利用深黄被孢霉发酵生产油脂的初步研究

为提高微生物油脂产量,以产油微生物深黄被孢霉为试验菌株,采用单因素试验设计,通过摇瓶培养,研究了产脂培养基中碳源、氮源种类及其浓度、接种量、初始pH值、无机盐离子对菌体生长和油脂积累的影响,确定了深黄被孢霉摇瓶发酵产油脂的优化培养条件为:葡萄糖100 g.L-1,酵母粉3.0 g.L-1,接种量为20%,pH值为5.0~6.0,硫酸镁(MgSO4.7H2O)0.5 g.L-1,磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4)2.0 g.L-1。在优化培养条件下菌体生物量为20.62 g.L-1,油脂含量为43.02%,油脂产量为8.87 g.L-1。     

抑制杨木变色生防细菌的筛选及其发酵培养条件优化研究

2006 ～ 2008年,从苏鲁两省的严重变色杨木上分离筛选得到8株对杨木变色菌可可球二孢和弯孢有较强抑制作用的枯草芽孢杆菌,通过拮抗细菌的筛选,分析了该菌株的摇床液体发酵最适条件,建立了其生长曲线.结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌B19对可可球二孢和弯孢2种变色菌的抑制效果最好,其最佳发酵条件是培养时间为46 h,pH值为6,培养温度为35℃,摇床转速为200 r/min,装液量为50 mL.在该参数下培养出的枯草芽孢杆菌B19细菌液对可可球二孢和弯孢的抑制效果最佳.     

莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)固液双相发酵配方研究

莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)通过基础培养基基质、碳、氮、维生素筛选,玉米(50 g)、葡萄糖(1.5 g)、水解酪蛋白(1.5 g)、抗坏血酸(0.5 mg)、水50 m L为最佳固体培养基质(培养10 d),产孢量达4.78×1010cfu·m L-1。以SMY为液体培养基质,莱氏野村菌最适发酵条件:1.0×108cfu·m L-1接种浓度,25℃、p H=6、全天光照、180 r·min-1振荡培养7 d,菌丝干重为690.2 mg。固体发酵为复合粉炮生产提供基础配方,液体发酵缩短时间后可作为固体培养生产莱氏野村菌菌粉的二级种子,发酵产品为杜仲梦尼夜蛾粉炮防治重要生物制剂。     

地衣芽孢杆菌YB15发酵培养优化的研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验对地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus lincheniformis)YB15发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、无机盐进行研究,得出该菌的最适培养基组分为葡萄糖5 g,酵母浸膏7.5g,蛋白胨7.5g,硫酸铵5.0g.在此基础上运用正交试验对地衣芽孢杆菌YB15发酵的最适条件进行研究,得到的最适培养条件为温度25℃,pH 6.5,瓶装量100 mL,接种量4 mL;地衣芽孢杆菌生长曲线的结果表明12 h～18 h时为菌体收集的最佳时间.     

树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵影响因素的研究

研究了树干毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)CBS 5776以木糖为单一碳源发酵生成乙醇的影响因素.结果表明,树干毕赤酵母发酵体系的初始酵母质量浓度、pH值和通风条件对其发酵性能有很大影响,发酵的最佳初始酵母质量浓度为5～7 g/L,最佳pH值范围是4.7～5.5,250 mL摇瓶发酵的最佳持液量为75 mL,最佳摇床转速为150 r/min.在2L发酵罐中,通风量为0.075 L/min,即0.05L/(L·min)时,发酵时间为32 h,最高乙醇质量浓度18.29 g/L,乙醇得率83.2％;厌氧发酵的最高乙醇质量浓度19.09 g/L,乙醇得率86.5％.因此,最优通风量为0～0.075 L/min.pH值的提高和通风条件的改善可以使酵母对乙酸的耐受能力得到提高,在150 r/min的转速、pH值为5时,提高通风量后,酵母乙醇得率比厌氧时提高了166.6％.纯糖实验得到的结果用以玉米秸秆酸性爆破模拟水解液定向驯化的酵母在含有乙酸的模拟糖液中发酵得到验证.     

杨树变色真菌生防细菌KLBMP033发酵条件优化

以内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌KLBMP 033对可可球二孢菌的拮抗活性为评价指标,采用单因素多浓度和响应面试验设计法,对其液体发酵培养基和培养条件进行了优化。优化结果表明,发酵培养基为玉米粉17.8g/L,黄豆粉13.7g/L,NaCl5.0g/L;发酵条件pH值7.5,培养温度28℃,转速为180r/min,种子液的接种量4%,装液量60mL/250mL,培养时间为60h;对可可球二孢的抑制率从起始的53.3%提高到83.2%。     

链霉菌D21产木聚糖酶的发酵条件研究

研究了链霉菌D21产木聚糖酶发酵条件的优化.单因素优化试验结果表明,水不溶玉米芯木聚糖为最佳碳源和诱导物,牛肉蛋白胨为最佳氮源,最适pH值为6.0,最适培养温度40℃.在此条件下,培养4d木聚糖酶活力达到1128U/mL.     

黑曲霉发酵豆渣产酸性β-葡萄糖苷酶及其水解京尼平苷的性质

利用单因素、正交试验考察了黑曲霉L菌株发酵豆渣产β-葡萄糖苷酶的条件和酶解京尼平苷的特性。结果表明:2%豆渣适宜作为实验菌株液体发酵产酶培养基,当培养基中接种孢子浓度大于每毫升2×105个时,菌株产酶受发酵温度、装液量的影响显著,而不受接种量、摇床转速的影响,培养基初始pH值1.5时,菌株仍能正常产酶;优化的产酶培养基组成为豆渣1%、米糠1%和Tween 800.1%,初始pH值5.5;菌株在发酵温度28℃、装液量50 mL(250 mL摇瓶)、摇床转速150 r/min的发酵条件下发酵120 h,发酵液酶活为(200±10)U/mL。所产β-葡萄糖苷酶水解京尼平苷的最适温度为55℃、最适pH值2.5、最佳水解时间15 min;在该条件下酶的表观米氏常数(Km)为1.35 g/L,最大水解速率(Vmax)为26.45 g/(L.min.mg),酶活半衰期为15 min,50℃时大于60 min;酶的水解活性受Na+、Ca2+的显著激活,受Mg2+、Ba2+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Hg+、Zn2+、Mn2+等离子(10 mmol/L)和葡萄糖、乙醇的抑制。     

利用汽爆玉米芯酶解液发酵生产类胡萝卜素的研究

研究了汽爆玉米芯酶水解及酶解液发酵生产类胡萝卜素.对影响酶解各因素考察表明:在最适酶解条件下,即温度50℃、pH值4.8、底物质量浓度50 g/L、加酶量48 FPU/g、酶解时间60 h,还原糖质量浓度达34.85 g/L.利用均匀设计对发酵条件进行了优化,最优发酵条件为:装液量23.91 mL,pH值4.85,接种...     

京2杨组培条件的优化及再生体系建立

以京2杨为研究对象,确定了影响其组培苗生长的关键因子及组培苗生长的最佳条件,并为其建立了稳定高效的再生体系.试验结果表明:京2杨组织培养的最适基本培养基为MS培养基,继代培养基和不定芽最佳生根培养基均为1/2MS NAA 0.08 mg·L-1 IBA 0.08 mg·L-1;培养基中加入活性碳不利于京2杨生长;光周期对京2杨的生长影响较小,但光照强度和继代培养基pH值对其生长影响显著,最适光照强度为2500 lx,最适pH值为6.5;无菌苗叶片最佳不定芽诱导培养基为MS BA 1.0 mg·L-1 NAA 0.1 mg·L-1,叶柄最佳不定芽诱导培养基为MS BA 1.0 mg·L-1 NAAO.2 mg·L-1.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。