Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid Content in Triacylglycerol on Human Taste Perception

ABSTRACT: To elucidate the contribution of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in triacylglycerol to tuna oil specific taste effects, suppression of bitterness and enhancement of umami, we conducted sensory analysis employing an oil-in-water emulsion prepared with taste substances and the oils differed in the DHA content. The tuna oil specific taste effects were linearly dependent on DHA content. The increase of DHA in oil also linearly enhanced umami and flavor (continuity and richness) of synthetic tuna extract. These results indicate that DHA, a major fatty acid of tuna oil, greatly contributes to tuna oil specific effects on basic tastes and flavor.     

不同结晶态脂肪比例对乳液奶油感感知的影响

通过调配无水乳脂肪的脂肪酸组成,构建含不同结晶态比例的乳脂肪模型和与牛奶脂肪含量和粒径匹配的乳液体系,进而模拟口腔加工,测定含不同结晶态脂肪比例乳液的口腔聚合性和摩擦学特性,并评价其奶油感。成功构建了含不同结晶态比例（10%～85%）的乳脂肪模型（F10～F85）,所构建乳液（E10～E85）中脂肪球平均粒径为4 μm,在模拟口腔加工后,乳液粒径显著增大,其中E40样品增大程度最大。随着结晶态脂肪比例的增加,乳液口腔摩擦系数（μ20）先减小后增加,其中E40样品μ20最小,为（0.04±0.01）。描述性感官评价结果显示,随着结晶态脂肪比例的增加,乳液样品的整体奶油感先增大后减小,其中E40样品得分最高,为8.06±0.73。主成分分析结果显示,乳液的口腔光滑感和糊口感与整体奶油感相关性最强,其中E40样品与整体奶油感相关性最强。暂时性感官支配评价结果显示,口腔加工中后期,乳液在口腔感知中最显著的优势感官属性为口腔光滑感和糊口感,其中E40样品的口腔光滑感和糊口感优势率最高。本研究明确了结晶态脂肪比例对乳液奶油感感知的影响,为开发低脂但具备全脂口感的乳制品提供理论依据。     

Mechanisms for sensing fat in food in the mouth: Presented at the Symposium "The Taste for Fat: New Discoveries on the Role of Fat in Sensory Perception, Metabolism, Sensory Pleasure and Beyond" held at the Institute of Food Technologists 2011 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA., June 12, 2011

The brain areas that represent taste including the primary taste cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex also provide a representation of oral texture. Fat texture is represented by neurons independently of viscosity: some neurons respond to fat independently of viscosity, and other neurons encode viscosity. The neurons that respond to fat also respond to silicone and paraffin oil, indicating that the sensing is texture-specific not chemo-specific. This fat sensing is not related to free fatty acids such as linoleic acid, and a few other neurons that respond to free fatty acids typically do not respond to fat in the mouth. Complementary human functional neuroimaging studies show that the pleasantness of food texture is represented in the orbitofrontal cortex. These findings have implications for the design of foods that mimic the pleasant texture of fat in the mouth but have low energy content, and thus for the prevention and treatment of obesity.     

气味与滋味间相互作用对食品风味感知影响研究进展

食品风味是影响消费者购买欲的重要因素,而风味感知的形成受嗅觉、味觉等多种感官的共同影响,利用气味与滋味间感知交互作用改善食品风味已成为最受关注的食品风味调控新方向之一。基于此,本文首先从神经生物学角度分析嗅觉与味觉间跨模态感知交互作用的主要形成通路及机制,然后从静态感官分析和动态感官分析两个方面总结跨模态感知交互作用的主要研究方法,最后结合相关文献案例分别综述气味物质对味觉感知（甜、咸、苦、鲜和酸）以及滋味物质对嗅觉感知的影响,旨在为食品加工过程风味品质的调控提供新思路。     

Fatty Acid Compositions of Oil Species Affect the 5 Basic Taste Perceptions

ABSTRACT: To elucidate the effects of oils, particularly tuna oil, on taste perception, we conducted sensory analysis employing an oil-in-water emulsion prepared with basic taste substances and 3 oil species. Each type of oil extended perception retention, and did not affect sweetness or saltiness, but suppressed sourness and bitterness. Bitterness suppression was highest in tuna oil. Tuna oil also enhanced umami intensity. The results of individual fatty acid addition test were in good agreement with these effects of tuna oil. Thus, we proposed that tuna oil's specific fatty acid composition resulted in the specific taste effects of tuna oil.     

论味觉科学和味觉变化在烹饪中的应用

调味是菜肴制作的一道重要工序。人们对菜肴滋味的感受主要是通过味觉而获得。本文拟通过味觉科学和味觉变化对烹饪调味的影响来阐述它们之间的关系,解释烹饪调味中发生的现象,并指出值得注意的要点,从而更好地指导烹饪调味的实践。     

Reduced Fat Food Emulsions: Physicochemical,Sensory, and Biological Aspects

Fat plays multiple important roles in imparting desirable sensory attributes to emulsion-based food products, such as sauces, dressings, soups, beverages, and desserts. However, there is concern that over consumption of fats leads to increased incidences of chronic diseases, such as obesity, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. Consequently, there is a need to develop reduced fat products with desirable sensory profiles that match those of their full-fat counterparts. The successful design of high quality reduced-fat products requires an understanding of the many roles that fat plays in determining the sensory attributes of food emulsions, and of appropriate strategies to replace some or all of these attributes. This paper reviews our current understanding of the influence of fat on the physicochemical and physiological attributes of food emulsions, and highlights some of the main approaches that can be used to create high quality emulsion-based food products with reduced fat contents.     

Zinc Deficiency and Taste Perception in the Elderly

Taste, one of the major senses in humans, is the ability to detect the flavor of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons. Taste distortions in human beings have been attributed to various physiological and environmental factors including aging and disease conditions. Given the fact that taste is one of the most important factors in food preference, selection, and consumption, the decreased appetite in the elderly, probably due to disease conditions, may lead to dietary restrictions that could negatively impact nutritional and health status. The role of zinc on taste distortion in the elderly population and taste impairment are described. Although several studies demonstrate the associative nature of taste degeneration with age, additional investigations are required to clarify the mechanisms by which taste perception is altered with age.     

优质祁门红茶滋味特征分析

以祁门红茶中3个不同类型的最高等级样品,祁门工夫红茶(特茗等级)、祁红香螺(特级等级)和祁红毛峰(特级等级)为优质祁门红茶研究对象,结合人工感官审评、智能感官分析和化学分析,探讨优质祁门红茶的滋味特征。人工感官审评结果说明,3个样品的滋味分属性特征不同,优质祁门工夫红茶在甜度、鲜爽度、苦涩味、回甘4个分属性上优于优质祁红香螺和祁红毛峰。智能感官分析结果说明,电子舌可以根据滋味特征有效区分优质祁门工夫红茶、祁红香螺和祁红毛峰。化学分析结果说明,3个样品之间,茶多酚、咖啡碱和游离氨基酸质量分数存在显著性差异(P0.05),p H值无显著性差异(P≥0.05),其中咖啡碱质量分数与苦涩味呈正相关,游离氨基酸质量分数与鲜爽度呈正相关,这与3个样品滋味分属性特征不同相关。     

The Effect of Zinc on Human Taste Perception

Zinc salts are added as a nutritional or functional ingredient in food and oral care products. The 1st experiment in this study investigated the taste and somatosensory effect of zinc salts (chloride, iodide, sulfate, bromide, acetate). The zinc salts had very little taste (bitter, salty, savory, sour, sweet), and the taste that was present was easily washed away with water rinses. The major oral quality of zinc was astringency, and the astringency lingered beyond expectoration. The 2nd experiment combined zinc salts with prototypical stimuli eliciting basic tastes. Zinc was a potent inhibitor of sweetness and bitterness (>70% reduction in taste) but did not affect salt, savory, or sour taste.     

Perception of sugar-acid mixtures in lemon juice drink

Acid was removed from lemon juice by selective adsorption on to a weak-base resin. Four levels each of sucrose and citric acid were combined factorially and dissolved in the low-acid juice, providing sixteen stimulus combinations. Using graphic-rating scales, assessors evaluated the stimuli for intensities of overall flavour, sweetness, and acidity; the relation of each of these intensities to ideal; and general acceptability. The various acceptability responses proved to be internally consistent, and the experiment suggested an optimum sugar-acid blend from the sixteen combinations. Ratings of overall flavour strength followed a compressed pattern in a factorial plot, with increasing concentrations of sugar and acid exerting a diminishingly small effect. In the perception of individual components, sucrose clearly suppressed the perceived intensity of citric acid, but only the highest concentration of acid unequivocally suppressed sweetness. There was a striking similarity between each set of intensity responses and the corresponding ideal-relative responses, suggesting a link between intensity and hedonics.     

Heat Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Containing Milk Proteins: Effect of Ionic Strength and pH

Emulsions (20 wt% soybean oil; 2 wt% protein) made with caseinate at pH 7 and with whey protein isolate (WPI) at pH 7 and 3 were stable to heating at 90 and 121°C. WPI emulsions destabilized at pH values between 3.5 and 4.0. In the presence of KCI (12.5–200 mM), large particles were formed in WPI emulsions at pH 3 and the emulsions were viscous. At pH 7, moderate concentrations of KCI decreased the heat stability and gels were formed. KCI had less effect on WPI emulsions made at pH 3. Combining the emulsions with caseinate allowed some control of the heat-induced gelation.     

Effects of CD36 Genotype on Oral Perception of Oleic Acid Supplemented Safflower Oil Emulsions in Two Ethnic Groups: A Preliminary Study

Previous studies demonstrate humans can detect fatty acids via specialized sensors on the tongue, such as the CD36 receptor. Genetic variation at the common single nucleotide polymorphism rs1761667 of CD36 has been shown to differentially impact the perception of fatty acids, but comparative data among different ethnic groups are lacking. In a small cohort of Caucasian and East Asian young adults, we investigated if: (1) participants could detect oleic acid (C18:1) added to safflower oil emulsions at a constant ratio of 3% (w/v); (2) supplementation of oleic acid to safflower oil emulsions enhanced perception of fattiness and creaminess; and (3) variation at rs1761667 influenced oleic acid detection and fat taste perception. In a 3‐alternate forced choice test, 62% of participants detected 2.9 ± 0.7 mM oleic acid (or 0.08% w/v) in a 2.8% safflower oil emulsion. Supplementation of oleic acid did not enhance fattiness and creaminess perception for the cohort as a whole, though East Asians carrying the GG genotype perceived more overall fattiness and creaminess than their AA genotype counterparts (P < 0.001). No differences were observed for the Caucasians. These preliminary findings indicate that free oleic acid can be detected in an oil‐in‐water emulsion at concentrations found in commercial oils, but it does not increase fattiness or creaminess perception. Additionally, variation at rs1761667 may have ethnic‐specific effects on fat taste perception.     

高压均质对天然和热变性大豆蛋白-磷脂水包油型乳状液功能性质的影响

为揭示大豆蛋白和大豆卵磷脂在油-水界面层的交互作用及复合微乳体系的稳定机制,探究了温度(20、60℃)和均质压力(0~80 MPa)的协同作用对蛋白质-磷脂复合乳化体系功能性质的影响。结果显示:相比于天然大豆蛋白与磷脂(native soybean isolate-lecithin,NSI-Lec)形成的乳状液,热变性大豆蛋白与磷脂(denatured soybean isolate-lecithin,DSI-Lec)的乳状液功能性质随均质压力的变化更明显。NSI-Lec乳液在均质压力达到80 MPa时乳化性、乳化稳定性及电位变化不再显著,但DSI-Lec乳液在该条件下功能性质继续提高。当均质压力高于40 MPa时,DSI-Lec乳液的乳层析指数明显下降,说明乳液更加稳定。粒径分布结果表明:NSI-Lec乳液呈双峰粒径分布,DSI-Lec乳液在均质压力高于20 MPa后粒度分布曲线向小粒径方向移动,且当均质压力达到80 MPa时粒径分布呈现单峰。激光共聚焦显微镜结果显示,DSI-Lec乳液随均质压力的提升分布更均匀,乳液连续性较好。     

Microstructure and Stability of Non-Protein Stabilized Oil-in-Water Food Emulsions Measured by Optical Methods

ABSTRACT: :
The microstructure and stability of oil-in-water emulsions, stabilized with non-protein emulsifiers (sor-bitan esters), were analyzed as a function of emulsification time, rotor speed, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB), and ionic strength. Sauter average dia (D[3,2]) were determined from micrographs. Back-scattered light data were analyzed and a method to determine creaming rates of the systems was proposed. Creaming rates showed that the relationship between emulsion stability and HLB was non-linear. Addition of NaCl raised creaming rates, resulting in decreased stability, while micrographs showed the presence of flocs. Results were discussed taking account of interactions present in the system.     

杂交稻米的理化特性与食味评价的研究

本研究对籼型杂交稻米进行了包括理化特性的测定、食味感官评价及用食味计进行了成分测定和食味评价，探讨了日本常用的食味评价方法对中国产稻米的适应性，同时考察李稻米理化特性与食味的关连，并尝试建立了中国产稻米的食味推测式。     

浓香型酒酸味、辣味、涩味浅析

经过对我厂浓香型酒工艺管理和工艺卫生的考核,取得了一些经验,对白酒酸,辣,涩味产生的原因作了分析,并提出预防措施。     

非脂乳固体和脂肪含量对酸牛乳粘度的影响

通过调整酸牛乳配方中非脂乳固体和脂肪的含量,使酸牛乳粘稠度发生变化,找出它们之间的关系。确定最佳粘稠度的配方。     

大米食味评价中主观因素的影响分析

大米食味受大米自身品质(客观因素)和消费者嗜好(主观因素)影响,而以消费者嗜好为主要内容的主观因素,受到消费者年龄、性别、出生地等诸多条件的影响.在大量感观评价试验的基础上,分析和研究了评价员的不同条件对评价结果的影响.研究表明,评价员的年龄、性别和出生地等都对大米食味评价结果有非常明显的影响.同时,不同地区消费者对籼米和粳米的偏向性喜好也在变化中.     

味蕾与白酒品评的探讨

味蕾是味觉感受器。白酒品评时,味蕾受到白酒中的不同味物质的刺激,信息由味神经传递到大脑味觉中枢,并产生味觉。品评人员的味蕾与品评工作有着密切的联系,味蕾因人而异,影响因素较多。味觉测试能直观地反映出被测试者的味蕾分布情况,因而对白酒品评影响深远。