西辽河不同粒级沉积物的氨氮吸附-解吸特征

为估算辽河吸附态氨氮入海通量,采用平衡吸附-解吸法研究了西辽河不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征. 结果表明:不同粒级沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征均符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附-解吸等温式;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮饱和吸附量较大,分别为3 643.82和2 693.71 mg/kg,相当于粗砂的8.04和5.94倍;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒所携载的吸附态氨氮的入海通量分别为170.10和164.52 mg/kg. 占沉积物氨氮吸附总量的14.99%;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物的氨氮解吸比例较小,分别为30.66%和42.04%,入海后可分别为上覆水提供氨氮52.15和69.16 mg/kg;黏粒级和粉粒级沉积物所吸附的氨氮是氮素循环的重要组成部分;黏粒和粉粒级沉积物的腐殖质含量远远高于粗沙,在其所形成的团聚体结构中存在的孔隙填充方式——氨氮吸附是导致黏粒和粉粒级沉积物饱和吸附量较大、解吸比例较低的根本原因.      

西辽河沉积物有机组分对磷的吸附影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河沉积物不同有机组分对磷的吸附影响.结果表明,西辽河沉积物对磷的饱和吸附量Гm值为953.64mg/kg.吸附分配系数K值为40.50;去除有机质后的沉积物对磷的吸附能力大大降低,碳标化饱和吸附量Гmoc值和吸附分配系数Koc值分别只能达到原样的12.07%和27.49%,说明有机质是影响磷在沉积物上吸附的主要因素;沉积物有机组分中的轻组有机质是一类橡胶态胶体,磷在橡胶态胶体上的吸附以分配作用为主,其碳标化吸附分配系数为77.13;沉积物有机组分中的重组有机质对磷的吸附起主导作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量为1225.63mg/kg;重组有机质是一类玻璃态胶体,磷在玻璃态胶体上的吸附除分配作用外,还存在孔隙填充方式的吸附;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质(胡敏素)对磷的吸附起关键作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量为3546.69mg/kg.影响机制主要为稳、紧结态腐殖质是形成沉积物疏松多孔团聚体结构的重要胶结物质.     

沉积物不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了西辽河沉积物不同有机矿质复合体对磷的吸附特征影响.结果表明,去除腐殖质后的沉积物对磷的吸附能力大大降低,其饱和吸附量(Гm)和吸附分配系数(k)分别只能达到原样的35.62%和9.93%,有机矿质复合体是影响磷在沉积物上吸附特征的主要因素;沉积物中的钙键有机矿质复合体对磷具有孔隙填充方式的吸附,其碳标化饱和吸附量为1157.05mg/kg,相当于原样的1.27倍;沉积物中的铁铝键有机矿质复合体在对磷吸附中发挥重要作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量可达1736.82mg/kg,相当于原样的1.88倍.其吸附机制除孔隙填充方式外,还存在配位吸附;考查沉积物对磷的吸附能力不但要考虑腐殖质的含量,更要考虑腐殖质的复合形态,它也是影响沉积物对磷吸附特征的重要因素.以原样为基准,钙键有机矿质复合体、铁铝键有机矿质复合体携载的吸附态磷可分别按1.27和1.88倍进行估算.     

珠江口表层沉积物有机碳不同浸提组分的空间分布特征

活性有机碳是海洋沉积物有机碳的重要组成部分,研究河口区沉积物不同浸提组分的活性有机碳对于认知近海活性有机碳的迁移转化过程具有重要意义,可为全球碳循环研究提供基础。本文于2013年7月采集珠江口表层沉积物样品,通过盐提取（SEC）、水提取（WEC）、氯仿熏蒸提取（MBC）和酸提取（AHC）等方法测定其活性有机碳,研究其分布规律及相互关系。结果表明:（1）珠江口表层沉积物SEC、WEC、MBC和AHC的平均含量分别为（768.0±23.5）×10-6、（688.1±31.2）×10-6、（963.2±26.4）×10-6和（3040.7±18.2）×10-6;（2）沉积物SEC和AHC含量由西北部向东南部逐渐减少,而MBC含量由口外向西北口内逐渐减少,WEC空间分布则相对均匀;（3）陆源输入的较难降解的活性有机碳主要在西部区域沉积,而微生物活性有机碳量则主要在东南部口外处沉积。总体来看,受人类活动的影响,珠江口沉积物中的活性有机碳含量相对较高,不利于其有机碳的埋藏。     

拉萨河水体底泥对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征

沉积物颗粒通过对氨氮的吸附-解吸影响河水中氮素的含量。以拉萨河上直孔水电站水坝上、下的底泥以及拉萨河末端曲水县的底泥为研究对象,通过氨氮在底泥上的吸附-解吸试验,研究了拉萨河水体底泥对氨氮的吸附-解吸能力及其影响因素。结果表明:在试验的条件范围内,温度和盐度对底泥吸附氨氮的能力影响不大,pH值的增高会提高底泥对氨氮的吸附能力;各底泥对氨氮的吸附是一种分配过程;水坝的截留使坝上底泥中氨氮的本底值含量较高而坝下底泥中砂质含量较高;3种底泥对氨氮的吸附能力表现为直孔坝下直孔坝上曲水,其解吸能力表现为直孔坝上曲水直孔坝下;由于拉萨河地处西藏高原,土壤矿化、有机质含量低,拉萨河底泥对氨氮的吸附能力普遍比平原地区底泥弱。本研究可了解大坝建设等人类活动对拉萨河水环境的影响,为合理利用拉萨河水资源提供科学依据。     

不同无害化处理对污泥中有机组分的影响

以城市污泥为材料,研究了热喷、辐射和堆肥 3 种无害化处理方式对污泥中有机组分形态的影响.结果表明,污泥中的有机组分经过热喷和辐射处理后,易降解物含量增加,难降解物含量降低;而堆肥处理则相反.污泥总氮的 70%~80%是有机氮,热喷、辐射处理使污泥中的有机氮向易矿化态转变,易矿化态氮含量较处理前分别增加 8.0%和 6.5%;而堆肥处理使污泥中的有机氮向难矿化态转变,难矿化态氮含量增加了 4.1%.经热喷、辐射处理后污泥中有机磷的活性显著提高,但堆肥处理降低了污泥中有机磷的活性.热喷、辐射处理使得污泥中水溶性有机物的大分子组分向小分子组分转化,堆肥处理则与之相反.因此,经热喷、辐射处理的污泥的供肥效果优于堆肥处理.     

岩溶地下河沉积物对氨氮的等温吸附特征

岩溶含水层是西南地区最重要的含水层之一.含水层的管道系统蕴藏着丰富的沉积物,这些沉积物可能成为污染物运移和转化的载体.以广西柳州市2个典型地下河系统为例,通过室内模拟的方法,研究地下河沉积物对氨氮的吸附特征.沉积物对氨氮的吸附平衡时间都小于2 h,最短的时间不足1 h,沉积物5 h平衡吸附量达到了最大吸附量的71%～9...     

闽江口围垦养殖对沉积物有机碳组分及其矿化的影响

研究滨海湿地围垦养殖后沉积物有机碳库的动态变化,对科学评估沿海滩涂湿地开发利用对碳库的影响具有重要意义.以闽江口鳝鱼滩湿地为研究区,采集不同围垦年限(3 a和15 a)养殖塘和短叶茳芏(Cyperus malaccensis)(养殖塘围垦前主要土著植被)湿地沉积物,测定其总有机碳(TOC)、有机碳组分(微生物生物量碳(MBC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC))及有机碳矿化特征,并基于时空互代法,分析了围垦养殖对沉积物TOC、有机碳组分及矿化的影响.结果表明:围垦养殖3 a,沉积物TOC和WSOC含量总体上没有显著变化,但围垦15a,表层(0~10 cm)沉积物TOC和WSOC含量显著增加,其增加比例分别约为68.36%和68.01%;围垦养殖后,沉积物MBC没有显著变化,EOC含量则有所降低,围垦15 a后表层沉积物EOC含量约降低37.35%.围垦养殖后表层沉积物有机碳矿化速率和累积矿化量均高于短叶茳芏湿地,而亚表层(10~20 cm)沉积物矿化速率差异不显著,且表层累积矿化量高于亚表层.养殖塘沉积物TOC及有机碳组分受长期水淹和饵料添加等管理方式的影响,同时受黏粒、TN和TP等理化性质的间接影响,进一步影响沉积物矿化速率、累积矿化量和潜在矿化量(C0).上述结果预示着滨海湿地围垦养殖在一定程度上增加了沉积物有机碳的蓄积,同时也促进了有机碳矿化.     

西辽河沉积物中不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征

采用平衡解吸法研究了西辽河沉积物不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征.结果表明,不同粒径团聚体磷的解吸比例为黏粒(0.20)<粉粒(0.28)<细砂(0.45)<粗砂(0.93);其原因为:细粒级微团聚体中腐殖质含量远远高于粗粒级;细粒级微团聚体中有机质是通过可溶有机质与黏土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集,在其所形成的复合体团聚结构中引起的团聚体结构不可逆形变是导致磷的解吸比例降低,解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的可解吸态磷(NAP)入海后可分别为上覆水提供磷(212.93±38.60)mg/kg,(159.45±31.44)mg/kg.沉积物黏粒级和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的NAP是磷素循环的重要组成部分.     

水中天然有机大分子对混凝影响的电动特征

以流动电流为特征参数，研究了水处理混凝过程中，天然有机大分子对水中悬浮胶体颗粒，无机盐混凝剂及其相互作用过程所表现出的电动性质特征，探讨了ＨＡ和ＤＡ影响混凝过程电动特性的条件与机理。结果表明，ＨＡ和ＤＡ的存在大大降低了无机盐混凝剂对水中悬浮胶粒作用的电动效果，这与二对混凝效果的影响具有一致性。     

黄河口附近海域沉积物中碳氮元素地球化学特征及有机质来源研究

本文调查分析了黄河口附近海域沉积物中碳氮元素地球化学特征及有机质来源研究。发现黄河口附近海域沉积物TOC、TN含量、C/N、δ13C以及δ15N分别为（0.40±0.19）%、（0.049±0.018）%、7.92±1.48、（-23.94±0.69）‰、（7.06±0.72）‰。其中TOC随着输送距离增加显著下降（P < 0.05）,δ13C沿着输送距离增加极显著上升（P < 0.01）。黄河口附近海域沉积物有机质来源可分为陆源、河口源、海源3种来源。其含量分别为（44.6±6.5）%、（6.5±5.5）%、（48.9±6.1）%。陆源有机质含量随着输送距离增加显著下降,海源有机质含量随着输送距离增加显著上升（P < 0.05）。研究区域陆源有机碳埋藏速率为171~214 t/（km2·a）,约20%左右黄河输送陆源有机碳埋藏在黄河口附近海域。黄河输送不仅影响了河口及周边海域有机质来源组成,还促进了陆源有机质在河口区域的埋藏。     

Effect of natural organic matter on thallium and silver speciation

Natural organic matter (NOM) is known to play an important role in the transport and binding of trace metal elements in aquatic and soil systems. Thallium is a pollutant for which the extent of the role played by NOM is poorly known. Consequently, this study investigates thallium(I) and its complexation to a purified humic substance as proxy for NOM. Experiments were performed with the Donnan Membrane Technique to separate, for the first time, the free Tl⁺ ion from its complexed form in the bulk solution. Various pH and concentrations were investigated at constant ionic strength and constant NOM proxy concentrations in solution. Experimental results were described with NICA-Donnan model. Thallium complexation was compared to silver complexation using literature data and using the same NICA-Donnan formalism. Parameters for these two cations (Tl⁺ and Ag⁺) are reported in this article, for the first time. Results display low thallium complexation to the NOM proxy while silver competes with divalent cations for the NOM binding sites. Calculated speciation for dissolved thallium highlights the dominance of free thallium (Tl⁺) in solution whereas Tl-NOM complexes contribute roughly 15% to total Tl(I) species in river and lake type waters. Similar results are obtained for soil solutions, Tl-bound to NOM < 30% of total, from UK soils with different land use and geochemistry.     

土壤有机质对土霉素在土壤中吸附-解吸的影响

采用批量平衡方法,研究了土霉素在原土及去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸.结果表明,土霉素在原土和去除有机质土壤中的吸附和解吸等温线均不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型可以对吸附和解吸数据进行良好的非线性拟合,在不同土壤以及不同土壤处理中的拟合相关系数(r)均达到极显著水平.去除有机质能够降低土霉素在土壤中的吸附容量(lgKf),但增加了吸附强度(1/n).土霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,在所设土霉素浓度范围内,土霉素在褐土和红壤中的平均滞后系数(HIa)分别为0.039和0.015;去除有机质后的褐土和红壤对土霉素的解吸滞后现象显著增强(P<0.01),其HIa分别增加到0.068和0.028.     

Effect of dissolved organic matter on adsorption and desorption of mercury by soils

Effects of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on adsorption and desorption of Hg were investigated in two kinds of soils, Xanthi-Udic Ferralosols (XUF) and Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosols (TPUC). The DOM was obtained from humus soil (DOMH), rice straw (DOMR), and pig manure (DOMP). The presence of DOM obviously reduced Hg maximum adsorption capacity with up to 40% decreases over the control, being an order of DOMH (250.00 mg/kg)< DOMR (303.03 mg/kg) < DOMP (322.58 mg/kg) < CK (control 416.67 mg/kg) for the XUF and ...     

溶解性有机质对芘在土壤中吸附解吸的影响

从腐解不同阶段的水稻秸秆提取溶解性有机质(DOM),用DAX-8树脂分组的方法分析了其亲疏水性,并研究了提取到的DOM对芘在土壤中吸附-解吸行为的影响.结果表明,随秸秆腐解时间的延长,产生DOM中亲水性组分减少,疏水性组分增多.在本试验所研究的吸附解吸实验条件下,芘在土壤中的吸附解吸均可用线性方程进行描述.加入DOM后,芘的吸附受到显著抑制(p0.01),并且随腐解时间延长,抑制作用增强;芘在土壤中存在解吸迟滞现象,加入DOM后迟滞现象减弱,促进了芘在土壤中的解吸.随腐解作用的进行,DOM促进芘解吸的作用增强,解吸迟滞系数减小.这是由于随秸秆腐解作用的进行,产生DOM中疏水性组分含量增多,其对芘的增溶作用增强所致.     

Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes, using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis. Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition (N, NH₄Cl 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, whichmay be related to the reason that the root growthwas affected byNaddition. Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH₄⁺ may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.     

Resolving the influence of nitrogen abundances on sediment organic matter in macrophyte-dominated lakes,using fluorescence spectroscopy

A controlled experiment was designed to resolve the influence of nitrogen abundance on sediment organic matters in macrophyte-dominated lakes using fluorescence analysis.Macrophyte biomass showed coincident growth trends with time, but different variation rates with nitrogen treatment. All plant growth indexes with nitrogen addition(N, NH4Cl100, 200, 400 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than those of the control group. Four humiclike components, two autochthonous tryptophan-like components, and one autochthonous tyrosine-like component were identified using the parallel factor analysis model. The results suggested that the relative component changes of fluorescence in the colonized sediments were in direct relation to the change of root biomass with time. In the experiment, the root formation parameters of the plants studied were significantly affected by adding N in sediments, which may be related to the reason that the root growth was affected by N addition.Adding a low concentration of N to sediments can play a part in supplying nutrients to the plants. However, the intensive uptake of NH4+may result in an increase in the intracellular concentration of ammonia, which is highly toxic to the plant cells. Hence, our experiment results manifested that organic matter cycling in the macrophyte-dominated sediment was influenced by nitrogen enrichment through influencing vegetation and relevant microbial activity.     

不同离子条件对提取沉积物中水溶性有机质光谱特性的影响

水溶性有机质(WSOM)是环境中溶解性有机质(DOM)的重要组成部分,对WSOM化学特性的研究有助于了解环境中DOM对污染物环境归趋的作用.本文利用紫外-可见吸收光谱法(UV-vis)及三维荧光光谱法(3D-EEM)分析了3种不同来源沉积物的WSOM在不同种类及浓度离子浸提液中的光谱特性差异,以揭示天然水化学离子种类及浓度对提取沉积物中WSOM光谱特性的影响.UV-vis光谱分析结果表明:①WSOM在SO■及K~+浸提液中的溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量及其芳香度较高,在Cl~-及K~+浸提液中的有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)丰度高,在NO~-_3、Na~+浸提液中的富里酸含量较高、分子量较小;②浸提液中WSOM的DOC含量及其芳香度、CDOM丰度随离子浓度增加呈先增后减的趋势,同时大颗粒WSOM比例逐渐增加.通过3D-EEM光谱数据结合平行因子分析法发现,沉积物(城市内湖)中WSOM主要由4种荧光组分组成,即可见腐殖酸(C1)、土壤富里酸(C2和C3)、微生物源类腐殖质(C4).4种荧光组分在SO■、K~+浸提液中的荧光强度较高,且随离子浓度增加WSOM的荧光强度、类蛋白物质及类腐殖物质浓度均表现为高浓度受抑制的现象,这一点与吸收光谱数据一致.