PE–HD/GF复合带共挤数值模拟与实验制备

基于复合共挤成型原理,建立了高密度聚乙烯(PE–HD)/玻璃纤维(GF)复合共挤有限元模型,采用有限元软件Polyfl ow对流道内熔体的三维等温非牛顿流动行为进行了数值模拟,给出了GF以不同速度移动时流道内熔体压力和速度的分布特点及变化规律。根据数值模拟结果确定了挤出工艺参数,研制了共挤模具,制备了PE–HD/GF复合带,并进行了力学性能测试。结果表明,随着GF移动速度的提高,流道内压力减小,熔体在复合成型段挤出速度明显增加;GF移动速度达到一定值时熔体挤出速度均匀,移动速度过大则导致熔体速度分布不均匀。研制的PE–HD/GF复合带拉伸强度保留率可达GF的82%。     

三层共挤出吹膜机头流道的流场分析

三层共挤吹塑薄膜可将产品的多种特性在挤出过程中进行复合,并能大幅度地降低成本,因而其应用越来越广泛。以LDPE/HDPE/LDPE三层共挤出薄膜为例,确定了三层共挤吹膜机头的流道结构,使用ICEM CFD对机头流道划分全六面体网格,采用POLYFLOW对机头流道内等温流动过程进行求解并分析了压力场、速度场和剪切速率场。机头流道流场的研究结果表明,层分配流道压力降较高,共挤出流道压力降较低;层分配流道存在滞留区,熔体汇入共挤出流道后,相邻层熔体的速度分布向该层速度分布方式不断变化;层分配流道中,沿螺旋槽轴线方向,剪切速率逐渐降低,随着层数的增加,共挤出流道壁面上的剪切速率减小。     

塑料门窗用胶条后共挤模具的设计

介绍了塑料门窗用胶条后共挤模具的设计过程,并提出了渐变增压式流道、增设预热块、螺钉点定位等设计思路。采用渐变增压式流道有效保证了挤出压力;增设预热块延长了与塑料异型材复合位置的加热时间,进而提高了胶条与塑料异型材的黏结强度;采用螺钉对塑料异型材进行点定位,使得挤出阻力减小,有效提高了挤出速度。生产实践证明,此后共挤模具定位准确、操作简单,有效解决了塑料异型材定位不准、胶条黏结不牢等问题。     

T形异型材挤出口模的逆向数值模拟

采用Polyflow软件对3种过渡段形状不同的T形异型材口模进行逆向挤出数值模拟,得到T形挤出口模的口型以及聚合物熔体在口模内的速度场和压力场分布。模拟结果显示了T形挤出口模出口口型与口模流道形状结构的变化无关,而适当加宽流道比直角形流道的挤出速度和压力分布更均匀。     

挤出流道在UHMWPE挤出过程中的优化分析

在超高分子量聚乙烯柱塞式挤出成型过程中,运用Polyflow软件对挤出流道内熔体流动进行模拟分析,研究了不同几何尺寸流道对熔体的压力场及剪切速率场的影响。结果表明:在挤出流道内,熔体压力降和剪切速率随着缓冲段横截面尺寸和过渡段坡度的减小而减小。因此,设计针对超高分子量聚乙烯在柱塞式挤出过程中的挤出流道时,为了能够减低能耗、增加制品表面质量,应尽量减小缓冲段横截面尺寸和过渡段坡度。     

PE-UHMW异型材挤出成型有限元模拟与实验制备

根据生产需求,设计了3字形超高分子量聚乙烯(PE-UHMW)异型材挤出成型流道,并建立了该异型材挤出成型有限元模型,应用有限元软件Polyflow对挤出流道内的熔体流动情况进行了有限元模拟,分析了不同壁面滑移系数、压缩比、压缩角对成型过程的影响,预测了在成型过程中不同参数可能导致的缺陷。结果表明,当模具压缩比与压缩角分别为2.5和25°、壁面滑移系数为5×106情况下,可获得较好的压力与速度分布,应用优化后的挤出模具制备了合格的PE-UHMW异型材。     

挤出机头内流场对玻纤取向和分布的影响

本文分析了平直和发散两种挤出机头内的流场,推得发散流道内熔体周向拉伸应变速率的表达式;研究了两种挤出流率下由这两种机头挤出的制品壁内玻纤的取向和分布,并通过流道内的剪切和周向拉伸应变速率,对玻纤取向和分布的形成机理进行解释。结果表明：经平直机头挤出的制品内,玻纤在剪切作用下基本沿流动方向排列。发散机头内熔体受剪切和周向拉伸的共同作用,使制品壁厚方向形成了“表层-次表层-芯层-次表层-表层”的五层结构,并首次发现芯层呈“W”形排列。玻纤的排列不仅受流动过程中的应变影响,更取决于应变速率的大小。     

PTT熔体在塑料异型材挤出口模内黏弹流动的数值模拟

采用PTT黏弹模型,对聚合物熔体在T型异型材挤出口模内的三维等温流动进行数值模拟,得出口模内外速度、剪切速率、压力和应力分布.结果表明:由于出口效应,在口模出口处,速度、剪切速率、压力分布均发生突变.这种突变有可能造成负压,从而引发熔体破裂.口模内二次流动产生的剪切应力甚至会超过因挤出流动产生的剪切应力.应力易集中发生在口模截面的拐角处,随着挤出流量的增加,口模内最大剪切应力和最大第一法向应力差几乎线性地增加,而不会急剧增大.     

熔体层厚度对L形异型材包覆共挤成型影响的数值模拟

以L形包覆共挤异型材为研究对象,采用Phan-Thien-Tanner(PTT) 本构方程,通过有限元方法分析了包覆共挤成型过程中的挤出胀大现象。结果表明,熔体层厚度的变化对整体挤出胀大率基本无影响,而对壳层、芯层胀大率及共挤界面L形内直角处沿X、Y方向的偏转均有较大的影响;当整体口模尺寸不变时,在口模出口处的最大剪切速率不受壳层、芯层厚度变化的影响。     

基于Polyfow的吹膜模头熔体流动二维数值模拟

对共挤复合吹膜工艺所采用的螺旋芯棒式模头内部熔体流动进行二维数值模拟,简化分析模型并得到挤出过程中熔体流动的流速及压力变化的相对趋势。模拟结果表明:熔体进入模头螺旋部分后具有一定的环向速度,随着螺旋槽深度变浅,流动的方向逐渐由螺旋环向变为挤出方向的轴向,且流速变得均匀;熔体在螺旋槽旋转处静压力较大,接近挤出方向后压力逐渐变小,口模出口处熔体流动速度仍大于流入模头的入口速度。     

气辅共注成型工艺中气道截面影响的CAE研究

基于气辅共注成型充填过程控制方程和7参数Cross—WLF黏度模型，采用数值模拟的方法研究了气辅共注成型工艺中气道截面的大小对熔体流动、气体穿透与压力分布的影响。采用改进的控制体积／有限元／有限差分法实现对充填过程中多重运动界面的追踪以及压力、温度等场量分布的预测，编写了相应的模拟程序。对气道等效直径分别为5mm、8mm和12mm的矩形板的气辅共注成型充填过程进行了数值模拟。通过对模拟结果的比较发现：随着气道等效直径的增大，气道中的熔体与薄壁区的熔体流速差越来越大，熔体流动的“跑道”效应越来越突出；“薄壁穿透”缺陷由明显到缓解直至基本消除；压力损失越小，压力分布也变得更为均匀。因而在制件设计时，气道截面尺寸宜稍大而不宜过小。     

Correlation between entry pressure losses and elongation viscosity of polyethylene melts

The correlation between the entry pressure drop and elongation viscosity during entry converging flow of polymer melts was discussed in this article. The entry pressure drop during extrusion of a low density polyethylene (LDPE) melt and a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) melt was measured by means of a capillary rheometer under test conditions with temperature of 170 °C and shear rate varying from 10 to 300 s⁻¹. The results showed that the entry pressure drop increased nonlinearly with an increase of the shear stain rate, and the variation of entry pressure drop of the two melts was close to each other. The melt elongation viscosity of the two resins was estimated using Cogswell equation from the measured entry pressure drop data, and the predictions were compared with the melt extension viscosity measured by using a melt spinning technique published in literature. It was found that the melt extension viscosity from entry converging flow was slightly lower than that from melt spinning technique under the same temperature and extension strain rate.     

夹芯注塑成型过程的计算机可视化模拟分析--材料粘度与工艺参数对芯层分布及均匀性的影响

为了了解夹芯注塑的成型过程、探悉其成型机理，采用Moldflow公司MPI软件中的Co-injection分析模块，对夹芯注塑成型过程进行动态模拟分析，揭示材料粘度以及工艺参数对夹芯注塑成型过程中芯层分布均匀性的影响规律。结果表明，芯层物料分布均匀性随芯／壳层熔体粘度比R值的减小而提高，这主要与芯层和壳层熔体的相对流动能力有关。此外，在工艺参数中，改变熔体注射速度对芯层物料分布均匀性的影响较为突出，而模温和熔体温度对芯层物料分布均匀性的影响却相对较弱。     

常压阳离子可染聚酯熔体的流变性能研究

应用高压毛细管流变仪测试了2种常压阳离子染料可染聚酯(ECDP-1,ECDP-2)熔体的流变性能并与常规聚酯(PET)熔体的流变性能进行对比.结果表明:ECDP-1,ECDP-2与PET熔体都属于假塑性非牛顿流体,黏度随剪切速率((γ))的增大而减小;ECDP-1,ECDP-2与PET熔体的非牛顿指数都随温度的升高而增...     

Prediction of elongation viscosity of polymer melts

Melt extension flow is a common flow pattern during polymer processing, such as entrance converging flow in die extrusion or runner injection of polymer melts from an extruder barrel, blow molding, blowing film and melt spinning. Extensional viscosity is one of the important characterizations of the flow characteristics for polymer fluids. A new extension viscosity equation was established based on White‐Metzner model, Vinogradov‐Malkin viscosity equation and a new relaxation time equation in the present paper. The melt elongation viscosities of metallocene linear low‐density polyethylene (mLLDPE) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB) resins at 130°C were estimated applying this viscosity equation, and the predictions were compared with the measured data of mLLDPE and PVB resins at 130°C reported from reference. The results showed that calculations were close to the experimental data. The parameters in this equation were easy to be determined and the equation was convenient to use for estimating the extension viscosity of polymer melts. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Studies on wire coating extrusion. II. The rheology of wire coating coextrusion

An experimental and theoretical study of wire coating coextrusion through a pressure-type die was carried out. For the experimental study, the wire coating apparatus employed was the same as that described in Part I of this series (14), except for the newly constructed coextrusion die. The die was provided with three melt pressure transducers along the axial direction, which permitted us to determine the pressure gradient in the die. It was found that a reduction in pressure gradient was realized when a lower viscosity polymer was coextruded with a high viscosity polymer. The materials used for the coextrusion were combinations of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, polystyrene, and two different commercially available thermoplastic rubbers (UniRoyal TPR-1900 and Shell Kraton G 2701). The use of a high shrinking (crystalline) polymer inside a low shrinking (amorphous) polymer was found to give rise to distorted coatings (non-circular cross section of the coated wire). The interface between the coextruded layers was examined under a magnifying lens, and it was found that under certain processing conditions, the interface was highly irregular. Experimental correlations were obtained to explain the onset of an unstable interface in terms of the rheological properties of the individual components being coextruded, and of the processing variables. It was found that interfacial instability occurs when the shear stress and the viscosity ratio (also elasticity ratio) of the two components at the interface exceed certain critical values. For the theoretical study, using a power-law model, the equations of motion were solved numerically to predict the volumetric flow rate as functions of the pressure gradient in the die and the rheological properties of the polymers being coextruded. Solution of the system of equations permitted us to predict the velocity profile and shear stress distributions of two molten polymers inside a pressure-type wire coating coextrusion die. Comparisons were made between the experimental and theoretically predicted volumetric flow rates. The comparison was found to be reasonably good with certain systems. The discrepancy between the experimentally obtained and the theoretically predicted volumetric flow rates was attributed to interface migration and interfacial instability.     

熔体挤出速度对共挤吹塑型坯离模膨胀影响的数值模拟

基于三维非等温黏弹性熔体多相分层流动有限元数值模拟技术,模拟研究了熔体挤出速度对多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀和初始温度场的影响规律,揭示了型坯离模膨胀的产生机理。结果表明,多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀是由熔体的二次流动诱发而产生,与熔体流出机头进入自由膨胀段的二次流动强度成正比,而其二次流动强度随着熔体挤出速度的增大而增强,因而导致环坯离模膨胀随着熔体挤出速度的增加而增大;多层共挤吹塑成型熔体的二次流动强度与其第二法向应力差成正比关联关系,这与Debbaut的试验研究结论完全吻合,表明二次流动是由第二法向应力差驱动而产生。     

The flow of polymer melts through the clearance over a barrier flight in extruders

The flow of polymer melts through the clearance over a barrier flight in extruders involves high, rapidly changing shear rates. Polymer melts, being viscoelastic, are expected to exhibit a high elasticity when they flow through the clearance, so the flow through the clearance may not be predictable or stable. The flow through the clearance over a barrier flight was investigated using a shear refining (SR) module connected to an extruder. Three polymers with different melt properties were tested: branched low density polyethylene (BLDPE), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), and polystyrene (PS). The measured drag flow rate through the clearance was found to be equal to the prediction for a purely viscous fluid, which gives a linear velocity profile in the clearance. At the threshold rotor speed of the SR module whereupon the predicted drag flow rate through the clearance is the same as the extruder output rate, the melt pressures at the inlet and the outlet of the SR module were nearly equal and stable. Below the threshold rotor speed, the inlet pressure was higher than the outlet pressure. Above the threshold rotor speed, the inlet pressure was nearly zero and the outlet pressure fluctuated. The magnitude of the pressure fluctuation increased with increasing rotor speed and decreased with increasing melt temperature. HDPE, which had a higher melt elasticity, showed more pressure fluctuation than BLDPE and PS. The pressure fluctuation probably results from the flow instability through the clearance caused by the melt elasticity.     

管壁厚度对微挤出成型的影响分析

基于Bird-Carreau黏度模型,运用有限元方法对三维等温微管挤出成型流动模型进行了数值分析,主要研究了管壁厚度对微管挤出成型过程中挤出胀大、速度分布、剪切速率和口模压降等重要指标的影响。结果表明,当熔体入口体积流率相等时,随着管壁厚度的增大,挤出物挤出胀大率和横截面尺寸变化量增大;口模出口端面上熔体的二次流动增强,但挤出速度和剪切速率减小;熔体在口模内的压力降明显下降;适当增加管壁厚度,有利于提高微管挤出质量。     

A three‐dimensional analysis of coextrusion in a single manifold flat die

The coextrusion of two polymers through a single manifold flat die is examined. The three components of velocity and the pressure are determined in each layer along with the interface between the layers. It is shown that even when the viscosity ratio is one (i.e., single layer), flat “layers” entering the die will not remain flat but will be distorted by the die. For coextrusion of two polymers, the distortion of the interface profile at the exit of the die and thus the uniformity of the layers depends upon the viscosity and flow rate ratios of the two polymers as well as the geometry of the die.