切开复位内固定治疗桶柄样骨盆骨折

目的 探讨桶柄样骨盆骨折手术治疗方法,以提高桶柄样骨盆骨折的治愈率。方法切开复位内固定治疗56例桶柄样骨盆骨折。骨盆前环：经Pfannenstiel入路固定24例,其中9例予以1块骨盆重建钢板固定,骨盆重建钢板固定结合耻骨上支髓内螺钉固定9例,6例予以2块骨盆重建钢板固定;Pfannenstiel入路结合部分髂腹股沟入路予以1块骨盆重建钢板固定32例。骨盆后环：39例经患侧髂嵴入路以骨盆重建钢板固定,10例骶骨骨折经皮骶髂关节螺钉固定,7例未行后骨盆固定。结果56例均获随访,时间12—32（18±3．5）个月,骨性愈合时间5～9（6±1．2）个月,无下肢不等长,骨盆畸形基本纠正。按Majeed疗效评定标准：优38例,良14例,可1例,优良率为92．9％。结论前后联合人路,切开复位内固定治疗桶柄样骨盆骨折可以取得满意效果。     

陈旧性骨盆桶柄样Tilt骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨陈旧性骨盆桶柄样Tilt骨折的临床特征和治疗方法。方法自1998年10月～2002年10月,共收治6例由侧方挤压暴力所致的陈旧性TileB2型骨盆桶柄样Tilt骨折,伤后至手术时间为2～15个月,平均6.5个月。术前损伤骨盆的桶柄侧内旋畸形均大于30°,下肢短缩2～3.5cm,平均2.5cm;骨盆前环Tilt畸形的骨折近端均向后下方旋转移位,耻骨联合陷入会阴。所有患者均采用髂腹股沟入路行手术治疗,耻骨上支畸形均沿骨折处原位截骨;骨盆后环畸形经髂骨截骨3例,骶骨外缘截骨1例,骶髂关节切开翻转并植骨融合2例。术中使用重建钢板固定3例,重建钢板联合拉力螺钉固定1例,重建钢板辅以支架固定2例。结果术后随访3～45个月,平均15.6个月。骨折愈合,肢体短缩纠正满意。根据Mears的影像评价标准,本组骨盆解剖复位5例,复位满意1例。根据Majeed的疗效评定标准,优5例,良1例。术后出现迟发性坐骨神经损伤1例,未行特殊处理,6周后症状自行缓解。结论骨盆前后环的联合截骨矫形及手术重建,是提高复位质量、纠正桶柄侧下肢短缩及防治远期并发症的有效方法。     

涉及髋臼四边体骨折的治疗体会

目的探讨采用髂腹股沟入路、Kocher-Langenbeck入路或联合入路切开复位骨盆重建钢板结合拉力螺钉内固定治疗涉及髋臼四边体骨折的临床疗效。方法自2006年5月至2011年4月我科治疗的24例涉及髋臼四边体骨折患者,其中男17例,女7例;年龄18～59岁,平均38.5岁。骨折按Letournel分类,后柱骨折2例,后柱伴后壁骨折2例,横形骨折3例,"T"形骨折3例,前柱伴后半横形骨折2例,双柱骨折12例。结果 24例均获得随访,时间6～36个月,平均21个月。临床疗效按照改良后的Modified d′Aubigne and Postel髋关节评分标准,优13例,良6例,可3例,差2例,优良率79.16%。结论髂腹股沟入路、Kocher-Langenbeck入路或联合入路骨盆重建钢板结合拉力螺钉内固定治疗髋臼四边体骨折,具有显露清楚、便于骨折复位、固定稳定、临床效果满意等优点,是治疗涉及髋臼四边体骨折合并股骨头中心脱位的有效方法。     

经前路内固定植骨融合治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位

目的探讨经前路手术复位内固定植骨融合治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位的安全性和疗效。方法采用骶髂关节前部切口或髂腹股沟切口,显露骶髂关节前面,对12例骶髂关节骨折脱位复位后,应用骨盆重建钢板内固定并植骨融合。结果3例单纯施行切开复位内固定融合术,9例同时行骨盆前环骨折复位内固定术;2例同时行髋臼骨折手术。随访6~18个月,6例垂直移位复位,9例旋转移位纠正,骶髂关节完全融合。结论骶髂关节骨折脱位造成整个骨盆环的严重失稳,经前路重建钢板内固定植骨融合治疗骶髂关节骨折脱位,能有效避免神经损伤,疗效肯定。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者的诊断和治疗

目的探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其急诊处理、诊断和治疗方法选择。方法回顾性分析18例存在旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者，10例保守治疗，8例手术治疗。8例手术患者骨盆前环骨折均行切开复位内固定，2例耻骨上支骨折采用重建钢板固定，2例采用拉力螺钉固定，4例耻骨联合分离患者均采用双钢板固定；6例骨盆后环骨折患者采用切开复位双钢板固定，2例在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节松质骨拉力螺钉固定。结果18例患者全部恢复行走功能，所有保守治疗患者骨盆骨折均畸形愈合，遗留骶髂关节部位酸痛6例，遗留双小腿、双足麻木3例，行走跛行2例。8例手术治疗患者骨盆外形均恢复好，仅1例患者诉沿髂嵴切口有不适，2例CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉患者骨盆外形接近完全恢复，功能恢复快而满意。结论旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折患者保守治疗效果差，宜首选内固定手术治疗，宜同时固定骨盆前、后环或先行前环切开复位内固定，2～3d后再次在CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉内固定。CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉手术操作简单、时间短、出血少、固定牢靠，是固定骶髂关节骨折脱位的首选方法。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的手术治疗

目的：探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其治疗方法选择。方法：17例存在旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者，全部行手术治疗：骨盆前环均行切开复位内固定，骨盆后环11例采用行切开复位双钢板固定，6例在CT引导下经皮置入松质骨螺钉固定骶髂关节。结果：17例全部恢复行走功能，11例行前路切开骶髂关节双钢板固定患者中骨盆外形恢复好，但1例沿髂嵴切口有不适，6例CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉患者骨盆外形接近完全恢复，功能恢复快而满意。结论：骶髂关节骨折脱位患者非手术治疗效果差，宜首选内固定手术治疗；而CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉手术操作简单、时间短、出血少、损伤少、固定牢靠，是固定骶髂关节的好方法。     

经改良髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折的疗效观察

目的探讨经改良髂腹股沟入路治疗髋臼骨折的优缺点及疗效观察。方法经改良髂腹股沟入路(部分联合K-L入路)应用骨盆重建钢板内固定治疗髋臼骨折12例。结果术后8~14个月显示骨折骨性愈合,按Matta标准评估:解剖复位9例,满意复位2例,复位欠佳1例。结论改良髂腹股沟入路具有解剖相对简单,创伤小,复位质量高,并发症少等优点。     

旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨旋转和垂直不稳定型骨盆骨折的临床特点及其治疗方法选择。方法 17例存在旋转和垂直不稳定的骨盆骨折患者,全部行手术治疗:骨盆前环均行切开复位内固定,骨盆后环11例采用行切开复位双钢板固定,6例在CT引导下经皮置入松质骨螺钉固定骶髂关节。结果 17例全部恢复行走功能,11例行前路切开骶髂关节双钢板固定患者中骨盆外形恢复好,但1例沿髂嵴切口有不适,6例CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉患者骨盆外形接近完全恢复,功能恢复快而满意。结论 骶髂关节骨折脱位患者非手术治疗效果差,宜首选内固定手术治疗;而CT引导下经皮置入骶髂关节螺钉手术操作简单、时间短、出血少、损伤少、固定牢靠,是固定骶髂关节的好方法。     

不稳定性骨盆骨折的手术内固定治疗

目的探讨不稳定性骨盆骨折内固定手术治疗的临床疗效.方法41例不稳定性骨盆骨折采用开收复位加内固定手术治疗.前环骨折采用耻骨联合上方弧形切口或经腹股沟入路．应用钛合金重建钢板内固定；后环骨折分别采用骶骨棒、骶髂拉力螺钉固定.结果41例均获随访．时间3～36个月，骨折愈合时间为2．0～3．5（2．5±0．4）个月。疗效评估：优14例，良18例，中8例．差1例.结论不稳定性骨盆骨折采用手术内固定叮以重建有效骨盆稳定性，疗效满意。     

移位髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨移位髋臼骨折的手术治疗方法及其效果。方法对40例髋臼移位骨折根据不同骨折类型采用Kocher Langenbeck、髂腹股沟或前后联合入路进行切开复位、骨盆重建钢板和螺钉内固定。结果36例获得随访,随访时间12～72个月,按D′Aubigne和Postel评价方法,优20例,良10例,优良率为83.3%。结论切开复位内固定对于移位髋臼骨折可以取得满意的效果。正确判断骨折类型,选择最佳的手术时机和手术入路以及术中准确复位和坚强的内固定是提高移位髋臼骨折疗效的关键。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.