THE MECHANISM OF EXPLOSIVE SPALLING OF HIGH STRENGTH AND HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE EXPOSED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURE

高强高性能混凝土已得到广泛应用,然而高温或火灾下的性能衰减与爆裂成为制约其应用的瓶颈问题,高温爆裂破坏机理尚不清楚. 该文对国内外高温或火灾下高强高性能混凝土爆裂机理的研究进行综述,阐述了蒸汽压、热应力、热开裂3 种热爆裂机理及其影响因素,分析了目前研究存在的困难与挑战. 提出建立一个以蒸汽压致爆机理为主,热应力和热开裂机理为辅的多因素耦合的爆裂模型来定量分析高强高性能混凝土的高温爆裂机理.     

高温对砂岩宏细观损伤及BP神经网络单轴强度预测研究

为了研究高温后砂岩的力学特性和宏细观损伤变化,对高温作用后的砂岩进行单轴压缩试验、声波损伤检测、X射线衍射试验、扫描电镜试验,分析应力-应变曲线、峰值应力、峰值应变、弹性模量、质量损失率、X射线衍射成像和电镜扫描图像,得到砂岩的细观损伤变化对其单轴抗压强度的影响.利用BP神经网络模型对不同物理量进行训练,预测不同高温作...     

钢筋混凝土剪力墙受火性能非线性分析

为了研究钢筋混凝土剪力墙的抗火性能,本文基于纤维元模型,提出了一种非线性分析方法。该方法无需计算截面的弯矩-曲率曲线族,计算过程中采用了高温下耦合的混凝土本构关系,其中考虑了混凝土高温热膨胀应变、瞬态热应变和徐变。编制了相应的非线性计算分析程序,程序考虑了轴力二阶效应的影响,计算得到了剪力墙跨中平面外挠度以及火灾下其跨...     

Experimental and numerical studies of thermo-hydrous transfers in concrete exposed to high temperature

The compressive strength of concrete can be as high as 80 MPa at 28 days. High strength concrete (HSC) can be obtained by decreasing porosity and lowering permeability. Concrete, especially HSC, performs poorly when subjected to fire. This is attributed to high thermal stresses and water vapour pressure. High thermal gradient induces high thermo-mechanical stresses in the concrete system. Low permeability prevents water from escaping and induces high water vapour pressure causing cracking and spalling. The aim of this study is both experimentally and numerically study the coupled heat and mass transfers in concrete exposed to elevated temperature. Five concrete mixtures with various cement contents and water cement ratios of a constant aggregate content were studied before and after heating–cooling cycles. The concrete cylindrical specimens were subjected to several tests: compression and splitting tensile tests, measurement of modulus of elasticity, heating–cooling cycles, thermal field and mass loss during the heating–cooling cycles, and permeability tests. Comparisons between the numerical and experimental results on the thermo-hydrous behaviour were reported. Parametric analyses were carried out in order to underline main parameters involved in concrete behaviour at high temperature. The numerical and experimental results included thermal gradient, water vapour pressure, relative humidity, concrete mass losses due to dehydration, and water content for concrete elements heated from 20 to 600°C. The results show the degrees of damage due to the concrete chemical transformations at high temperature.     

A plasticity and anisotropic damage model for plain concrete

A plastic-damage constitutive model for plain concrete is developed in this work. Anisotropic damage with a plasticity yield criterion and a damage criterion are introduced to be able to adequately describe the plastic and damage behavior of concrete. Moreover, in order to account for different effects under tensile and compressive loadings, two damage criteria are used: one for compression and a second for tension such that the total stress is decomposed into tensile and compressive components. Stiffness recovery caused by crack opening/closing is also incorporated. The strain equivalence hypothesis is used in deriving the constitutive equations such that the strains in the effective (undamaged) and damaged configurations are set equal. This leads to a decoupled algorithm for the effective stress computation and the damage evolution. It is also shown that the proposed constitutive relations comply with the laws of thermodynamics. A detailed numerical algorithm is coded using the user subroutine UMAT and then implemented in the advanced finite element program ABAQUS. The numerical simulations are shown for uniaxial and biaxial tension and compression. The results show very good correlation with the experimental data.     

循环孔隙水压下混凝土常规三轴压缩损伤破坏特性分析

本文进行了孔隙水压不同循环次数(0次,10次,50次,100次和200次)以及不同应变速率下(10~(-5)/s,10~(-4)/s,10~(-3)/s和10~(-2)/s)混凝土常规三轴压缩试验,分析了混凝土峰值应变的变化规律、应力-应变曲线及损伤特性。结果表明:相同循环次数孔隙水压下,峰值应变随应变速率增加,整体呈现出增加的趋势;而相同应变速率下,峰值应变随孔隙水压循环次数的变化规律并不明显;在中低应变速率(10~(-5)~10~(-3)/s)下,混凝土的损伤变化受孔隙水压循环次数影响较大;当循环次数达到200次时,孔隙水压作用对混凝土产生较大的损伤。通过对循环孔隙水作用下混凝土动态损伤破坏机理的分析可知:混凝土的破坏过程实际上是内部裂纹不断形成、扩展、贯通,材料损伤不断产生、累积的过程;当损伤达到一定程度,混凝土发生宏观破坏,失去承载力。     

A viscoplastic model combined smedamage and smeared crack for softening of concrete

A viscoplastic model accounting for developing damage in concrete is proposed by assuming the rate of damage to be dependent on viscous strain and stress rates. The damage is measured by a scalar parameter affecting both the yield stress and the material viscosity. For a post-critical range of deformation, the localized mode occurs for which additional constitutive equations are specified. The model is applied to simulate uniaxial strain rate controlled and creep response for the concrete.     

一个综合模糊裂纹和损伤的混凝土应变软化本构模型

本文研究就变软化材料的本构关系，提出了一个考虑损伤的粘塑性模型，损伤不仅影响材料的临界应力，而且影响材料的粘塑性，为模拟材料的应变软化行为，假设受损混凝土的破坏局部区域由模糊裂纹和损伤所统治，软化模量和局部区域尺度参量依赖于模糊裂纹扩展时释放的断裂能的参变量，用文中提出的模型计算了混凝土单轴压缩时不同应变速率下的瞬时应力应变响应以及等应力长期作用下的徐变，均得到很的结果。     

含微裂纹材料的损伤理论

本文从含微裂纹材料的变形能出发引出了裂纹的方位张量。在考虑裂纹受压闭合与滑动摩擦的基础上,给出了损伤张量、损伤应变及有效弹性常数。文中给出了损伤机构离散化的方法,并对方位密度给出了演化方程。最后给出一个单向拉压的应力应变关系例子,并揭示了裂纹扩展时的应力突跌现象。     

Effect of inner gas pressure on the elastoplastic behavior of porous materials: A second-order moment micromechanics model

A new micromechanics model based on the second-order moment of stress is established to investigate the effect of gas pressure on the nonlinear macroscopic constitutive relationship of the porous materials. The analytical method agrees well with numerical simulation based on the finite element method. Through a systematic study, we find that the gas pressure has a prominent effect on the nonlinear deformation behavior of the porous materials. The gas pressure can cause tension–compression asymmetry on the uniaxial stress–strain curve and the nominal Poisson’s ratio. The pore pressure significantly reduces the initial yield strength and failure strength of the porous metals, especially when the relative density of the material is small. The gas phase also strongly compromises the composite strength when the temperature is increased. The model may be useful for the evaluation of mechanical integrity of porous materials under various working conditions and working temperatures.     

高温条件下混凝土墙体的非线性分析研究

本文建立了一个弹塑性-损伤耦合本构模型用于数值模拟高温下混凝土的真实破坏过程。导出了一个利用Newton-Raphson迭代的一般的直接应力返回映射算法。同时求解应力向量和塑性、损伤的内状态变量。并推导了用于化学-热-湿-力学耦合分析的全局守恒方程Newton-Raphson迭代过程的一致性切线模量矩阵。建议了一个用于弹塑性-损伤耦合分析的两级求解过程。给出的数值例题结果显示了所提出的数法和公式的正确性,表明了所发展的弹塑性-损伤耦合本构模型在模拟高温下混凝土墙体中复杂破坏过程的能力。     

An interacting micro-crack damage model for failure of brittle materials under compression

A model is developed for brittle failure under compressive loading with an explicit accounting of micro-crack interactions. The model incorporates a pre-existing flaw distribution in the material. The macroscopic inelastic deformation is assumed to be due to the nucleation and growth of tensile “wing” micro-cracks associated with frictional sliding on these flaws. Interactions among the cracks are modeled by means of a crack-matrix-effective-medium approach in which each crack experiences a stress field different from that acting on isolated cracks. This yields an effective stress intensity factor at the crack tips which is utilized in the formulation of the crack growth dynamics. Load-induced damage in the material is defined in terms of a scalar crack density parameter, the evolution of which is a function of the existing flaw distribution and the crack growth dynamics. This methodology is applied for the case of uniaxial compression under constant strain rate loading. The model provides a natural prediction of a peak stress (defined as the compressive strength of the material) and also of a transition strain rate, beyond which the compressive strength increases dramatically with the imposed strain rate. The influences of the crack growth dynamics, the initial flaw distribution, and the imposed strain rate on the constitutive response and the damage evolution are studied. It is shown that different characteristics of the flaw distribution are dominant at different imposed strain rates: at low rates the spread of the distribution is critical, while at high strain rates the total flaw density is critical.     

Thermomechanics of shape memory polymers: Uniaxial experiments and constitutive modeling

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) can retain a temporary shape after pre-deformation at an elevated temperature and subsequent cooling to a lower temperature. When reheated, the original shape can be recovered. Relatively little work in the literature has addressed the constitutive modeling of the unique thermomechanical coupling in SMPs. Constitutive models are critical for predicting the deformation and recovery of SMPs under a range of different constraints. In this study, the thermomechanics of shape storage and recovery of an epoxy resin is systematically investigated for small strains (within ±10%) in uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression. After initial pre-deformation at a high temperature, the strain is held constant for shape storage while the stress evolution is monitored. Three cases of heated recovery are selected: unconstrained free strain recovery, stress recovery under full constraint at the pre-deformation strain level (no low temperature unloading), and stress recovery under full constraint at a strain level fixed at a low temperature (low temperature unloading). The free strain recovery results indicate that the polymer can fully recover the original shape when reheated above its glass transition temperature (T_g). Due to the high stiffness in the glassy state (T < T_g), the evolution of the stress under strain constraint is strongly influenced by thermal expansion of the polymer. The relationship between the final recoverable stress and strain is governed by the stress–strain response of the polymer above T_g. Based on the experimental results and the molecular mechanism of shape memory, a three-dimensional small-strain internal state variable constitutive model is developed. The model quantifies the storage and release of the entropic deformation during thermomechanical processes. The fraction of the material freezing a temporary entropy state is a function of temperature, which can be determined by fitting the free strain recovery response. A free energy function for the model is formulated and thermodynamic consistency is ensured. The model can predict the stress evolution of the uniaxial experimental results. The model captures differences in the tensile and compressive recovery responses caused by thermal expansion. The model is used to explore strain and stress recovery responses under various flexible external constraints that would be encountered in applications of SMPs.     

Fractal effect and anisotropic constitutive model for concrete

An elasto-anisotropic damage constitutive model for concrete is developed in this work. Disregarding the coupling between the isotropic and the anisotropic damage, the isotropic damage variables are defined as functions of the microcrack fractal dimension, and the anisotropic parts are expressed by the lengths of cracks in concrete which various in different directions. The Helmholtz free energy is decomposed into the elastic deforming, damage and irreversible deforming components, with the last component used to replace the plastic deformation. Therefore the damage constitutive formulas for concrete are derived based on continuum damage mechanics. Evolution laws for both isotropic and anisotropic damage variables are derived, in which the anisotropic parts are obtained by modifying an empirical model. The critical fracture stress and the fracture toughness are investigated for materials with a single fractal crack based on the fractal geometry and the Griffith fracture criterion. Numerical computation is conducted for concrete under the uniaxial and the biaxial compression. The results indicate that the material stiffness degradation can be well addressed when the anisotropic damage is incorporated; the irreversible deformation is greatly related to the behavior of the descending branch beyond the peak load. The validation of the presented model is proofed by comparing results with the experimental data. This model provides an approach to link the macro properties of a material with its micro-structure change.     

混凝土单轴受拉的非局部本构模型

混凝土受拉本构行为存在很强的局部软化现象,使得单轴受拉试验无法给出应力-应变关系,而只能给出应力-位移关系。本文根据内变量理论和等效应变假设建立了基于真实应变的混凝土单轴受力本构方程,并根据Weibull分布可以描述混凝土等脆性材料断裂过程的试验现象,建立了关于弹性应变的损伤演化规律。然后,通过假设平均应变与真实弹性应变的函数关系,在应力-平均应变的本构关系中采用平均弹性应变以描述其非局部行为,而在材料的损伤演化规律中采用真实弹性应变以描述其局部行为,由此建立了单轴受拉荷载条件下的非局部本构模型。最后,对一个单调受拉试验和一个反复受拉试验的仿真结果表明所提出的非局部本构模型可以准确地模拟试验结果。     

混凝土的弹塑性损伤双面本构模型

针对混凝土材料拉压应变空间下损伤机制的不同,结合连续损伤力学和塑性理论建立了一个全新的本构模型。该模型中损伤和塑性变形的演变由应变空间的同一个非弹性曲面来控制,但对拉压应变空间中非弹性曲面的演变分别采用了随动强化法则和各向同性演化规律。计算结果表明,该模型能较好地描述混凝土材料在单轴及多轴单调加载和低周反复荷载下的典型非线性特征。     

An Experimental Technique for Spalling of Concrete

The spalling strength of concrete is measured by examining the strain wave profiles in a polymer buffer bar behind the slender concrete bar specimen placed between a large diameter (Φ100 mm) Hopkinson bar and the buffer bar. The experimental results indicate that the spalling strength is related to not only the compressive strength of concrete but also the impact velocities (the loading rates). The rate effect of spalling strength mainly results from the different cracking paths in concrete under different impact velocities. However when the input compressive stress to specimen exceeds the threshold required to trigger the compressive damage, the spalling strength decreases due to the evolution and cumulation of compressive damage in concretes. The repeated impact loading experiments indicate that damage plays an important role in the spallation process of concrete. The high speed video of the spalling fracture process shows that multiple spalling fractures may occur in the scab and damage accumulation resulting from stress wave propagation in scab is the main reason for the producing of multiple spallations.     

超高强度钢AF1410塑性流动特性及其本构关系

在本文中,为揭示超高强度钢AF1410的塑性流动性,并研究其塑性流动本构关系,利用CSS4410电子万能试验机和改进的Hopkinson拉压杆技术,对AF1410钢在温度从100K到600K,应变率从0.001/s到2000/s,塑性应变超过20%的塑性流动特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,拉伸加载下AF1410钢屈服强度低于压缩屈服强度,且随应变率增加,拉压屈服强度差值越来越大;该材料塑性流动应力对应变率敏感性低,而对温度较为敏感;随应变率的提高,该材料拉伸失效应变减小,但温度对失效应变无明显影响。最后基于位错的运动学关系,借助试验数据,获得了AF1410钢的塑性流动物理概念本构模型,并通过与经典J-C模型的结果对比对该物理概念本构模型进行了评估分析,表明该物理概念本构模型在较宽温度和应变率范围能较好的预测AF1410钢的塑性流动应力。