南京地区居民家庭年收入与超重和肥胖关系

目的了解南京地区居民家庭年收入与超重和肥胖的流行病学关系。方法采用横断面方法,研究对象来自南京地区的3个城区和2个乡村、年满35周岁并在当地居住满5年的常住人员。结果超重和肥胖占调查总人数的44.8%,其中超重和肥胖现患率分别为33.0%和11.8%;且在地区和年龄分布中差异有统计学意义,但无性别差异。经多因素调整后,家庭年收入与超重、肥胖的风险之间存在正向的剂量-反应关系;城区居民、女性、50～64岁年龄组、高收入者罹患超重、肥胖的风险越大。结论社会经济状况（家庭收入）与南京地区超重、肥胖关系密切。     

海口地区儿童肥胖情况调查

[目的]了解海口地区儿童肥胖情况及原因,为预防和减少其发生提供供科学依据. [方法]通过我院几保健康体检收集所有0～6岁儿童年龄、性别、身高等基本信息,计算儿童超重、肥胖的检出率,对其超重、肥胖的发生状况进行分析. [结果]在9 697名儿童中超重检出率为9.42%,肥胖检出率为4.19%,其中男生4 726人中超重检出率为12.03%,肥胖检出率5.37%;女生4 971人中超重检出率为6.92%,肥胖检出率为3.05%. [结论]海口地区儿童存在不同程度的超重、肥胖,其发生与性别、年龄状况等因素有关.     

河北省农村地区成人超重和肥胖的流行特征及相关因素分析

目的了解河北省农村地区成人超重和肥胖的流行现状及影响因素,为肥胖的防治和干预提供科学依据.方法运用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,抽取代表河北省不同经济水平的村36个,通过询问调查获得年龄在18岁及以上的农村居民的个人基本情况,体检获取体重、身高数据.结果共调查18岁及以上成人7 206人,超重、肥胖的粗患病率分别为43.0%和17.7%.经logistic回归分析发现,影响超重的因素有年龄、吸烟、婚姻和家庭人均年收入,影响肥胖的因素主要有性别、年龄、吸烟、婚姻和家庭人均年收入.结论河北省农村地区成人超重和肥胖患病情况亟待改善,健康教育和加强体育运动可以有效的预防超重和肥胖的发生.     

成人超重和肥胖的危害及影响因素分析

[目的]分析研究成人超重和肥胖的危害及影响因素。[方法]按多阶段整群随机抽样方法抽取上海市黄浦区3个街道6个社区共计1360名成人,采用问卷和医学体检相结合的方法,分析该人群超重和肥胖的发生情况及其危害。并采用多因素logistic回归分析超重和肥胖的相关危险因素。[结果]超重和肥胖发生率分别为30.7%和10.9%,中心性肥胖率为40.6%,体质指数为(24.1±3.6)kg/m~2。超重和肥胖者中有46.3%患高血压,10.7%患糖尿病,31.0%血脂异常。肥胖和超重者患高血压的危险性是体重正常者的2.7倍,患血脂异常的危险性是体重正常人群的2.8倍。多因素分析显示文化程度、年龄和职业进入回归模型,与超重和肥胖独立相关。[结论]本区超重和肥胖率远远超过全国水平,并导致其他营养相关疾病患病危险性增加,建议加以关注。超重和肥胖的保护因素主要为高等文化程度和从事中等体力以下职业,≥45岁年龄是超重和肥胖的危险因素。     

2004年威海市部分15岁以上居民超重与肥胖情况及其影响因素调查

[目的]分析15岁以上居民超重与肥胖患病情况及其影响因素，为开展有针对性的干预提供基础信息。[方法]2004年在威海市用分层整群随机抽样方法抽取18867名15岁以上居民进行调查与分析。[结果]调查18867人，超重、肥胖与严重肥胖者9606人，占50．91％。这一比例男性为48．10％，女性为53．74％，经常饮酒者为52．82％，从不参加体育锻炼者为51．69％，经常吃肉类、禽蛋类和水产品者分别为49．07％、51．13％、50．62％。非条件Logistic回归分析结果，农村家庭、受教育程度低、吸烟、未婚、家庭年收入低及学生是超重与肥胖的保护因素，遗传、年龄较大、已婚、家庭年收入高是危险因素。[结论]不良饮食习惯与缺乏体育锻炼是导致超重与肥胖的重要因素。     

零食、体力活动和静坐行为与超重、肥胖及社会人口学特征的相关性研究

目的探讨零食习惯、体力活动、静坐行为以及社会人口学特征与宁夏南部农村地区儿童青少年超重和肥胖的关系。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,选取宁夏南部5个地区3～9年级2 355名学生为调查对象,进行问卷调查和体格检查。采用方差分析、非条件Logistic回归分析研究超重肥胖的危险因素。结果宁夏南部农村地区儿童青少年超重/肥胖率为5. 1%;零食摄入频率高、体力活动频率低与女性儿童青少年超重肥胖患病率有关(P0. 05),静坐时间长与男性儿童青少年超重肥胖有关(P0. 05); Logistic回归分析显示,零食和体力活动是儿童青少年超重肥胖的危险因素(OR=4. 31,95%=1. 34～13. 88;OR=0. 66,95%=0. 44～0. 98);儿童青少年体力活动和静坐时间与家庭经济状况有关(OR=1. 39,95%=1. 02～1. 91; OR=0. 54,95%=0. 36～0. 82)。结论零食、体力活动和静坐行为是宁夏南部农村地区儿童超重和肥胖的影响因素,且与家庭经济状况有关。     

沈阳市城市居民行为危险因素调查——超重和肥胖的流行率分析

[目的]了解沈阳市城市居民中超重和肥胖的流行状况,为开展肥胖防治提供科学依据。[方法]利用沈阳市城市居民慢性病防制行为危险因素监测资料,了解5个城区和1个近郊区15～69岁的常住人口肥胖和超重的现患率。[结果]共调查7020人,男性、女性肥胖标化患病率分别为4.88%,5.25%均高于全国平均水平(1.97%;3.36%)。男性、女性超重标化患病率分别为18.09%、16.72%,均低干全国的平均水平;随年龄增长呈上升趋势,随文化程度增高呈下降趋势,离、退休人员的超重和肥胖率较高,学生的超重和肥胖的现患率较低。[结论]沈阳市肥胖调整现患率高于全国平均水平,存在性别、年龄、职业和文化间差别。     

四川城乡成人超重、肥胖流行病学分析

[目的]了解四川省城乡成年人超重、肥胖流行特征及其影响因素,为预防控制肥胖提供科学依据。[方法]利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查四川省调查资料,对6249名18岁以上人群的超重、肥胖现状及影响因素进行流行病学分析。[结果]体重指数均值22.65,腰围均值79.83cm,二者都随年龄增加而增大。超重、肥胖的现患率分别为23.44%和5.97%,标化率分别为22.25%和5.53%;超重、肥胖现患率城市(分别为31.85%、10.15%)高于农村(19.11%和3.87%),女性(24.50%、6.71%)高于男性(21.84%、5.00%),差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。中心性肥胖患病率为27.03%,男23.85%、女29.50%,女性明显高于男性(P﹤0.01)。Logistic回归结果显示,年龄、性别、家庭人均年收入、吸烟、城乡、体力活动是影响超重、肥胖的主要因素。[结论]超重和肥胖已成为影响四川省成年居民的重要健康问题,必须采取平衡膳食、增加体力活动等措施进行综合防治,减少肥胖带来的危害。     

南京市居民超重肥胖与体力活动相关性研究

目的：了解南京地区居民体力活动的现状及其与超重和肥胖的关系。方法：采用横断面研究方法,研究对象来自南京地区的3个城区和2个乡村、年满35周岁并在当地居住满5年的常住人员。结果：调查人群中从事不太活动、轻度、中度和重度体力活动的分别占19.0%、40.3%、31.3%和9.4%,在地区、性别、年龄、文化水平和职业分布等方面均有显著性差异（P均小于0.01）。超重和肥胖占44.8%,现患率分别为33.0%和11.8%;经多因素调整后,与不太活动者相比,中度、重度体力活动者罹患肥胖的风险分别降低44.5%和33.7%（调整优势比分别为：OR=0.555,95%CI=0.423～0.729和OR=0.663,95%CI=0.457～0.960）;中度、重度体力活动者中超重的现患率虽然也低于不太活动者,但差异无显著性。结论：南京地区居民体力活动与超重、肥胖之间存在负相关。体力活动是保护因素。     

四川凉山彝族社会经济状况与超重/肥胖关系的研究

目的 探讨四川凉山彝族社会经济状况（SES）与超重/肥胖的关系。方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,在凉山彝族自治州开展横断面调查,对20~80岁彝族农民和城镇移民社会经济状况与超重/肥胖的关系进行研究。以文化程度、个人年收入、SES综合指标作为社会经济状况的指标。用非条件logistic回归模型分析社会经济状况与超重/肥胖（BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m²）的关系。结果 共纳入彝族农民1 894人,彝族移民1 162人。调整年龄、吸烟、饮酒、体力活动后,相对于文盲,彝族农民男性文化程度较高组（小学及初中、高中及以上）超重/肥胖OR值分别为1.71（95%CI：1.13~2.58）、4.15（95%CI：2.10~8.22）;年收入≥ 5 000元组相比于<5 000元组OR值为1.66（95%CI：1.12~2.44）;中、高SES综合指标组相比于低SES组OR值为1.65（95%CI：1.02~2.67）、3.26（95%CI：1.97~5.42）。彝族农民女性年收入≥ 5 000元组相比于<5 000元组OR值为1.49（95%CI：1.10~2.02）;中SES综合指标组相比于低SES综合指标组OR值为1.47（95%CI：1.11~1.95）。彝族移民中,未发现社会经济状况与超重/肥胖存在显著性关联。结论 彝族农民社会经济状况与超重/肥胖存在正向关联。     

Risk factors for overweight and obesity among Thai adults: results of the National Thai Food Consumption Survey

We evaluated the associations between overweight and obesity and socio-economic status (SES), behavioral factors, and dietary intake in Thai adults. A nationally representative sample of 6,445 Thais adults (18-70 years) was surveyed during 2004-2005. Information including demographics, SES characteristics, dietary intake, and anthropometrics were obtained. Overall, 35.0% of men, and 44.9% of women were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) using the Asian cut-points. Regression models demonstrated that age was positively associated with being overweight in both genders. In gender-stratified analyses, male respondents who were older, lived in urban areas, had higher annual household income, and did not smoke were more likely to be classified as overweight and obese. Women who were older, had higher education, were not in a marriage-like relationship and were in semi-professional occupation were at greater risk for being overweight and obese. High carbohydrate and protein intake were found to be positively associated with BMI whereas the frequent use of dairy foods was found to be negatively associated with BMI among men. The present study found that SES factors are associated with being classified as overweight and obese in Thai adults, but associations were different between genders. Health promotion strategies regarding obesity and its related co-morbidity are necessary.     

南京市部分社区居民体重和相关慢性病的患病情况

目的通过调查南京市部分社区居民,分析居民超重/肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常等慢性病的患病情况,为有关部门采取有效应对措施提供科学依据。方法采用整群抽样方法抽取南京市某区18周岁以上居民812名进行体格和实验室检查,根据体质指数及腰围身高比,计算超重及肥胖率与高血压、糖尿病及血脂异常的关系。结果共调查居民812名,超重率为39.4%,肥胖率为17.6%,中心肥胖率为62.9%,高血压患病率为36.8%,血脂异常患病率为28.3%,糖尿病患病率为13.6%。高年龄组超重肥胖率、中心肥胖率、血脂异常患病率、糖尿病患病率、高血压患病率均高于低年龄组。超重肥胖组(或中心肥胖组)高血压、糖尿病、甘油三酯异常及高密度脂蛋白异常患病率均高于正常体重组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论调查显示南京市某区超重肥胖率和糖尿病患病率有所增高。     

Opposing socioeconomic gradients in overweight and obese adults

Objective: Investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and prevalence of overweight and/or obesity, by sex, using total annual household income as the indicator of SES and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended ranges of self‐reported Body Mass Index (BMI) as the indicator of overweight and/or obesity. Methods : Total annual household income and BMI data were obtained from the Victorian Population Health Survey (VPHS), an annual computer‐assisted telephone survey of the health and well‐being of Victorian adults aged 18 years and older. Statistical analysis was conducted using ordinary least squares linear regression on the logarithms of age‐standardised prevalence estimates of overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m²), obesity (≥30.0 kg/m²), and overweight and obesity combined (≥25.0 kg/m²), by income category and sex. Results: Typical SES gradients were observed in obese males and females, where the prevalence of obesity decreased with increasing income. No SES gradient was observed in overweight females, however, a reverse SES gradient was observed in overweight males, where the prevalence of overweight increased with increasing income. Combining the overweight and obesity categories into a single group eliminated the typical SES gradients observed in males and females for obesity, and resulted in a statistically significant reverse SES gradient in males. Conclusions: Combining the BMI categories of overweight and obesity into a single category masks important SES differences, while combining the data for males and females masks important sex differences. BMI categories of overweight and obesity should be analysed and reported independently, as should BMI data by sex.     

Socio-economic status and body mass index in low-income Mexican adults

The study reported here explored the associations of body mass index (BMI), socio-economic status (SES), and beverage consumption in a very low-income population. A house-to-house survey was conducted in 2003 of 12,873 Mexican adults. The sample was designed to be representative of the poorest communities in seven of Mexico's 31 states. Greater educational attainment was significantly associated with higher BMI and a greater prevalence of overweight (25 < or = BMI<30) and obesity (30 < or = BMI) in men and women. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was over 70% in women greater than the median age of 35.4 years with at least some primary education compared with a prevalence of 45% in women below the median age with no education. In both sexes, BMI was positively correlated with education, occupation, quality of housing conditions, household assets, and subjective social status. BMI and household income were significantly correlated in women but not in men. In the models including all SES variables, education, occupation, housing conditions and household assets all contributed independently and significantly to BMI, and household income and subjective social status did not. Increased consumption of alcoholic and carbonated sugar beverages was associated with higher SES and higher BMI. Thus, in spite of the narrow range of socio-economic variability in this population, the increased consumption of high calorie beverages may explain the positive relationship between SES and BMI. The positive associations between SES and BMI in this low-income, rural population are likely to be related to the changing patterns of food availability, food composition, consumption patterns and cultural factors. Contextually sensitive population-level interventions are critically needed to address obesity and overweight in poor populations, particularly in older women.     

烟台市成年人身体质量指数抽样调查

[目的]分析BMI指标与体质的关系。[方法]于2004～2005/4选择山东省烟台市成年人，随机抽取997人为研究对象，利用体能测试系统采集他们的身高、体重及其他身体机能和身体素质指标数据，计算各组BMI指数均质的变化规律。[结果]1）烟台市成年人BMI指数男性平均为23.7kg/m2，女性平均为21.8kg/m2，两者存在显著性差异。各年龄段男女之间比较，除50~54岁无显著性差异外，其余各年龄段男性BMI均大于女性，但到35岁以后，这种差距明显缩小。2）体重偏低和正常两类人群在各年龄段中所占的比例基本上随年龄段的增加呈逐步下降趋势，而超重和肥胖两类人群在各年龄段中所占比例基本上随年龄段的增加呈逐步上升趋势。3）女性体重偏低和体重正常的比例都远高于男性，而超重和肥胖的比例则明显低于男性，尤其是女性肥胖者的比例比男性低了19.4个百分点。4）在相关性显著的所有指标中，血压与BMI指数存在较大的正相关性，提示人体超重或过于肥胖将增加高血压和心脑血管类疾病的患病风险。[结论]BMI指数与身体机能和体质指标均有显著性相关；体重超标对某些相关体质产生了一定的负面影响，因此有必要采取相应措施防止体重的过度增长，以改善自身的健康状况。     

Socio-economic differences in height and body mass index of children and adults living in urban areas of Karachi, Pakistan

OBJECTIVE: To study the socio-economic differences in height and body mass index (BMI) in urban areas of Karachi. DESIGN: A comparative study was undertaken to compare the heights and BMIs of adults and children belonging to three distinctively different income groups living in urban areas of Karachi. SETTING: Data was collected from families living in small, medium and large houses located in the authorised urban residential areas of Karachi. SUBJECTS: A total of 600 families, 200 from each income group, were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements of 1296 females and 1197 males of different ages were taken. METHODS: All the housewives were interviewed to collect socio-demographic information. Height and weight of all the available family members were measured. In order to determine the socio-economic difference in height status, the mean height in cm of adults was compared. For children (2-17 y) means of height-for-age Z-scores determined on the basis of NCHS reference values were compared. For studying the weight status the BMI of all the respondents was calculated and they were grouped into categories of under-, normal or overweight according to the NCHS recommended cut-off points. For adult men and women BMI values <18.5 kg/m(2) indicated underweight and >25 kg/m(2) indicated overweight. Among children, those having BMI values below the 5th percentile of the NHANES III reference values were categorised as underweight and those above the 95th percentile were termed overweight. RESULTS: Height status improved with income level among adults and children of both sexes. Among males the difference in weight status was significant only among 2 to 18-y-olds (P<0.05 in each case). The rate of overweight among 2 to 18-y-old males was significantly higher (P=0.004) at the middle-income level (15%) as compared to low or high income. The rate of underweight was significantly higher (P=0.025) at the low-income level among 2 to 18-y-old males (31%, 21% and 22% at low-, middle- and high-income levels, respectively). Among females, rates of underweight were not significantly different at any age. Rates of overweight increased significantly (P=0.048) with income level among 41 to 60-y-old women (38%, 53% and 60% at low-, middle- and high-income levels, respectively). CONCLUSION: Chronic undernutrition as indicated by deficit in height decreased with increasing income level. Socio-economic differences in weight status were not uniform among various age-sex groups. The influence of increasing affluence is likely to be seen both in the form of increased obesity among older females and underweight among children. Differing patterns of association between income and weight status among male and female children need to studied further with more accurate birth records, so as to further clarify the situation. In terms of prevention of nutrition-related disorders both problems of under- and over-nutrition need to be addressed.     

Urbanization and obesity in The Gambia: a country in the early stages of the demographic transition

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of overweight and obesity and its relationship with socio-economic and behavioural factors in a developing-country population undergoing rapid nutritional transition. DESIGN: Cross-sectional house-to-house survey in urban Gambia. SUBJECTS: Four groups of 50 subjects were sampled as follows: young men (YM, 14-25 years), young women (YW, 14-25 years), older men (OM, 35-50 years) and older women (OW, 35-50 years). MEASUREMENTS: Several socio-economic and behavioural factors were investigated. Composite indices for socio-economic status, education, healthy lifestyle and western influences were created. Body weight, height, waist and hip circumferences were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body composition was assessed by leg-to-leg bioimpedance. Overweight was defined as BMI=25.0-29.9 kg/m(2) and obesity as BMI>or=30.0 kg/m(2). RESULTS: There were highly significant gender and age differences in overweight (YM=0%, YW=10%, OM=6% and OW=34%) and obesity (YM=0%, YW=4%, OM=6% and OW=50%). Only 16% of OW were neither overweight nor obese compared to 88% of OM. OW had a higher fat mass percent (38.4%) than other groups, while fat-free mass (kg) was significantly higher in males than females with YW having the lowest value. Young generations were more educated and more influenced by western ideals than OM and OW. Weight gain was not always associated with weight concern and many overweight/obese subjects did not perceive themselves as overweight. CONCLUSION: Social and behavioural changes are already creating a perceptible 'generational gap' among this population undergoing rapid transition. The improved education and current lean status of the younger adults offers opportunities for preventative interventions. These need to be specially targeted at women.     

The association between amount of cigarettes smoked and overweight, central obesity among Chinese adults in Nanjing, China

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association between overweight, central obesity and cigarette smoking (total amount of cigarettes smoked [TACS] and status). DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting: Administrative villages and neighborhoods (n=45) randomly selected from three urban districts and two rural counties in Nanjing City, China. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A representative sample (n=13,463) of permanent local male residents aged 35 years or older; 66.5% were urban residents. The response rate was 90.1%. Overweight (BMI>=24) and central obesity (waist circumference>=85 in men) were defined according to the new Chinese standard. The association between smoking (amount and status) and obesity was examined using logistic and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overweight was 36.1% (29.7% with 24<=BMI<28 and 6.4% with BMI>=28). After adjusted for age, residence, education, occupation, family income, alcohol drinking, dietary intake, occupational and leisure-time physical activity, the prevalence was significantly lower among current smokers (33.0%) than in non-smokers (39.9%) and ex-smokers (39.2%), respectively (p<0.05). The amount of cigarette smoked was reversely associated with BMI (compared to non-smokers, ORs and 95%CIs for smokers with low-, medium- and high-TACS were 0.88 [0.79, 0.98], 0.77 [0.69, 0.86], and 0.77 [0.69, 0.86], respectively). The prevalence of central obesity was 35.9%. Compared to nonsmokers, only male ex-smokers were at increased risk of central obesity (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.10, 1.74), while there was no significant association with current- smokers (OR=1.02 [0.92, 1.12]). The amount of cigarette smoked was not significantly associated with central obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking was negatively associated with body weight indicated by BMI but not with central obesity indexed by waist circumference in Chinese men. Cessation of smoking may increase the risk of gaining overall body weight and developing central obesity. Cigarette smoking prevention and cessation should be a public health priority in China.