我国乡村卫生一体化管理模式与比较

通过剖析乡村卫生一体化管理的内涵和政策目标,将其归纳出乡村卫生组织一体化和乡村卫生服务一体化两种模式;对两种模式的推进障碍因素和优劣进行了比较;提出新医改政策背景下推进乡村卫生服务一体化的建议是：分步分类推进、把连续的卫生服务作为一体化管理的落脚点、由国家层面建立乡村两级卫生服务规范“管理包”,以及县级卫生行政部门要积极发挥主动作用。     

市场经济体制下构建农村卫生服务体系研究

目的探索构建新型农村卫生服务体系的途径与方法.方法对南通市3个县(市)的所有乡镇(中心)卫生院、卫生所(防保科)和县级卫生机构负责人进行定量与定性调查相结合方法调查.结果通过乡镇卫生院产权制度改革、以政府办独立卫生所或政府向民营乡镇医院购买防保服务的形式向农村居民提供公共卫生服务、以多元化的投资建立村级社区卫生服务站等形式,重新构建了南通市农村卫生服务体系.结论农村卫生服务体系中,乡镇医院的经营状况在好转,农村社区卫生服务体系的建立与完善尚依赖于政府对民营乡镇医院采取有效的管理与协调措施,独立卫生所在公共卫生服务、农村卫生管理方面的工作优于政府购买公共卫生服务的形式.     

供给侧改革视角下的中国医改探索

2016年,我国医疗领域掀起对"医疗供给侧改革"的讨论热潮.阐述我国实施医疗供给侧改革的意义和策略;"健康中国"战略推进下我国医疗服务供给体系将面临深刻的结构性变革,供给侧改革思路将从构建能够合理分流患者的有序就医格局、以公立医院改革提高优质医疗资源服务质效、引入社会办医力量发展健康服务业三个方面入手引领中国医疗服务体系重构,同时支付制度改革引入预付制、卫生人力资源优化配置以及互联网医疗兴起都将配套医疗服务体系的供给侧改革,从而将以公立医院为主体、以疾病治疗为中心的诊疗模式转变为全面涵盖预防、体检、治疗、康复、健康管理等多环节、多流程的整合型医疗模式.     

产权制度改革对乡镇卫生院运行状况影响研究

目的了解产权制度改革对乡镇卫生院运行状况的影响.方法以整群抽样的方式,调查了南通市3个县(市)的所有乡镇中心卫生院和一般卫生院.结果中心卫生院大多为国有,仅通州的6所中心卫生院实行国有控股的股份制改革;无论中心卫生院或一般卫生院,改制后资产总量和固定资产均有较大幅度的增长,卫生资源总量增加;改制卫生院运行状况改善;医疗费用未发生明显增长,有的县还有一定程度的下降.建议改制后应加强政府的宏观调控和监督力度,保证农村医疗服务质量和规范卫生服务市场;乡镇卫生院产权出售后,政府对农村居民的健康责任依然存在,应受到足够的重视.     

Re‐examining the effects of public health insurance: The case of nonpoor children in Vietnam

This paper focuses on the effects of a 2005 health insurance reform in Vietnam. Through this reform, public health insurance was newly offered to nonpoor children under 6 years old, but it required the use of community health facilities. This requirement potentially limited the value of the insurance. Employing difference‐in‐discontinuities and triple‐difference methods and using data from 2002, 2004, and 2006, I show that, despite health coverage among nonpoor children increasing by nearly three times, there is little or no evidence that the reform significantly increased health care utilization, changed care locations from private to public sites, lowered out‐of‐pocket costs, or improved health status for nonpoor young children. My results suggest a “bypassing” phenomenon whereby nonpoor families skipped free health care at low‐quality facilities.     

Evaluation of immunization knowledge, practices, and service-delivery in the private sector in Cambodia

A study of private-sector immunization services was undertaken to assess scope of practice and quality of care and to identify opportunities for the development of models of collaboration between the public and the private health sector. A questionnaire survey was conducted with health providers at 127 private facilities; clinical practices were directly observed; and a policy forum was held for government representatives, private healthcare providers, and international partners. In terms of prevalence of private-sector provision of immunization services, 93% of the private inpatient clinics surveyed provided immunization services. The private sector demonstrated a lack of quality of care and management in terms of health workers' knowledge of immunization schedules, waste and vaccine management practices, and exchange of health information with the public sector. Policy and operational guidelines are required for private-sector immunization practices that address critical subject areas, such as setting of standards, capacity-building, public-sector monitoring, and exchange of health information between the public and the private sector. Such public/private collaborations will keep pace with the trends towards the development of private-sector provision of health services in developing countries.     

医疗领域所有制和市场竞争效果的研究评述

医疗领域的所有制和市场竞争问题是卫生经济学研究的热点之一。本文分析了现有的研究成果,主要考察两个问题的研究和所得到的结论,一是医疗服务由政府或私人提供会产生什么差异,二是医疗市场竞争会产生什么结果。总体上看,现有实证研究表明不同所有制医院在成本、质量、效率等方面的差异并没有明确的结论。而竞争在很多情况下可以起到降低医疗费用的作用,但这一作用的前提是医院激励机制的改变。本文对中国医疗改革的政策含义在于,医疗市场的所有制模式需要根据国情而定,但市场机制的作用是不可忽视的。     

Patient satisfaction in Bangkok: the impact of hospital ownership and patient payment status.

INTRODUCTION: Patient satisfaction with care received is an important dimension of evaluation that is examined only rarely in developing countries. Evidence about how satisfaction differs according to type of provider or patient payment status is extremely limited. OBJECTIVE: To (i) compare patient perceptions of quality of inpatient and outpatient care in hospitals of different ownership and (ii) explore how patient payment status affected patient perception of quality. METHODS: Inpatient and outpatient satisfaction surveys were implemented in nine purposively selected hospitals: three public, three private for-profit and three private non-profit. RESULTS: Clear and significant differences emerged in patient satisfaction between groups of hospitals with different ownership. Non-profit hospitals were most highly rated for both inpatient and outpatient care. For inpatient care public hospitals had higher levels of satisfaction amongst clientele than private for-profit hospitals. For example 76% of inpatients at public hospitals said they would recommend the facility to others compared with 59% of inpatients at private for-profit hospitals. This pattern was reversed for outpatient care, where public hospitals received lower ratings than private for-profit ones. Patients under the Social Security Scheme, who are paid for on a capitation basis, consistently gave lower ratings to certain aspects of outpatient care than other patients. For inpatient care, patterns by payment status were inconsistent and insignificant. CONCLUSIONS: The survey confirms, to some extent, the stereotypes about quality of care in hospitals of different ownership. The results on payment status are intriguing but warrant further research.     

Inpatient and outpatient health care demand in Cairo,Egypt

This paper uses the results of a household survey conducted in Cairo, Egypt in 1992 to examine the factors that influence the demand for inpatient and outpatient health services. Multi-stage discrete choice models of the demand for health care, which identify the importance of individual, household, and facility level variables on each treatment decision, are estimated separately for outpatients and inpatients. Consumers are assumed to decide whether to seek any treatment and then choose between three categories of providers: a large public hospital (Embaba Hospital), all other public providers, and private/charitable providers. The results confirm that more affluent consumers prefer the higher cost, higher quality private and charitable hospitals. Age, sex, education, and insurance are also found to strongly impact the use of medical services. The results are suggestive but do not conclusively show that inpatient care is less price responsive than outpatient care. Price responsiveness of inpatient and outpatient demand are imprecisely estimated because price is highly correlated with quality, and the available data on facility quality do not permit us to adequately control for quality variations across facilities.     

美国退伍军人医疗服务系统改革综述与经验分析

20世纪90年代中后期美国最大的公立医疗体系——退伍军人医疗服务系统进行了全面的改革,并在临床服务、患者满意度、运行效率和费用控制等方面迅速达到行业领先水平。通过对文献的综述和分析,本文认为美国退伍军人医疗服务系统改革的成功有两方面原因：宏观方面,组织结构的区域性整合与按人头支付的方式相结合,产生了加强预防保健和提升医疗质量的激励机制;微观方面,以绩效监测为手段改革管理机制．应用了适应临床需求的信息技术系统,服务重点从专科住院治疗快速转为初级保健。文章还讨论了其对我国公立医院改革的启示：公立医院改革的核心是建立责权统一的管理结构,而非产权变革;进一步整合的组织结构与按人头支付的方式相结合,可能创造出维护健康的激励机制;在把握宏观改革方向的基础上,科学的绩效管理方法、信息化技术和初级保健能够为医院发展和医疗卫生服务体系的快速转型发挥巨大的推动作用一     

Transforming a traditional safety net into a coordinated care system: lessons from healthy San Francisco

Since 2007, San Francisco, California, has transformed its traditional safety-net health care "system"-in reality, an amalgam of a public hospital, private nonprofit hospitals, public and private clinics, and community health centers-into a comprehensive health care program called Healthy San Francisco. The experience offers lessons in how other local safety-net systems can prepare for profound changes under health reform. By July 2010, 53,546 adults had enrolled (70-89 percent of uninsured adults in San Francisco), and satisfaction is high (94 percent). Unnecessary emergency department visits were less common among enrollees (7.9 percent) than among Medicaid managed care recipients (15 percent). These findings indicate that other safety-net systems would do well to invest in information technology, establish primary care homes, increase coordination of care, and improve customer service as provisions of the national health care reform law phase in.     

Do private hospitals outperform public hospitals regarding efficiency,accessibility, and quality of care in the European Union? A literature review

European countries have enhanced the scope of private provision within their health care systems. Privatizing services have been suggested as a means to improve access, quality, and efficiency in health care. This raises questions about the relative performance of private hospitals compared with public hospitals. Most systematic reviews that scrutinize the performance of the private hospitals originate from the United States. A systematic overview for Europe is nonexisting. We fill this gap with a systematic realist review comparing the performance of public hospitals to private hospitals on efficiency, accessibility, and quality of care in the European Union. This review synthesizes evidence from Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Greece, Austria, Spain, and Portugal. Most evidence suggests that public hospitals are at least as efficient as or are more efficient than private hospitals. Accessibility to broader populations is often a matter of concern in private provision: Patients with higher social‐economic backgrounds hold better access to private hospital provision, especially in private parallel systems such as the United Kingdom and Greece. The existing evidence on quality of care is often too diverse to make a conclusive statement. In conclusion, the growth in private hospital provision seems not related to improvements in performance in Europe. Our evidence further suggests that the private (for‐profit) hospital sector seems to react more strongly to (financial) incentives than other provider types. In such cases, policymakers either should very carefully develop adequate incentive structures or be hesitant to accommodate the growth of the private hospital sector.     

不同社区卫生服务中心妇幼医疗预防保健服务质量的比较分析

目的了解不同来源和所有制的社区卫生服务中心妇幼医疗保健功能的完成情况,分析造成差异的原因。方法对40家城区社区卫生服务中心的妇幼医疗预防保健服务所涉及的预防、医疗、保健、康复、健康教育、计划生育技术服务等6个方面完成情况进行自行评分,运用Ridit方法对得分进行统计分析。结果与平均分(标准组)相比,由街道医院(一级医院)转型的社区卫生服务中心,医疗、康复服务得分和总得分低;全民所有制形式社区卫生服务中心,医疗、康复、计划生育服务得分和总得分高,差异均存在显著的统计学意义。结论政府要严格街道医院转为社区卫生服务中心的准入标准,注重加强其医疗技术力量和设备建设。全民所有制形式的社区卫生服务中心服务质量高,有能力开展更多的社区妇幼医疗保健服务项目。     

新医改以来四川省乡镇卫生院卫生技术人员的发展趋势研究

目的 在新医改政策背景下,探讨乡镇卫生院卫生技术人员的发展趋势。方法 梳理新医改以来与乡镇卫生院卫生人力建设相关的政策,利用2008和2013年四川省卫生服务调查数据以及2017年的现场调查数据,3次调查均采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方式,样本量分别为295、424和220,结合国家和四川省卫生统计年鉴,采用单因素方差分析及广义线性模型来分析2008 - 2017年四川省乡镇卫生院卫生技术人员的基本情况和职业认知变化。结果 从2009年到2017年,四川省每千农村人口乡镇卫生院卫生技术人员数1.04增加到1.49,工作年限少于9年的比例从32.94%上升到54.96%,本科及以上学历的比例从2.76%上升到6.97%,初级职称占比从84.47%下降到80.73%,月收入在3 000元以上的比例从0.7%升高到73.6%;卫生技术人员感知到的工作压力变小,总满意度从2013年的33.22升高到35.90分,感知的医患关系较差且呈恶化趋势。结论 新医改以来发布的与乡镇卫生院人力建设相关的政策取得了一定成效,但目前四川省乡镇卫生院卫生技术人员整体水平依然较低,且影响了乡镇卫生院医疗服务质量的提升。     

Decentralisation, integration and accountability: perceptions of New Zealand's top health service managers.

This paper reports on the findings of a representative survey of senior managers within New Zealand's health system. Respondents report most favourably upon the implementation of a new organisational structure, service management, which appears to have largely replaced the traditional division of health services into hospitals and community services. Service management, which is the decentralisation of decision making to integrated patient groupings, i.e. medicine, surgery, mental health, women's health, primary health care etc., appears to have been remarkably successful, in the view of the respondents, in achieving greater efficiencies, better quality care, better decision making about priorities and greater accountability of doctors. A majority of respondents consider that services have replaced hospitals as organisational entities. Significant progress is reported in the integration of hospital and community services, primary and secondary care, preventive and treatment services and of public, private and voluntary services through service management. The findings point to a new paradigm which may be of fundamental significance in the future organisation of health services.     

China's evolving health care market: how doctors feel and what they think

This paper reports on a questionnaire survey and 12 focus groups conducted among doctors in three provinces of China, namely Guangdong, Shanxi, and Sichuan. The survey (N = 720) and focus group participants were drawn from both rural and urban areas, as well as public and private sectors, in equal numbers The aim was to gauge how Chinese doctors feel about themselves and what they think of the Chinese health care system. We found low satisfaction levels with own income (8%), job (27%), skill (30%), and other important aspects of their professional life. The health care system received only 32% approval rating. Quality of care and patient safety issues were major concerns, especially in the growing but poorly regulated private sector. The public sector came under criticism for its high fees and bad service quality. The feedback point to the need for an appropriate regulatory framework to guide the development of China's evolving health care market. A revitalized medical profession that is fully engaged in the reform process could also significantly impact the success of ongoing health care reform efforts.     

Health Services Pricing in Turkey

Abstract

One of the most important and complex decisions that public services managers have to make is pricing. This is especially difficult within public health care because pricing decisions are influenced by a myriad of ideological, political, economic and professional arguments. In Turkey the majority of health care services are provided under public auspice; however, recent changes in governmental policy have led to increased competition among hospitals in both the public and private sector. Therefore, all institutions are being watched and remain open to government scrutiny and regulation. The aim of the study is to analyze how the private and governmental hospitals determine pricing or the actual cost of services in Turkey. Also, comparisons are made between health services expenditures and the Consumer Price Index with suggestions provided for public and private hospital managers in regard to the general cost of health services.     

Private sector health care organizations and essential public health services: potential effects on the practice of local public health.

This article focuses on the activities of eight private health care organizations undertaking public health and prevention activities. Few activities were motivated by or integrated into the business or operating strategy of the organizations and poor integration with the business strategy puts the long-term future of these activities in jeopardy. The lack of integrated activity can be attributed to: slow pace of managed care implementation; low penetrance of full-risk capitated reimbursement; and fragmented, competitive health care markets. Purchaser pressure, quality assurance requirements, community benefit standards, and government mandates are among the levers available to encourage such activities by the private sector.     

Performing public health functions: the perceived contribution of public health and other community agencies

As public health struggles to define its role within health care reform, the need to examine carefully the component organizations providing and/or supporting health care for the public appears critical. This article identifies the nature and extent of involvement by agencies other than the official local public health department in performing public health practices and functions within 63 local public health jurisdictions. Adequacy of overall public health performance is significantly related to the extent of participation of outside agencies. Outside agencies contribute over 26 percent to the total public health performance for the jurisdictions surveyed. Other agencies of government, both at the state and local level, are the predominant outside contributors to public health practice. Private and voluntary agencies are perceived as minor contributors. Little variation exists among communities in which outside agencies tend to perform particular public health activities. Findings suggest that local public health departments can maximize their impact by understanding better the nature of working relationships within multi-institutional arrangements, encouraging greater levels of collaboration and integration and acting as catalysts for increased support of public health activities.     

乡镇卫生院绩效管理研究述评

在阐述乡镇卫生院绩效管理的战略地位的基础上,对我国乡镇卫生院绩效管理的研究进展和现存问题进行了剖析,对国外同级别机构,即初级卫生保健机构绩效管理的现状进行了案例介绍和经验总结,最后提出了下一阶段我国乡镇卫生院绩效管理实践的重点内容与方法,包括以持续改进为管理目标,落实并完善绩效沟通,以及创新绩效管理实施效果评价机制,由此为形成乡镇卫生院长效发展机制和巩固基层医改成果提供了决策依据和参考.