P204-煤油萃取剂的生物降解性

采用测定溶剂饱和溶液 BOD₅和 COD的方法对混合溶剂 P204(二-(2-乙基己基 )磷酸 )-煤油的生物降解性进行了研究 .结果表明 ,不同浓度的 P204(煤油)均可降解 .当溶剂中 P204的浓度小于 70%时 ,平衡水相的 COD及 BOD₅ 与初始溶剂中P204对煤油的体积比成正比 ;当 P204的浓度大于 70%时 ,平衡水相的 COD及 BOD₅基本保持不变 .同时 ,建立了 P204(煤油)平衡水相中 P204的浓度的表达式 ,对研究混合溶剂的生物降解性具有一定的指导意义 .     

含锡锑中间层的铅锑电极的制备及电催化性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备得到具有高稳定性和高电催化活性的含锡锑中间层的铅锑电极,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散谱(EDS)、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)、线性伏安测试(LSV)及循环伏安测试(CV)等测试方法对制备电极的物相结构、表面形貌、元素组成、比表面积及电催化性能进行分析表征,并考察了不同铅锑电极对二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯废水的电催化降解性能及其稳定性。结果表明：含锡锑中间层的铅锑电极涂层主要为焦绿石型复合氧化物(Pb₃Sb₂O_8.47)_6.4,中间层表面的较大粗糙度及致密结构有利于提高电极稳定性,活性层表面的蜂窝状微孔结构使电催化性能显著增加。LSV及CV测试表明：含锡锑中间层的铅锑电极具有较好的电催化活性及导电性;该电极在电解二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯废水2 h的COD去除率可达到92.5%,连续使用62 h后COD去除率能维持在91%以上,电极加速寿命可达到30 h,换算成一般工业电流密度(0.1 A/cm²)下的电极实际使...     

DNNSA反胶团溶液萃取净化电镀含锌废水研究

以二壬基萘磺酸(DNNSA)反胶团煤油溶液萃取电镀含锌废水中的锌离子(Zn(Ⅱ)),分别考察了萃取时间、油水比、萃取剂浓度、萃取温度和初始锌离子浓度对其萃取效果的影响。试验结果表明:以DNNSA作为萃取剂,磺化煤油作为稀释剂,萃取剂DNNSA浓度为0.2mol/L,萃取平衡时间为5min;萃取反应为吸热反应,升高温度有利于萃取,过程热效应△H=53.95kJ/mol;DNNSA反胶团溶液萃取锌离子的萃取容量为35.48mg/g,负载锌的有机相可采用硫酸反萃取。     

水体系中3种常见邻苯二甲酸酯的光化学降解研究

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,研究了不同介质、光源、起始浓度、H2O2浓度等对3种常见邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)光化学降解过程的影响,并对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)光降解的中间产物进行了检测,提出了可能发生的降解路径.结果表明:在不同介质中,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)在Millipore-Q水中降解速度最快,而DEHP在天然海水中降解速度最快;3种PAEs在紫外灯照射下比模拟日光下降解速度快;相同紫外光照条件下,不同初始浓度的DMP、DEP和DEHP在研究浓度范围内(0.5~10μg·L-1)的光降解率随着浓度的增加呈现减小趋势;此外,体系中H2O2的存在会明显加快PAEs的降解速率;通过GC-MS分析,检测出了DEHP在UV/H2O2条件下降解产生的中间产物,并且发现DEHP是从侧链开始降解的.     

废聚酯非酸催化合成对苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯的研究

介绍了以废聚酯瓶为原料,用醋酸锌与氧化镁复合催化剂合成对苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DOTP)的方法.利用正交实验研究了醇解酯交换反应中的影响因素,并对产物进行了表征.当反应条件:n(2-EH)/n(PET)=4,m(催化剂)/m(PET)=1%,反应时间为8 h,反应最高温度为200℃时,对苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯的收率为82.3%,与其他酯化催化剂相比,醋酸锌与氧化镁复合的催化活性最好.      

DEHP经sirt1/pgc-1a通路诱导的HepG2细胞线粒体损伤效应

为研究邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）是否通过sirt1/pgc-1a通路对细胞产生损伤效应, 通过体外培养HepG2细胞,在1.6, 8, 40, 200, 1000mmol/L DEHP处理24或48h后,采用CCK-8测定细胞活力,ATP试剂盒检测细胞内ATP含量,NO试剂盒检测细胞上清NO含量,ELISA试剂盒检测细胞上清炎症因子TNF-a、IL-6的含量;同时在DEHP作用于HepG2细胞24或48h后,用Western blot检测线粒体调控基因sirt1、pgc-1a,nrf1、tfam的蛋白表达.结果表明：不同浓度的DEHP处理24, 48h后,细胞活力在高剂量都呈显著下降趋势.DEHP能引起ATP含量的显著下降、炎症因子含量的显著提高,但NO含量无显著变化.4种线粒体调控基因的蛋白表达水平sirt1、pgc-1a,nrf1、tfam在24h时无显著变化.而在48h时,随着剂量增加蛋白含量呈上升后下降趋势,并且sirt1在8mmol/L呈显著上升趋势,随后每个蛋白都在1000mmol/L显著下降（P < 0.05）.DEHP能引起HepG2细胞氧化应激,并通过影响sirt1/pgc-1a信号通路表达来影响线粒体生物合成从而造成细胞损伤.     

有机磷和十二胺对制革废液中Cr3+和Fe3+的萃取分离研究

针对制革污泥淋滤液Cr3+与Fe3+的分离,研究了二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(D2EHPA)和十二胺(RNH2)2个不同萃取体系萃取分离Cr3+与Fe3+的适宜条件。结果表明,在pH=2左右,采用D2EHPA和RNH3Cl为萃取剂分离Cr3+与Fe3+时的分离系数β均在500以上,且水相中Fe3+的残留浓度可以控制在10mg/L左右,并且分别以5mol/L和1mol/LHCl为反萃剂反萃负载有机相,单级反萃率均可以达到90%左右,为制革产生的多金属废弃物的溶剂萃取法提供了1种处理工艺。     

镍镉电池废镉极板制备碳酸镉的研究

针对镍镉电池生产过程中产生的废泡沫式镉极板 ,提出了一条“溶解 萃取 沉淀”法生产碳酸镉的工艺路线。试验探讨了H2 SO4 溶解活性材料、P2 0 4 萃取Cd、H2 SO4 反萃Cd、Na2 CO3 沉淀Cd的条件     

模拟曝气生物滤池去除邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯试验研究

采用陶粒滤料曝气生物滤池(BAF)处理邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)模拟废水,考察了空床接触时间(EBCT)、温度对DEHP去除效果的影响,运用气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析了中间降解产物并推测其可能的降解途径.结果表明,当温度为25℃,空床接触时间(EBCT)为8 h时,BAF对DEHP的降解效果良好,去除率达到90.3%;BAF对DEHP的去除率随着温度的升高和EBCT的增加而增大,EBCT为去除效果的主要影响因素;BAF对DEHP的降解满足一级反应动力学方程.BAF出水中检测到邻苯二甲酸单2-乙基己基酯(MEHP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基酯2-乙基己基酯(BEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)以及邻苯二甲酸(PA)等降解产物,据此推测邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的生物降解途径可能为其长烷基支链先断裂为较短的直链,而后断裂一个酯键形成单酯,接着再断裂另一酯键形成邻苯二甲酸,最终分解成二氧化碳和水.     

一株DEHP降解菌的筛选和分子鉴定

采用富集培养法从污水厂活性污泥中分离得到一株能以邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为唯一碳源的细菌。该菌在48 h内可将DEHP浓度从20 mg/L降解到2 mg/L。对其进行了生理生化试验和分子生物学鉴定。结果表明,该菌株呈丝状,革兰氏阳性,好氧,能在45℃下生长。该菌株与长孢糖丝菌模式菌Saccharothrix longispora DSM 43749在同一分枝上,同源性为98.9%;与糖丝菌属(Saccharothrixsp)内其他种同源性均在97.0%以上。     

Rapid adsorption of toxic Pb(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution using multiwall carbon nanotubes synthesized by microwave chemical vapor deposition technique

Multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) were synthesized using a tubular microwave chemical vapor deposition technique, using acetylene and hydrogen as the precursor gases and ferrocene as catalyst. The novel MWCNT samples were tested for their performance in terms of Pb(Ⅱ)binding. The synthesized MWCNT samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared(FT-IR), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller(BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM) analysis, and the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) was studied as a function of p H,initial Pb(Ⅱ) concentration, MWCNT dosage, agitation speed, and adsorption time, and process parameters were optimized. The adsorption data followed both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. On the basis of the Langmuir model, Qmaxwas calculated to be 104.2 mg/g for the microwave-synthesized MWCNTs. In order to investigate the dynamic behavior of MWCNTs as an adsorbent, the kinetic data were modeled using pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order equations. Different thermodynamic parameters, viz., ΔH0, ΔS0and ΔG0were evaluated and it was found that the adsorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The statistical analysis revealed that the optimum conditions for the highest removal(99.9%) of Pb(Ⅱ) are at p H 5, MWCNT dosage 0.1 g, agitation speed 160 r/min and time of 22.5 min with the initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Our results proved that microwave-synthesized MWCNTs can be used as an effective Pb(Ⅱ) adsorbent due to their high adsorption capacity as well as the short adsorption time needed to achieve equilibrium.     

H2O2-Fe2+法处理精喹禾灵生产废水的研究

采用酸析法先对精喹禾灵生产废水进行预处理然后用H_2O_2-Fe_~(2 )法进行催化氧化,研究了H_2O_2投加量及投加方式、Fe~(2 )投加量、反应时间对处理效果的影响。结果表明,在H_2O_2投加量为12g/L,分批投加,Fe~(2 )投加量为300mg/L,反应时间为90min、pH=2～4的条件下,氧化,出水经活性炭吸附后废水的COD和色度的去除率分别可达94.5％和96.7％,用石灰乳中和后可直接排放,达到了国家二级排放标准(GB8978-1996)。     

Use of polymeric sub-micron ion-exchange resins for removal of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel from natural waters

This research investigated the removal capacity of polymeric sub-micron ion-exchange resins(SMR) for removal of lead, copper, zinc, and nickel from natural waters in competition with natural organic matter(NOM). Polymeric SMR particles were created and tested to ensure that they were adequately dispersed in the solution. They removed little NOM(10%or less) from river water and wastewater, indicating that competition from NOM was not a major concern. SMR were able to remove 82% ± 0.2% of lead, 46% ± 0.6% of copper, 55% ±20% of zinc, and 17% ± 2% of nickel from river water spiked with 500 μg/L of each. Similarly,in wastewater, they were able to remove 86% ± 0.1% of lead, 38% ± 0.8% of copper, 28% ± 1%of zinc, and 11% ± 1% of nickel.     

珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸粒子与季节变化的相关性

文章主要利用检测单个粒子的薄膜法,探讨了中国珠海海洋大气中甲磺酸(MSA)粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、大小和酸性(pH值)及其一般变化规律。根据在2005年1月至2005年12月间采集的样品的分析结果表明:甲磺酸粒子在大气中的数量浓度在8.6×10-11～26.6×10-11nmol/m3之间变化,粒子百分数在11.4%～34.8%之间变化,当量直径在1.0964～1.5171μm之间变化,酸性(pH值)在1.86～2.71之间变化;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、粒子百分数、当量直径和pH值的变化与季节变化具有明显的相关性;甲磺酸粒子的数量浓度、占总粒子的百分数随气温的升高和海洋生物生长的旺盛而增大,在夏季达到最大值,而随着气温的降低和空气湿度的增大,甲磺酸粒子的当量直径增大、酸性增强,在春季和空气湿度较大时,其当量直径具有最大值、pH值则具有最小值;1天当中,MSA粒子的浓度在下午时达到最大,早晨最小。     

Interactions between lead(II) ions and dissolved organic matter derived from organic fertilizers incubated in the field

This work was to study composition characteristics and the subsequent effect on the lead (Pb) binding properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from seaweed-based (SWOF) and chicken manure organic fertilizers (CMOF) during a one-year field incubation experiment using the excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) analysis. Results showed that high aromatic and hydrophobic fluorescent substances were enriched in CMOF-derived DOM and SWOF-derived DOM and enhanced over time. And phenolic groups in the fulvic-like substances for SWOF-derived DOM and carboxyl groups in the humic-like substances for CMOF-derived DOM had the fastest responses over time, respectively. Moreover, both non-fluorescent polysaccharides and fluorescent humic-like substances or fulvic-like substances with aromatic (C=C) groups first participated in the binding process of Pb to SWOF-derived DOM on day 0 and 180 during the lead binding process. In contrast, humic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and phenolic groups gave a faster response to Pb binding on day 360. Regarding CMOF-derived DOM, the fulvic-like substances associated with aromatic (C=C) and carboxylic groups displayed a faster response to Pb ions on day 0. Nonetheless, polysaccharides and humic-like associated with phenolic groups had a faster response on days 180 and 360. It is noteworthy that the polysaccharides, which participated in Pb binding to CMOF-derived DOM, posed a higher risk of Pb in the environment after 360 days. Therefore, these findings gave new insights into the long-term applications of commercial organic fertilizers for the amendment of soil.     

锰氧化物/石英砂(MOCS)对铜和铅离子的吸附研究

研究了锰氧化物/石英砂(MOCS)吸附剂对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附行为,考察了吸附剂用量、平衡时间、温度、盐浓度、溶液的pH值等因素对MOCS吸附的影响.结果表明,MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附在3 h基本达到吸附平衡,吸附量随着溶液的pH值增大、温度的升高以及盐浓度的降低而增加,在单一体系以及混合体系中对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附均符合Langmiur吸附等温式,温度从15 ℃升高到45℃,Cu2+和Pb2+的饱和吸附容量(qm)分别从13.4 μmol·g-1和15 5μmol·g-1升高到16.4μmol·g-1和18.1μmol·g-1.Cu2+和Pb2+吸附反应的ΔG°均为负值,焓变ΔH°为正值,说明该吸附过程是自发的吸热反应.利用准一级动力学方程、准二级动力学方程以及粒子扩散方程的数学模型检验了吸附过程的动力学性质,表明MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型.计算了不同温度下3个动力学方程的吸附速率常数K值.根据准二级反应的吸附速率常数K值,求得MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附活化能(Ea)分别为92.3 kJ·mol-1和119 kJ·mol-1.在混合体系中,共存离子的存在影响金属离子的吸附效率;Cu2+存在时,Pb2+的饱和吸附量下降了24.4%,而Pb2+存在时,Cu2+的饱和吸附量下降了93.8%.MOCS对Cu2+和Pb2+的吸附强弱顺序为Pb2+＞Cu2+.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was <5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0.Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APRwasmost effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pbmolar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid(OA) on the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) by KH2PO4, phosphate rock(PR), activated phosphate rock(APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite(HAP) at different phosphate:Pb(P:Pb) molar ratios(0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or Ca Cl2, Community Bureau of Reference(BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.