临床输血病历质量调查分析

目的 了解输血病历中存在的问题,规范和提高输血病历的质量.方法 对本院2010年1月～2011年12月临床用血科室的356份临床输血病历做调查分析,内容包括:《输血治疗同意书》、《输血申请单》、输血前检查、输血前评估、输血治疗过程记录、输血后疗效评价以及输血过程护理人员的病程观察记录等8个方面.结果 本院近2年的临床输血病历的书写不合格率达到21.35％ (76/356),手术类科室输血病历不合格率达到25.20％(63/250),非手术类科室输血病历不合格率达到12.26％ (13/106).结论 据此调查统计分析,可制定相应整改措施,规范病历书写和提高输血病历质量.     

临床输血病历质量调查分析

【目的】通过调查分析,了解本院临床输血病历中存在的问题,加强临床输血病历规范化管理,提高临床输血的安全性及合理性。【方法】2012年1月至2013年12月每月随机抽查本院输血病历20份共480份,按照相关管理办法及规范对病历首页、输血指征、输血医嘱、输血前相关检查、《输血治疗同意书》、输血病程记录、输血过程护理记录、输血后疗效观察、临床输血记录单、输血不良反应报告10项内容进行调查分析。【结果】480份输血病历中,输血病历不合格率为37．30％（179／480）;不合格率较高的检查项目为输血病程记录10．42％、输血前相关检查9．58％、输血指征7．92％。【结论】医院临床输血病历存在的问题还很多,应加强对医务人员相关法规、病历书写规范化培训与病历质量管理,提高临床输血的合理性和安全性。     

临床输血病历质量的规范化管理和持续改进

目的规范临床输血病历管理,提高临床输血病历管理质量,确保输血安全。方法依据国家有关法律法规,制定我院临床输血病历质量控制计划,采用随机抽查与重点检查相结合方式对546份临床输血病历的19项临床输血病历质量控制项目进行检查、统计和分析,实施PDCA持续改进方案。结果 2015年临床输血申请单和知情同意书填写完整性、临床输血病历病程记录完整性和术中出血量记录等项目合格率比2014年都有显著提高(P0.05);其它临床输血病历质量检查项目合格率也表现出不同程度提高;输血后疗效评价合格率有待进一步改进。结论采取临床输血病历质量检查等综合措施,通过PDCA持续改进,有利于规范临床输血病历管理,提高临床输血全流程管理质量。     

病案中手术知情同意书存在的问题调查

目的：对病案中手术知情同意书存在的问题进行调查并探讨对策。方法：抽取2007-01-01/2007-12-31有手术知情同意书的3980份出院病案进行检查。结果：3621份合格（91%）,359份存在问题（9%）。常见问题为：内容缺乏规范、签名不符合标准、内容有涂改等。结论：手术知情同意书是手术科室病案中的重要部分,进行规范化管理有利于提高病案质量,有助于保护医患双方的合法权益。     

1家三甲医院临床输血相关病历的调查分析

目的 了解最近2年本院临床输血的规范性、合理性现状.方法 随机抽取2010年5月～2012年5月本院各临床科室输血治疗的372份病历,就“合理用血”(包括临床使用的各种血液成分的合理性)、“患者知情同意”、“输血传染检测报告”、“输血或交叉配血记录”和“输血反应记录”等项目,作回顾性调查及统计分析.结果 本院2年间“合理用血”的比例达到了88.7％ (330/372)、“部分合理用血”占7.5％(28/372),“不合理用血”为3.8％(14/372),其中“合理用血”手术科室为81.3％ (148/182)、非手术科室为95.8％ (182/190)(P＜0.05).临床使用的4种主要血液成分中,红细胞、血小板、冷沉淀“合理输血”的比例分别为93.5％ (290/310)、93.8％ (76/81)和95.6％ (43/45),只有血浆不足9成[83.6％ (199/238)];手术科室4种血液成分输注的合理性比例均低于非手术科室,尤其是红细胞,手术科室和非手术科室分别为85.5％ (106/124) 、98.9％ (184/186)(P＜0.05).临床输血不合格病历数占7.3％(27/372),其中缺《输血治疗同意书》占0.3％(1/372)、缺输血传染检测报告占1.1％(4/372)、输血前后评估不全占3.5％(13/372),输血记录不全或交叉配血记录不全占0.3％(1/372)及输血反应无记录占2.2％ (8/372),而手术科室中上述情况明显高于非手术科室(P＜0.05).结论 本院临床输血尚存在不合理现象,手术科室表现较为突出;不合格病历书写及书写不规范现象也存在,且手术科室更明显.     

三甲复评前后输血病历书写质量分析

目的 了解三甲复评前后临床输血病历书写现状,为提高输血病历书写质量提供依据.方法 抽取三甲复评前后输血病历各800份,采用直接分析方法进行检查.结果 800份三甲复评前输血病历中,有353份病历存在不同程度的缺陷,不合格率44％;复评后有138份病历存在不同程度的缺陷,不合格率17％.结论 经过三甲复评,医院输血病历书写质量显著提高,提高了临床用血安全性.     

三甲医院评审对输血医疗文书的促进效果分析

探讨启动三级甲等综合医院评审对提升临床输血医疗文书书写规范性的效果。对三甲评审前和启动三甲评审半年后的输血相关文书规范性进行统计、分析。申请单规范填写合格率以及输血治疗病程记录、护理记录、术中输血记录规范率均在90%以上,输血治疗知情同意书的签署及申请单的主任审核率还有待加强。经过多途径的培训和半年的多部门联合督查,医护人员对输血文书书写的重要性及规范性有了全新的认识,从而使书写合格率得到大幅提升。     

临床输血申请单规范填写情况分析

目的通过对该院临床输血申请单填写情况统计分析,寻找原因,提高对输血申请单规范书写的重视,确保临床输血安全,防范由此引起的医疗纠纷。方法统计分析该院2010年8月至2011年7月的临床输血申请单13 800份,按《临床输血技术规范》附件7"临床输血申请单"所列项目检查评分。结果 13 800份临床输血申请单填写合格5 400份,合格率为39.1%。结论目前本院临床输血申请单填写质量欠佳,填写不规范,存在引发医疗纠纷的隐患,值得医院管理部门和临床医生重视。     

皖北某地31家医院临床输血病历的评价情况分析

目的通过对临床输血病历的评价,了解临床输血的薄弱环节。方法抽取全市临床用血31家医院的输血病例148份,对输血病历的书写内容、用血医嘱情况、输血前检查结果、输血申请、输血知情同意书、输血病程记录、输血过程记录、输血适应证的掌握情况、成分输血率及红细胞使用率进行评价。结果未见输血史或妊娠史描述为71%、输注血液品种书写错误为3%、交叉配血单无签名为29%、输血知情同意书不合格为26%、临床用血审批不符合为48%、输血前评估及输血后疗效评价不具体为97%、输血执行无双签名为45%、输注起止及15分钟患者生命体征没有记录为84%、红细胞输注指征不合理为13%、FFP输注指征不合理为61%、输血后血袋保存不符合要求为19%。结论输血病历的具体化评价有助于改善临床输血病历的质量,并完善临床输血管理的相关过程,保障临床用血的科学、合理。     

300例临床输血病历调查与分析

目的分析输血病历存在的问题,规范输血病历的书写,降低输血医疗纠纷的风险。方法每月对临床输血病历进行随机抽查,并对检查结果进行分析。结果在300份输血病历中,输血病历总合格率为39.0%。被抽查的不合格病例中,病历首页、输血指征、输血前检查、输血治疗同意书、医生输血记录(包括输血前评估、输血记录、输血后评价)、护理输血记录、血袋条码粘贴不合格率分别为35.0%、1.0%、2.3%、8.3%、31.0%、2.7%、0.3%。结论临床输血病历的规范性或完整性还存在很大的问题,医院主管理部门及输血科应加强对医护人员输血相关法律、法规的培训,进一步规范临床医护人员的输血行为,加强对输血病历的督查,最大限度地减少输血医疗风险。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。