220kV气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)耐压击穿故障分析

气体绝缘开关设备(GIS)相对于常规敞开式开关设备具有运行可靠性高、环境适应能力强、耐地震能力强、防污闪能力强以及占地面积和占有空间小等众多优点,近年来大量应用于电力系统。但随着电网基础建设的快速发展,GIS用量急增,厂家生产能力接近饱和,产品质量难以保证,导致基建过程中出现了大量问题,尤其是内部绝缘击穿问题,严重影响电网运行的安全。分析一起220kV变电站基建过程中GIS交流耐压试验击穿故障,通过对设备解体检查发现,该次击穿故障是由于元器件处理工艺不完善、有遗留污水所致,表明对合资企业产品均应加强监制。     

特高压GIS设备现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验技术的应用

气体绝缘金属封闭组合电器(GIS)在电力系统中应用广泛,其运行安全可靠对电力系统至关重要。现场雷电冲击耐压试验受制于设备体积和回路电感,难以在GIS变电站,尤其是特高压GIS变电站应用。本文分析了目前GIS设备冲击耐压试验现状,并从波形参数、电压极性和加压间隔时间等方面阐述了GIS设备冲击电压绝缘缺陷检出影响因素。基于研发的特高压GIS变电站现场冲击耐压试验用的可移动式气体绝缘标准雷电冲击试验成套设备,成功在1000 kV南京站和苏州站开展了现场标准雷电冲击耐压试验。     

AC V-t and impulse V-N characteristics of shell-form transformer insulation model

To evaluate an appropriate level of ac test voltage for 1000-kV transformers, it is necessary to make an accurate estimation of ac V-t characteristics. For the level of impulse test voltage, V-N characteristics are important to evaluate effects of impulse stress repetition. Since both of the characteristics are dependent on insulation structures and manufacturing processes of transformers, it is important to make accurate simulations on transformer insulation for reliable insulation data. To obtain some of the basic data for 1000-kV transformer test levels, long-time ac V-t tests and impulse V-N tests of up to 1000 times voltage application were carried out on an insulation model simulating fundamental structure of shell-form transformers. The model is composed of a parallel electrodes system with a compound structure of pressboard barrier and oil gap. The tests showed the following characteristics: ac V-t characteristics of up to several ten days could be described by two lines, each representing short-time and long-time characteristics. V-N characteristics of lightning and switching impulse were expressed by relatively flat lines, which showed a decrease in breakdown voltage by less than 10 percent after 1000 times impulse application.     

电压波形对GIS自由金属颗粒放电特性的影响

为了探索较高灵敏度检测GIS设备内部自由金属颗粒的方法,研究了电压波形对自由金属颗粒的影响。在实验室中搭建了自由金属颗粒局部放电试验平台,测量了标准雷电波、标准操作波和工频电压下自由金属颗粒局部放电现象,分析比较了不同电压波形下缺陷的局部放电的特征,获得了冲击电压下不同试验阶段的散点图、柱状图等统计谱图。研究结果表明,在3种电压波形下标准雷电波的局部放电起始电压最低,对自由金属颗粒的检测较灵敏。随着标准雷电电压的升高,在雷电波尾处的放电脉冲个数明显增多,但波头处的脉冲仍仅有一个。随着标准操作电压的升高,在波头和波尾处的放电幅值变大,放电个数增多,且波头处的放电个数增加更明显。不同试验阶段的q-t散点图、q-Δt/Δu散点图及N-Δt/Δu柱状图的形貌特征较有规律,可作为表征GIS自由金属颗粒放电严重程度的特征谱图。     

GIS现场绝缘试验技术

阐述了对GIS进行现场交流耐压试验的基本方法,并讨论了传统的局部放电测量方法,综合分析GIS现场绝缘试验的有效性和存在的问题,指出交流耐压试验配合灵敏的局放测量是有效的现场试验方法。选择现场可行的局部放电在线监测系统,还可以实时掌握绝缘运行状态。     

现场用GIS冲击耐压试验及局部放电检测装置设计

国内外一些研究和实际运行经验发现,已通过工频局部放电检测的不少GIS试品在投入运行后不久依然出现绝缘类故障,因此针对GIS设备提出进行冲击耐受试验及其局部放电检测,以及时发现内部隐患,确保设备安全稳定运行。在充分调研现场GIS冲击耐压试验及其局部放电检测必要性的基础上,结合GIS设备冲击耐受试验条件,设计了一套便于现场试验时的局部放电检测装置,利用该装置对800kV断路器和750kV变电站GIS组进行了冲击耐压试验下局放检测,并对现场检测的抗干扰措施进行了探讨。试验结果证明了GIS冲击电压下局部放电检测的可行性,及局部放电检测装置的有效性。     

Insulation characteristics of SF6 gas for nonstandard impulse voltage polarity reversal pulse waveforms

Evaluation of insulation strength for lightning surge that actually enters into substations is important in estimating insulation reliability of gas‐insulated equipment. The standard lightning impulse voltage (1.2/50 µs) is used for factory tests. However, the actual lightning surge waveforms in substations are complex and are usually superimposed with various oscillations. Insulation characteristics of SF₆ gas as a function of such complex voltages have not been sufficiently clarified. This paper deals with gap breakdown characteristics in SF₆ gas under submicrosecond pulses. Breakdown voltages are lower under a polarity reversal condition than under a monopolarity condition. The cause of this difference is discussed while observing discharge propagation using an image converter camera. The electrode size effect is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(4): 18–25, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10246     

温度对GIS绝缘子表面金属异物局部放电及闪络特性的影响

表面金属异物是造成气体绝缘全封闭组合电器(gas-insulated switchgear,GIS)绝缘子故障失效的重要原因。运行中的绝缘子不仅承受强电场作用,还承受温度场的作用,研究电–热耦合下绝缘子表面金属异物的局部放电和闪络特性,具有重要的实际意义。鉴于此,该文建立GIS绝缘子电场和温度场耦合试验平台,开展不同温度作用下绝缘子表面金属异物缺陷的局部放电和闪络特性研究。结果发现,绝缘子表面最高温度从25℃升高至75℃时,绝缘子表面2.5cm长金属异物缺陷的局部放电起始电压降低约16%;平均放电量从0.55pC增加至1.45pC;最大放电量从9.1pC增加至11.5pC;放电频次也从不足200次/s增加至近400次/s。不同电压下,不同尺寸金属异物局部放电特性随温度变化的规律基本一致;而温度对绝缘子表面金属异物缺陷的工频闪络电压的影响不显著。研究结果有助于进一步认识实际运行中在电–热耦合作用下,温度变化对绝缘子表面金属异物缺陷的局部放电和闪络特性的影响规律。     

冲击电压下SF6气体绝缘中局部放电及其检测技术研究现状及展望

阐述了开展冲击电压下SF6气体绝缘中局部放电及其检测技术研究的意义,以及冲击电压下局部放电的研究手段和设备现状,包括振荡冲击电压发生器、典型绝缘缺陷模型和冲击电压下局部放电的检测方法等方面。介绍了现阶段冲击电压下SF6气体绝缘中局部放电的研究仍处于实验室阶段,重点仍在于冲击电压下典型绝缘缺陷模型（针板电极和绝缘气泡）局部放电的发展机理和特征,在实际生产中应用仍需要进一步研究;最后提出了该项研究目前存在的问题及以后的研究方向。     

L型及T型气体绝缘开关模型中电磁波传播特性的仿真研究

采用有限时域差分方法对L型及T型气体绝缘开关(gas-insulated switchgear,GIS)模型中电磁波的传播特性进行仿真计算,分析L型及T型结构GIS中电磁波的分布及其对自身传播特性的影响。研究表明,受速率色散特性的影响,在GIS腔体的直线部分,随着接收点远离激励源,接收电磁波信号的峰-峰值呈衰减分布,但总体能量变化不大。对于L型及T型结构的GIS,在经过L型及T型结构后,信号能量衰减很大。信号频域分析表明,在0°方向存在横电磁波和横电波的11型模波TE11、21型模波TE21和31型模波TE31等高次模波,而在90°方向只存在横电磁波和T21型模波,且信号频率分量的不同导致在不同接收方向上信号能量的分布也会有差异。     

Effect of applied voltage frequency on swarming pulsive microdischarges in closed voids

The extinction of the partial discharge (PD) pulse has frequently been observed in an epoxy specimen with a closed void during voltage endurance tests using a CIGRE Method-II electrode. The individual discharge pulse becomes so small that the discharges cannot be detected by conventional pulse detection methods. Such discharges are known as “swarming pulsive microdischarges” (SPMD). In this paper, the SPMD characteristics are investigated by varying the frequency of the applied voltage from 0.1 to 240 Hz. As a result, the SPMD are found to occur less frequently as the frequency is lowered. To seek this cause, one-shot voltages were applied repeatedly at constant intervals. By varying the interval from 0.02 to 100 s, the PD off an electrically aged specimen was measured. It was revealed that the discharge magnitude increases as the interval becomes longer. The onset of SPMD was found to depend on the preceding discharge. The results explain the reason why swarming is harder to occur at lower frequency with a longer discharge interval. Hence, in the conventional pulse detection, it is useful to employ the very low frequency for diagnosis of machine insulation containing enclosed voids.     

时域有限差分法在GIS局部放电检测中的应用

时域有限差分法是一种十分有效的电磁场数值计算方法,本文借助时域有限差分法对GIS同轴波导结构内部发生局部放电时所激发的电磁波的传播特性进行仿真,分析了影响电磁波传播的因素,利用超高频局部放电检测方法对GIS实验段局部放电进行实测,仿真结果和实验结果基本一致,为超高频局部放电检测结果提供了理论支持,进一步论证了超高频局部放电检测方法的正确性和可行性,可以应用于现场实际测量.     

Frequency domain discussions on PD signal propagation characteristics in GIS

The frequency dependency of PD signal propagation in GIS was investigated at an underground substation. Injecting dummy pulses into a GIS through its internal electrode, frequency spectra were measured by a spectrum analyzer at various points of the GIS. It is shown that this measurement is very reproducible and the signal propagation phenomena are independent of its direction. It is also clarified that the PD signal reduction phenomena are closely related with mode transfer from TEM to TE or TM. The major higher mode seems to be TE₁₁. Pulse waveforms were also measured with 65‐MHz bandpass filter. Their magnitudes are compared with the gain of the 65‐MHz component of the frequency spectra and good agreement is obtained. This implies the possibility of PD location by observing a frequency pattern with several bandpass filters. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn 133(3): 9–17, 2000     

Impulse partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of rod–plane gaps in air and N2 gases

In response to growing environmental concerns, we attempted to develop switchgear without using SF₆ gas. In our research, we used compressed air and pure N₂ as an electrical insulation gas, because of their low global warming potential. In this paper, we examined the impulse breakdown and impulse partial discharge characteristics under various conditions related to nonuniformity of the electric field. The experimental results show that the breakdown voltage (BDV) of air is higher than that of pure N₂ gas under highly nonuniform field conditions in the rod–plane gap. On the other hand, the discharge inception voltage of air and N₂ were almost the same. Furthermore, first partial discharge (PD), leader discharge, and its transition to the breakdown were successfully observed through the measurement of discharge current and light emissions under impulse voltage application. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(3): 36–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10277     

A new test method for internal partial discharge resistance of insulating materials

A new test method for internal PD resistance of insulating materials has been studied intensively by a task force at CIGRE for over ten years. Recently, Method II, which was developed by the authors, is now being studied as the international round robin test proposed by a domestic task force. This paper describes the new test method concretely and shows some typical test results. The test electrode system is characterized by adhesion of test specimen to the embedded sphere electrode, and it may be applicable to all sorts of insulating material for the internal PD resistance test under uniform partial discharges. The most important point of this method is to realize the complete adhesion by skillful techniques. It was ascertained that the spread of test data may depend only on the uniformity of materials by this method, and excellent life data can be obtained for some specific materials.     

超声波法在GIS局部放电检测中的应用

在概括对比GIS局部放电检测方法的基础上,结合对公司所辖变电站GIS设备开展的超声波局放测试情况,分析了毛刺、悬浮屏蔽、自有颗粒等缺陷的基本特征,给出了其典型图谱和经验判据,对现场工程人员具有相当的实用和参考价值。实践证明超声波法对带电巡检中的缺陷诊断具有较高的灵敏性和有效性,并可对缺陷进行精确定位,适合GIS设备短时的在线监测。     

GIS局部放电在线检测系统开发

介绍了一种使用外部天线检测气体绝缘开关装置(GIS)局部放电的方法,这种天线紧贴在绝缘支撑物的表面安装,可接受局部放电产生的电磁波信号。实验结果表明,该天线具有足够的带宽和较高的灵敏度．可用于局部放电的检测。     

气体绝缘开关设备母线接头过热失效的相似模型

气体绝缘开关设备(gas-insulated switchgear,GIS)母线接头过热失效由开始发展到形成的时间较长,直接采用母线原型开展故障过程模拟试验缺乏客观现实性。为了再现GIS母线接头的过热失效过程,根据过热失效所包含的功率损耗、气体流动以及温升现象的数学模型,利用相似学原理推导了涡流–流体–热耦合场的相似关系,并对其进行了合理简化和修正,以提高相似模型的实用性,设计了GIS母线的局部相似模型,给出了模型的几何条件、物理条件和边界条件。利用三维有限元法分别计算了母线原型与相似模型涡流场及温度场,将电流密度及温度分布的计算结果进行对比,验证了相似建模的有效性。     

Metallic particle motion and breakdown characteristics in GIS with 0.1‐Hz VLF (very low frequency) high voltage applied

VLF (Very Low Frequency) high voltage with frequency of 0.1 Hz will be utilized for an on‐site test of XLPE underground cables, instead of conventional dc high voltage test. Since XLPE cables are connected to GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgears) in substations, the influence of VLF voltage application to GIS insulation should be investigated. One of the most important characteristics for GIS insulation lies in the metallic particle contamination and its behavior, which may induce breakdown in GIS. From the above viewpoint, this paper discusses the metallic particle behavior and breakdown characteristics under VLF voltage application in GIS. Experimental results revealed that (1) Particle motion under VLF condition was similar to that under dc condition, while specific in the transient behavior at the polarity reversal. (2) Breakdown was induced by particles located in the vicinity of high voltage conductor at the instance of crossing the gap or in the firefly conditions. (3) Breakdown voltage in positive half cycle was higher than that in negative half cycle at the lower gas pressure, while lower at the higher gas pressure, which was attributed to the particle behavior and the breakdown mechanism of SF₆ gas. Consequently, metallic particles in GIS under VLF voltage application exhibited the specific behavior associated with the slow change of instantaneous voltage and polarity, and resulted in the complex pressure dependence of breakdown characteristics. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 33–40, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.1166     

V-t characteristics of SF6 gas during lightning surges

The waveform of a standard lightning impulse differs greatly from those of actual lightning surges acting on GIS. This raises the problem of the equivalence of the standard lightning impulse. This report describes the effect of voltage waveforms on insulating performance in an SF₆ gas gap subjected to fast oscillating impulse voltages simulating actual lightning surges, and the evaluation of V-t characteristics by applying the equal area criterion. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(4): 1–11, 1997