Toll样受体4在高氧暴露对小胶质细胞功能影响中的作用

目的:探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)在高浓度氧暴露对小胶质细胞功能的影响.方法:体外培养N9小胶质细胞(TLR4野生型)和EOC20小胶质细胞(TLR4敲除型),给予950 mL/L高氧分别暴露不同时段,建立高氧损伤细胞模型.RT-PCR检测N9细胞TLR4 mRNA表达时序变化;Western blot法检测N9细胞TLR4蛋白表达;通过抗氧化剂N-乙酰半胱氨(N-acetyl-L-cysteine,NAC)干预,观测950 mL/L高氧暴露后2h及6h的N9和EOC20小胶质细胞内的活性氧(ROS)含量、NF-κB核转录活性及细胞上清中TNF-α含量.结果:高浓度氧暴露的N9小胶质细胞TLR4的表达上调,并呈一定时间依赖性,同时ROS活性,核转录因子NF-κB活性,TNF-α表达明显增高(P＜0.05).抗氧化剂NAC干预后,ROS活性明显降低,核转录因子NF-κB活性明显降低,细胞上清内TNF-α水平亦显著下调(P＜0.05).与N9小胶质细胞相比,高氧暴露后各时间点EOC20细胞的ROS活性,核转录因子NF-κB活性以及TNF-α表达均较低(P＜0.05).结论:TLR4参与调控高氧导致的小胶质细胞ROS的形成及炎症因子的释放.     

大鼠脊髓挤压伤后小胶质细胞Toll样受体4表达的变化

目的探讨脊髓挤压伤后各时间点小胶质细胞Toll样受体4(TLR4)的表达变化及其与损伤面积和免疫球蛋白G渗出范围的关系。方法 48只成年雄性SD大鼠建立T8节段脊髓挤压伤模型,随机分为6组,每组8只;假手术对照组及挤压伤组动物在手术后0h、3h、24h、72h和7d用4%多聚甲醛灌注固定,取以挤压点为中心的2cm脊髓,冷冻切片后进行HE染色和免疫荧光染色,分别观察损伤面积的变化,TLR4表达和TLR4阳性小胶质细胞的分布,以及与血浆免疫球蛋白G(IgG)渗出范围的比较,并用IPP6.0软件计算各组的阳性数目。结果脊髓损伤后TLR4主要表达在小胶质细胞,在3～24h之间开始表达,伤后在72h达到高峰,7d时已经显著下降。阳性小胶质细胞的分布与IgG渗出范围一致。结论大鼠脊髓挤压伤模型中,表达在脊髓小胶质细胞上的TLR4可在脊髓继发性损伤中发挥重要作用,并与血脊髓屏障开放有关。     

Toll样受体-9的研究进展

Toll样受体-9(Toll-like receptor 9,TLR9)是哺乳动物TLRs家族中一员,作为细胞表面的天然模式识别受体,主要参与免疫刺激序列(CpG序列)激活免疫细胞的信号传导,从而在天然抗感染免疫及联系天然免疫和获得性免疫中发挥重要作用。通过对TLR9-CpG作用通路的研究,将促进天然免疫机制研究的进一步深入,有利于解决诸如:CpG佐剂、DNA疫苗、CpG抗感染、抑制肿瘤、预防过敏反应等实际应用过程中存在的问题。     

栀子苷下调Toll样受体4表达并拮抗脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞炎性反应

目的:观察栀子昔对细菌脂多糖(LPS)诱导的BV2小胶质细胞炎性反应的影响并探讨其作用机制。方法:LPS诱导BV2小胶质细胞活化,CCK-8方法检测细胞存活率,Griess法测定NO释放量,ELISA测定肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白介素-1β(IL-1β)含量,免疫印迹检测Toll样受体4(TLR4)蛋白表达。结果:栀子苷在10～100μg/ml浓度范围内对小胶质细胞活力影响不显著,此浓度范围内,栀子苷剂量依赖性的减少LPS诱导的NO、TNF-α和IL-1β释放。此外,栀子苷还可抑制LPS诱导的BV2细胞形态活化改变,并降低LPS诱导的TLR4蛋白表达。结论:栀子苷可以拮抗LPS诱导的BV2小胶质细胞炎性反应,其机制可能与下调TLR4信号通路有关。     

Toll样受体9与自身免疫性疾病

Toll样受体9(TLR9)可识别细菌和病毒DNA中未甲基化的胞嘧啶-磷酸-鸟嘌呤(CpG DNA)序列,激活固有免疫应答和适应性免疫应答,促进宿主抵抗感染性疾病.近年的研究显示,TLR9活化在自身免疫性疾病发生发展中起重要作用,干预或操控TLR9介导的免疫反应有望成为治疗自身免疫性疾病的新策略.     

IgG刺激诱发的小胶质细胞Toll样受体4表达及细胞因子分泌

目的:了解在体外培养条件下免疫球蛋白G (IgG) 刺激对小胶质细胞表达Toll 样受体4(TLR4)和分泌细胞因子的作用.方法:用不同浓度的IgG (2 mg/L、 20 mg/L、 200 mg/L)及脂多糖(LPS)(10 mg/L)刺激原代培养的大鼠小胶质细胞,24 h后以免疫荧光染色观察TLR4的表达,ELISA法检测培养上清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的含量.结果:IgG直接作用于体外培养的小胶质细胞后,以剂量依赖的方式引起TLR4的表达和TNF-α的分泌,但未检测到IFN-γ含量的变化.作为阳性对照的LPS引起了小胶质细胞TLR4表达,并诱导了TNF-α及少量IFN-γ的分泌.结论:同种IgG刺激可使体外培养的小胶质细胞大量表达TLR4,可能通过MyD88依赖途径导致炎性细胞因子分泌.结果提示至少在中枢神经系统的固有免疫反应中,TLR4可能发挥识别病原体之外的蛋白分子,例如IgG的作用.     

Toll样受体2和Toll样受体4在HBV感染后的免疫作用

Toll样受体（TLR）是启动固有免疫和调节适应性免疫的重要分子,参与肝脏对病毒及细菌的免疫TLR2、TLR4过程。在HBV的慢性化进程中,TLR2、TLR4与Thl和Th2的免疫平衡及调节性T细胞（Treg）的免疫抑制相关,HBV感染后,HBcAg刺激巨噬细胞产生TNF—α的作用需要TLR2参与,HBeAg的表达与否与TLR2的表达状态有关,而TLR4通过诱导iNOS的表达和激发HBV特异性免疫在体内抗HBV过程中起重要作用：     

Toll样受体与树突状细胞

Toll样受体(TLR)在介导固有免疫和适应性免疫应答中有重要作用,可以表达于多种免疫细胞,包括树突状细胞(DC).了解Toll样受体的免疫学基础、与DC之间的联系以及其在免疫耐受干预方面的作用很有必要.     

Toll样受体研究进展

Toll最早在果蝇中被发现。Toll受体蛋白 (d Toll)不仅参与果蝇胚胎发育时背腹的形成 ,而且参与成蝇对病原体侵袭的先天性免疫应答 ,是微生物诱导成年果蝇产生抗菌肽的信号转导通道的门户。 Toll样受体是先天性模式识别受体 ,在细胞活化信号的转导中起重要作用。它作为联系先天性与获得性免疫系统的桥梁 ,备受人们关注     

氧葡萄糖剥夺-再恢复后抑制小胶质细胞TLR9激活对神经元的保护作用

目的:观察氧葡萄糖剥夺-再恢复(OGDR)后小胶质细胞BV-2 Toll样受体9(TLR9)激活对神经元凋亡的影响。方法:对BV-2细胞或TLR9-siRNA转染的BV-2细胞进行OGDR处理4 h后,将细胞上清添加至OGDR处理4 h的小鼠原代皮层神经元中,继续正常培养24 h后,倒置显微镜下观察神经元形态变化,TUNEL染色检测神经元凋亡,Western blotting检测神经元caspase-3蛋白的表达。实验分为正常BV-2组、negative control-siRNA组、TLR9-siRNA组、OGDR组、OGDR+NC-siRNA组、OGDR+TLR9-siRNA组和对照组(神经元OGDR后不添加BV-2细胞上清)。结果:OGDR后神经元胞体肿胀,折光性下降,出现空泡样变,轴突变细、扭曲、断裂。TUNEL染色各组均可见绿染凋亡小体。与对照组比较,其它组的caspase-3蛋白表达升高(P0.05);与正常BV-2组比较,OGDR组和TLR9-siRNA组的caspase-3蛋白表达升高(P0.05);OGDR+TLR9-siRNA转染组与TLR9-siRNA转染组和OGDR组比较,caspase-3蛋白表达下降(P0.05)。结论:OGDR后BV-2细胞TLR9激活致神经元凋亡增多,caspase-3蛋白表达升高;抑制TLR9表达后,神经元损伤减轻。     

小神经胶质细胞移植对脑梗死的治疗作用

目的： 探讨小神经胶质细胞(MG)移植对脑梗死的治疗作用及其机制。方法: 采用光化学局灶性脑梗死大鼠动物模型，运用组织化学、免疫组织化学方法研究经锁骨下动脉移植入MG对梗死周边区的影响。并通过免疫荧光双标和Western blotting检测MG中神经生长因子（NGF）和白细胞介素-10（IL-10）的表达。结果: 脑梗死灶的周围发现大量FITC绿色荧光标记的移植而来的MG；MG移植明显减小脑梗死灶体积、减少神经元凋亡；移植而来的MG中NGF和IL-10的表达显著增加。结论: MG能够通过血脑屏障（BBB）并游走至损伤部位，并通过分泌NGF和IL-10对脑血栓脑梗死灶的周围区产生保护作用，提示MG移植可能用于脑血栓的治疗。     

Neutrophil recognition of bacterial DNA and Toll-like receptor 9-dependent and -independent regulation of neutrophil function

Neutrophils are essential for host defense and detect the presence of invading microorganisms through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Among these receptors are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Neutrophils express all known TLRs except for TLR3. TLR9, localized intracellularly, is to date the best characterized sensor for bacterial DNA, containing short sequences of unmethylated CpG motifs, though TLR9-independent intracellular DNA recognition mechanism(s) may also exist. Bacterial DNA has profound impact on neutrophil functions; it promotes neutrophil trafficking in vivo, induces chemokine expression, regulates expression of adhesion molecules, enhances phagocyte activity, and rescues neutrophils from constitutive apoptosis. TLR9 stimulation results in alterations in cellular redox balance, peroxynitrite formation, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3-kinase, and Jun N-terminal kinase pathways and/or nuclear factor κB and AP-1. These features identify an important role for bacterial DNA and TLR9 signaling in the regulation of neutrophil functions that are critical for optimal expression as well as for resolution of the inflammatory response.     

Safety of Toll-like receptor 9 agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Context: The promising efficacy of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists for use against pathogenic infections, allergies, malignant neoplasms and autoimmunity have been demonstrated well in clinical studies, but the safety of TLR9 agonists is controversial.

Objective: In light of the safety concerns, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies of TLR9 agonists.

Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted. We selected studies in which the subjects were treated with a TLR9 agonist and in which the safety of the TLR9 agonist was monitored. We extracted data on adverse events (AEs) when available. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the commonest and clinical significant AEs observed in the controlled studies.

Results: Nine single-arm studies and 12 controlled studies met our selection criteria. Subjects treated with TLR9 agonists were at a higher risk of anemia (risk ratio [RR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.06), neutropenia (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.11–1.21), leukopenia (RR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.11–1.22), lymphopenia (RR 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10–1.25), thrombocytopenia (RR 1.20, 95% CI: 1.14–1.27), flu-like symptoms (RR 10.59, 95% CI: 3.66–30.66), diarrhea (RR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.18–1.67) and headache (RR 1.61, 95% CI: 1.26–2.06). Injection-site reactions, such as erythema, pain, pruritus and swelling, were mild to moderate. TLR9 agonist therapies have not been associated with clinically significant autoimmune diseases, and few deaths potentially attributable to TLR9 agonists have been reported.

Conclusion: The toxicity of TLR9 agonists is generally acceptable, except when the agonist is combined with immunosuppressive agents in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.     

Toll样受体4信号转导研究进展

Toll样受体（Toll-like-receptors,TLRs）是一个主要分布于炎症细胞的识别病源分子的受体超家族,其中TLR4主要识别革兰阴性细菌细胞壁成分脂多糖（lipopolysaccharide,LPS）。LPS与TLR4结合后活化髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)依赖性和非依赖性两条信号途径;前者活化丝裂原激活的蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）和核因子-κB（nuclear factor kappa B,NF-κB）信号通路,后者活化NF-κB和干扰素调节因子-3(IFN-regulated factor-3,IRF3)信号通路。通过这些信号途径TLR4诱导炎症细胞释放炎症因子介导炎症反应;同时TLR4通过活化树突状细胞促进抗原递呈,介导先天性免疫向获得性免疫的转化。此外,TLR4能诱导磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶-蛋白激酶B（PI3K-AKT）的信号转导,LPS介导的细胞存活和增殖与TLR4活化 PI3K-AKT途径有关。     

紫癜性肾炎患者外周血单个核细胞Toll样受体3和4的信号转导途径

背景：目前关于Toll样受体3和Toll样受体4介导的信号转导通路在紫癜性肾炎的发病机制中的作用尚不清楚。目的：分析Toll样受体3和Toll样受体4在过敏性紫癜和紫癜性肾炎发病机制中的作用。方法：选取过敏性紫癜患儿64例,分为过敏性紫癜无肾损害组36例及过敏性紫癜性肾炎组28例,另选健康儿童30例作为正常对照组。实时荧光定量PCR检测外周血单核细胞Toll样受体3、Toll样受体4、髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素12 mRNA的基因相对表达量;应用流式细胞术检测外周血单核细胞Toll样受体3、Toll样受体4蛋白表达率。结果与结论：①过敏性紫癜患儿Toll样受体4 mRNA及蛋白表达显著高于正常对照组(P < 0.05)。紫癜性肾炎组Toll样受体4 mRNA及蛋白表达均显著高于紫癜无肾损害组(P < 0.05)。②过敏性紫癜组髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6 mRNA的表达均显著高于正常对照组(P < 0.05),白细胞介素12 mRNA的表达显著低于正常对照组(P < 0.05);紫癜性肾炎组髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6 mRNA的表达显著高于紫癜无肾损害组(P < 0.05),紫癜性肾炎组白细胞介素12 mRNA的表达显著低于紫癜无肾损害组(P < 0.05)。③过敏性紫癜组患儿外周血单核细胞Toll样受体4 mRNA与蛋白表达呈正相关(r=0.60,P < 0.01);过敏性紫癜患儿Toll样受体4 mRNA与髓样分化蛋白2、髓样细胞分化因子88、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6表达均呈正相关(P < 0.01),与白细胞介素12 mRNA表达呈负相关(r=-0.66,P < 0.01)。提示Toll样受体4可能通过髓样细胞分化因子88依赖信号转导途径介导过敏性紫癜的免疫发病机制,Toll样受体4的过度活化可能与过敏性紫癜的肾损伤有关。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

Toll样受体9与红斑狼疮易感性关系的研究进展

Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors, TLRs）作为连接人体天然免疫与获得性免 疫的桥梁,在自身免疫性疾病的发病中起着重要作用。其中TLR9与其特异性配体 CpGDNA结合,然后通过信号转导激活B细胞、树突状细胞,可产生各种细胞因子和自 身抗体。近年来研究发现,系统性红斑狼疮（Systemic lupus erythematosus ,SLE） 的易感性可能与TLR9基因变异有关,目前研究结论不一。本文将从鼠和人两个研究 层次来阐述TLR9与SLE易感性的关系,揭示TLR9在SLE发病中的作用机理。     

Increased Toll-like receptor 9 expression indicates adverse prognosis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma

Kauppila J H, Takala H, Selander K S, Lehenkari P P, Saarnio J & Karttunen T J
(2011) Histopathology 59 , 643–649 Increased Toll‐like receptor 9 expression indicates adverse prognosis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma Aims: Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR‐9) is a cellular DNA receptor that has been linked previously to invasion in various cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate TLR‐9 expression and its possible association with prognosis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods and results: Immunohistochemical TLR‐9 expression was graded in clinical specimens (n = 76) of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The TLR‐9 immunostaining intensity was compared with tumour grade, stage and indicators of proliferation, apoptosis and tumour vascular supply. High TLR‐9 expression correlated with advanced tumour stage, tumour unresectability, poor differentiation and high proliferation. Strong immunoreactivity of TLR‐9 also indicated poor overall survival. Conclusions: High TLR‐9 expression is associated with poor differentiation, a high proliferation rate and disseminated disease. Accordingly, increased TLR‐9 expression may contribute to the growth and metastatic properties of oesophageal adenocarcinoma.     

Toll-like receptor signalling through macromolecular protein complexes

The molecular mechanisms by which pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signal are increasingly well understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signals through two separate pairs of adaptor proteins Mal/MyD88 and Tram/Trif. Structural studies have revealed a common theme for PRR signalling in that their signalling proteins form large macromolecular complexes which are thought to form the active signalling complex. The first of these to be characterised was the MyD88 signalling complex Myddosome. Many questions remain unanswered however. In particular it is unclear whether these signalling complexes form within the living cell, how many of each signalling protein is within the intracellular Myddosome and whether the stoichiometry can vary in a ligand-dependent manner. In this review we will discuss what is known about the macromolecular complexes thought to be important for TLR4 signalling.