering previously known solutions, we also obtain more general forms of some solutions and new solutions.

Program summary

Title of program: RAEEMCatalogue identifier: ADUPProgram summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADUPProgram obtained from: CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandComputers: PC Pentium IVInstallations: CopyOperating systems: Windows 98/2000/XPProgram language used: Maple 8Memory required to execute with typical data: depends on the problem, minimum about 8M wordsNo. of bits in a word: 8No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 3163No. of bytes in distributed program, including the test data, etc.: 26 720Distribution format: tar.gzNature of physical problem: Our program provides exact traveling wave solutions, which describe various phenomena in nature, and thus can give more insight into the physical aspects of problems. These solutions may be easily used in further applications.Restriction on the complexity of the problem: The program can handle system of nonlinear evolution equations with any number of independent and dependent variables, in which each equation is a polynomial (or can be converted to a polynomial) in the dependent variables and their derivatives.Typical running time: It depends on the input equations as well as the degrees of the desired polynomial solutions. For most of the equations we have computed, the running time is no more than 100 s.     

Metaheuristic algorithms for approximate solution to ordinary differential equations of longitudinal fins having various profiles

Differential equations play a noticeable role in engineering, physics, economics, and other disciplines. Approximate approaches have been utilized when obtaining analytical (exact) solutions requires substantial computational effort and often is not an attainable task. Hence, the importance of approximation methods, particularly, metaheuristic algorithms are understood. In this paper, a novel approach is suggested for solving engineering ordinary differential equations (ODEs). With the aid of certain fundamental concepts of mathematics, Fourier series expansion, and metaheuristic methods, ODEs can be represented as an optimization problem. The target is to minimize the weighted residual function (error function) of the ODEs. The boundary and initial values of ODEs are considered as constraints for the optimization model. Generational distance and inverted generational distance metrics are used for evaluation and assessment of the approximate solutions versus the exact (numerical) solutions. Longitudinal fins having rectangular, trapezoidal, and concave parabolic profiles are considered as studied ODEs. The optimization task is carried out using three different optimizers, including the genetic algorithm, the particle swarm optimization, and the harmony search. The approximate solutions obtained are compared with the differential transformation method (DTM) and exact (numerical) solutions. The optimization results obtained show that the suggested approach can be successfully applied for approximate solving of engineering ODEs. Providing acceptable accuracy of the proposed technique is considered as its important advantage against other approximate methods and may be an alternative approach for approximate solving of ODEs.     

The Method of Multiple Scales: Asymptotic Solutions and Normal Forms for Nonlinear Oscillatory Problems

The method of multiple scales is implemented in Maple V Release 2 to generate a uniform asymptotic solutionO(ϵ^r) for a weakly nonlinear oscillator.In recent work, it has been shown that the method of multiple scales also transforms the differential equations into normal form, so the given algorithm can be used to simplify the equations describing the dynamics of a system near a fixed point.These results are equivalent to those obtained with the traditional method of normal forms which uses a near-identity coordinate transformation to get the system into the “simplest” form.A few Duffing type oscillators are analysed to illustrate the power of the procedure. The algorithm can be modified to take care of systems of ODEs, PDEs and other nonlinear cases.     

A Maple package to find first order differential invariants of 2ODEs via a Darboux approach

Here we present an implementation of a semi-algorithm to find elementary first order differential invariants (elementary first integrals) of a class of rational second order ordinary differential equations (rational 2ODEs). The algorithm was developed in Duarte and da Mota (2009)  [18]; it is based on a Darboux-type procedure, and it is an attempt to construct an analog (generalization) of the method built by Prelle and Singer (1983)  [6] for rational first order ordinary differential equations (rational 1ODEs). to deal, this time, with 2ODEs. The FiOrDi package presents a set of software routines in Maple for dealing with rational 2ODEs. The package presents commands permitting research investigations of some algebraic properties of the ODE that is being studied.     

A symbolic algorithm for computing recursion operators of nonlinear partial differential equations

A recursion operator is an integro-differential operator which maps a generalized symmetry of a nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) to a new symmetry. Therefore, the existence of a recursion operator guarantees that the PDE has infinitely many higher-order symmetries, which is a key feature of complete integrability. Completely integrable nonlinear PDEs have a bi-Hamiltonian structure and a Lax pair; they can also be solved with the inverse scattering transform and admit soliton solutions of any order.

A straightforward method for the symbolic computation of polynomial recursion operators of nonlinear PDEs in (1+1) dimensions is presented. Based on conserved densities and generalized symmetries, a candidate recursion operator is built from a linear combination of scaling invariant terms with undetermined coefficients. The candidate recursion operator is substituted into its defining equation and the resulting linear system for the undetermined coefficients is solved.

The method is algorithmic and is implemented in Mathematica. The resulting symbolic package PDERecursionOperator.m can be used to test the complete integrability of polynomial PDEs that can be written as nonlinear evolution equations. With PDERecursionOperator.m, recursion operators were obtained for several well-known nonlinear PDEs from mathematical physics and soliton theory.     

Modeling and boundary control of a flexible marine riser coupled with internal fluid dynamics

In this paper, vibration reduction of a flexible marine riser with time-varying internal fluid is studied by using boundary control method and Lyapunov’s direct method. To achieve more accurate and practical riser’s dynamic behavior, the model of marine riser with time-varying internal fluid is modeled by a distributed parameter system (DPS) with partial differential equations (PDEs) and ordinary differential equations (ODEs) involving functions of space and time. The dynamic responses of riser are completely different if the time-varying internal fluid is considered. Boundary control is designed at the top boundary of the riser based on original infinite dimensionality PDEs model and Lyapunov’s direct method to reduce the riser’s vibrations. The uniform boundedness and closed-loop stability are proved based on the proposed boundary control. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed boundary control.     

A general approach to hyperbolic partial differential equations by homotopy perturbation method

The hyperbolic partial differential equations (PDEs) have a wide range of applications in science and engineering. In this article, the exact solutions of some hyperbolic PDEs are presented by means of He's homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The results reveal that the HPM is very effective and convenient in solving nonlinear problems.     

Rational general solutions of planar rational systems of autonomous ODEs

In this paper, we provide an algorithm to compute explicit rational solutions of a rational system of autonomous ordinary differential equations (ODEs) from its rational invariant algebraic curves. The method is based on the proper rational parametrization of these curves and the fact that by linear reparametrizations, we can find the rational solutions of the given system of ODEs. Moreover, if the system has a rational first integral, we can decide whether it has a rational general solution and compute it in the affirmative case.     

PHoM – a Polyhedral Homotopy Continuation Method for Polynomial Systems

PHoM is a software package in C++ for finding all isolated solutions of polynomial systems using a polyhedral homotopy continuation method. Among three modules constituting the package, the first module StartSystem constructs a family of polyhedral-linear homotopy functions, based on the polyhedral homotopy theory, from input data for a given system of polynomial equations f(x)=0. The second module CMPSc traces the solution curves of the homotopy equations to compute all isolated solutions of f(x)=0. The third module Verify checks whether all isolated solutions of f(x)=0 have been approximated correctly. We describe numerical methods used in each module and the usage of the package. Numerical results to demonstrate the performance of PHoM include some large polynomial systems that have not been solved previously.AMS Subject Classification: Primary: 65H10 system of equations, secondary: 65H20 global methods, including homotopy approaches.     

Wavelet strategy for flow and heat transfer in CNT-water based fluid with asymmetric variable rectangular porous channel

In the present work, the characteristics of physical model unsteady nanofluid flow and heat transfer in an asymmetric porous channel are analyzed numerically using wavelet collocation method. Using similarity transformation, unsteady two-dimensional flow model of nanofluid in a porous channel through expanding or contracting walls has been transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then, the obtained nonlinear system of ODEs is solved via wavelet collocation method. The effect of various emerging parameters, such as nanoparticle volume fraction, Reynolds number (Re), and expansion ratio have been analyzed on velocity and temperature profiles. Numerical results have been presented in form of figures and tables. For some special cases, the obtained numerical results are compared with exact one and found that the results are good in agreement with exact solutions.

     

A Maple package for finding exact solitary wave solutions of coupled nonlinear evolution equations

The tanh function expansion method for finding traveling solitary wave solutions to coupled nonlinear evolution equations is described. A complete implementation RATHS written in Maple is presented, in which the operator mains can output exact solitary wave solutions entirely automatically. Furthermore, RATHS can handle any number of dependent variables u_i as well as any number of independent variables x_j contained in the input system. This package can also be applied to ODEs. The effectiveness of RATHS is illustrated by applying it to a variety of equations.

Program summary

Title of program: RATHSCatalogue identifier: ADSD (also ADQK)Program Summary URL:http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADRY (also ADQR)Program obtainable from:CPC Program Library, Queen's University of Belfast, N. IrelandComputers: PC Pentium IVInstallations: CopyOperating systems: Windows 98/2000/XPProgram language used: Maple V R6Memory required to execute with typical data: depends on the problem, minimum about 8M wordsNo. of bits in a word: 8No. of bytes in distributed program, including the test data, etc.: 16 608Distribution format:tar gzip fileKeywords: Coupled nonlinear evolution equations, traveling solitary wave solutions, dependent variable, independent variableNature of physical problem: Our program give out exact solitary wave solutions, which can describe various phenomena in nature, and thus can give more insight into the physical aspects of problems and may be easily used in further applications.Restriction on the complexity of the problem: The program can handle coupled nonlinear evolution equations, in which every equation is a polynomial (or can be converted to a polynomial) in the unknown functions and their derivatives.Typical running time: It depends on the input equations as well as the degrees of the desired polynomial solutions. For most of the coupled equations which we have computed, the running time is no more than 20 seconds.