Low birth weight in relation to sex of baby, maternal age and parity: a hospital based study on Tangsa tribe from Arunachal Pradesh.

Records of 151 Tangsa singleton live births over a period of 4 years at the Nampong Primary Health Centre of Nampong Circle of the Changlang district of Arunachal Pradesh were analysed to examine the effect of sex of baby, mother's age and parity on the incidence of low birth weight. The occurrence of low birth weight was 28.48% and only 4.64% of newborns weighed 2000 g or less. The mean birth weight was found to be 2806.95 +/- 39.32 g. Female babies had a significantly higher incidence of low birth weight than male babies. Parity was found to be significant influence on the incidence of low birth weight. An increase of low birth weight babies was noticed after 4th parity and the best outcome was also observed at this parity. The higher incidence of low birth weight was found in the 5+ parity. Young mothers (< 20 years) had also higher incidence of low birth weight and mother's age had no significant effect on the incidence of low birth weight.     

Sociobiologic factors influencing low birth weight at a rural project hospital

The incidence of low birth weight (less than or equal to 2500 g) was 38.9% among 2292 singleton live births at a rural project hospital in Haryana. Only 7.0% of the newborns weighed 2000 g or less. Female babies had a higher incidence of low birth weight. Other factors considered were maternal age, parity and literacy and father's literacy. Young mothers (less than 20 years) had a higher incidence of low birth weight. Similarly parents who were illiterate or educated to below the primary grade also had a higher incidence of low birth weight. The maximum percentage of low birth weight was seen in the primiparous mothers. An increase of low birth weight was also seen after the 4th parity. The best outcome was at para 4.     

Pattern of change of weight following birth in the early neonatal period

Birth weight of new born will vary according to gestational age, maternal, Placental and foetal intrauterine conditions. Postnatal weight change in the first few days of life (early neonatal period) may vary according to gestational age and birth weight. This may create problem in management of these babies. Birth weight and their pattern of change were followed on 105 newborns. Questionnaire and observation charts were the research Instruments and statistical analysis were done by using manual calculator. It was observed that full term newborns had better control on initial weight change following birth than preterm and low birth weight babies. Majority of term newborns loss their weight up to 5 days of life and regained their initial weight by 10 days. Maximum weight loss for longer duration occurred in preterm and very low birth weight babies who regained their initial weight by 10 - 14 days and some required more than 21 days.     

近10 a 36551例新生儿出生体重变化分析

目的 调查不同孕龄正常单胎活产新生儿的体重状况,获得最新不同孕龄正常新生儿出生体重标准及不同孕龄男、女新生儿出生体重标准,并绘制新生儿出生体重曲线.方法 回顾性分析2014年1月1日至2020年12月31日 在云南省第一人民医院产科住院分娩,母亲无并发症和合并症,且活产无严重畸形、无水肿的新生儿出生体重.采用国际上成熟...     

Exclusive Breast Feeding in Low Birth Weight Babies

Background

Human milk is the ideal source of nutrition for full term neonates, but there is controversy regarding its use as a nutrition source for preterm and low birth weight infants. However current data supports the use of human milk for low birth weight infants. This study was undertaken to evaluate the growth of both preterm and term small for gestational age infants nursed on exclusive breast milk from birth to four months of age.

Methods

This was a prospective, longitudinal study carried out in a recognized baby-friendly hospital where exclusive breast-feeding is practiced in all neonates. All consecutive low birth weight neonates irrespective of gestational age, born during the study period of two years were included in the study. Assessment of growth parameters included recording of weight (daily when in the hospital and later weekly), length (weekly) and head circumference (weekly) till the age of four months.

Result

Low birth weight infants, both the preterm and the term small for gestational age, on being exclusively breastfed by their own mothers, gained weight and had an increase in their head circumference and length to the levels almost comparable to the standard fetal- infant growth norms.

Conclusion

Exclusive breast-feeding results in adequate growth in low birth weight babies including preterms.Key Words: Breast feeding, Preterm, Low birth weight, Neonates     

Studies on congenital abnormalities and related risk factors

Congenital malformations were studied prospectively covering 11680 consecutive deliveries. The overall incidence of malformations was 2.3%. Musculoskeletal system was the most commonly involved system. The incidence of malformation was higher in still borns, premature, low birth weight babies and those with positive heredo-familial history. It was also higher in babies, born to mothers who were more than 35 years of age and gravida four and above. Consanguinity of marriage, drugs and hormone ingestion during pregnancy, antenatal complication like hydramnios, pre eclamtic toxemia, gestational diabetes was associated with high incidence of congenital malformations.     

Acute respiratory disorders in the newborn at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital,Trinidad

This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence of acute respiratory disorders (ARD) in newborns delivered at the Mount Hope Women's Hospital (MHWH) from January 1 to December 31, 1994. The study also examined the relationships between incidence rate of ARD and maternal and neonatal parameters. Hyaline membrane disease (HMD), transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), persistent fetal circulation (PFC) and pulmonary infection (PI) were identified as ARDs among 5062 live newborns using standard diagnostic criteria. Overall, 174/5062 neonates were diagnosed with ARD to give an incidence of 3.4% (104 males and 70 females). The most common ARD was PI (39%) followed by HMD (29%). The incidence of ARD in preterm infants was 20.6% (100/486) and 1.1% (48/4363) in term neonates. Hyaline membrane disease occurred mainly in the preterm and low birthweight babies. Transient tachypnoea of the newborn and PI were found in all gestational age groups. Asphyxia was present in 10.9% (19/174) at five minutes of age. It was more common in babies who developed HMD and PFC. Forty-one per cent (71/174) of babies with ARD required assisted ventilation. There were 58/174 (33%) deaths. More than a half of those ventilated died (39/71 or 55%); 2/3 of those with airleaks and all those with intraventricular haemorrhage died. Mortality was significantly associated with asphyxia at both one and five minutes of age. There was significantly greater mortality among neonates with HMD as compared to the other ARDs.     

Pregnancy outcome in adolescent and adult - a case comparison study

This study outlined the consequences of adolescent pregnancy with comparison to adults in Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh. It was a case-comparison study. The study population was the mothers who admitted and delivered at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology ward of hospital during April-June 2003. Sample size was 220 mothers, out of which 110 were primigravidae adolescent mothers and 110 were adults. The study finding showed that adolescents were 2.105 times and 3.679 times more at risk than adults to suffer from anaemia and UTI during pregnancy. Among adolescents 74(67.3%) and in adults 39(35.5%) had obstetric complications during pregnancy and the adolescents were 3.742 times more at risk than the adults. PET and Eclampsia were more common in adolescent than adult mothers. 86(78.2%) adolescents and 36(32.7%) adult mothers had complications before delivery. Pre term labour, Premature rupture of membrane (PROM) and Intra-uterine foetal death (IUD) were more common in adolescents than adult mothers. Stillbirths were more in adolescent mothers 23(20.9%) and adults 11(10.0%). There was more low birth weight (LBW) newborns in adolescents 42(38.2%) than adults 18(16.4%). As a result the adolescents were 3.157 times more likely to give birth to low birth weight babies . The newborns of the adolescent mothers were nearly 2 times more at risk to develop asphyxia neonatorum (p< 0.030, odds ratio=1.806).     

孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系

目的 探讨孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系.方法 选取在妇幼保健机构体检的婴儿母亲,采用问卷调查的方式收集母亲的一般情况、孕期增重及子代出生体重、身长等情况.采用方差分析、x2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型等方法进行数据统计分析.结果 母亲孕前超重/肥胖的检出率为12.3%(199例),孕期增重过高的检出率为52.1%(842例).超重/肥胖组其子代出生体重、巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生率均较高(P<0.05),而子代的出生体重、巨大儿发生率、低体重儿发生率、小于胎龄儿发生率以及大于胎龄儿发生率均在孕期增重过高组,增重适宜组和增重不足组间存在差异(P<0.05).在控制了母亲年龄等因素后,孕前超重/肥胖增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7, 95% CI:1.2~2.6)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.5)的发生风险,孕期增重过高则增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.2~2.5)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.4)的发生风险.而孕期增重不足能增加低体重儿(OR=2.2,95% CI:1.1~4.4)、小于胎龄儿(OR=2.0,95% CI:1.2~3.4)的发生风险.结论 母亲孕前体质量指数及孕期增重均与巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生密切相关,且孕期增重不足与低体重儿和小于胎龄儿的发生也密切相关.孕期保健应该加强对孕妇体重的监测,防止其对新生儿出生结局产生不良影响.     

早产低出生体质量儿影响因素的Logistic回归分析

①目的　探讨与早产低出生体质量儿发生有关的因素。②方法　对 79例早产低出生体质量儿和75 0例正常对照组婴儿进行相关因素调查 ,并采用二项式Logistic回归法对影响早产低出生体质量儿发生的有关因素进行分析。③结果　母亲年龄大于 35岁、吸烟饮酒、胎膜早破、阴道流血、妊娠高血压综合征、多胎、产前检查次数 ,父亲吸烟和文化水平及家庭收入等因素与早产低出生体质量儿发生有关 (OR =0 .5 90～ 1 5 .82 5 ,P <0 .0 5～0 .0 0 1 )。④结论　早产低出生体质量儿的发生与多种因素有关。应采取综合措施以降低早产低出生体质量儿的发生率。     

新生儿低血糖危险因素的临床分析

目的:探讨我院NICU住院新生儿的低血糖发生率并分析其发生的相关危险因素。方法:常规监测所有住院新生儿出生头3d的血糖水平,尤其是对初次检测呈异常血糖水平者每天监测血糖,直至血糖水平恢复正常并稳定。结果:1 581例住院新生儿中检出低血糖83例,发病率为5.2%。低血糖在早产儿、足月儿、过期产儿的发生率分别为9.4%、2.0%、0%;在超低出生体重儿、极低出生体重儿、低出生体重儿、正常出生体重儿、巨大儿的发生率分别为27.3%、8.5%、8.6%、3.0%、5.7%;在适于胎龄儿、小于胎龄儿、大于胎龄儿的发生率分别为4.4%、8.8%、7.8%;在重度窒息儿、轻度窒息儿和无窒息儿的发生率分别为33.3%、8.9%、5.0%。结论:早产、低出生体重、小于胎龄儿、窒息是低血糖发生的高危因素,对这些新生儿应严密监测血糖,且对新生儿实行早开奶,以预防及早期发现低血糖,及时治疗,防止严重的并发症出现,防止对新生儿造成危害,尤其是中枢神经系统的危害。     

The relationship of placental weight with birth weight

To assess the relationship between placental weight and birth weight, two hundred forty six pregnant mothers, who were otherwise healthy, were prospectively followed in a city hospital during antenatal period until delivery and immediate post-partum period. Height of mothers was measured initially and weight measured at each visit during the antenatal check-up. Placental weight and birth weight of babies were measured by one of the authors immediately after delivery by a weighing scale. Eighty one percent of the mothers were between the age group of 20-29 years. The BMI of 92% mothers was 18.5 and above. Most of the mothers came both with primigravida (42%) or second gravida (33%) and in 25% cases 3rd or onwards. In 49% cases the placental weight was between 401-500 gm, in 30% cases >500 gm and in 21% cases 400 gm or less. There was delivery of appropriate-birth-weight babies in 85% cases and low-birth-weight babies in 15% cases. It was observed that a very strong correlation existed between placental weight and birth weight (r = 0.391, p<0.001). Even this correlation was stronger in small for gestational age babies. However, there was no correlation between placental weight and APGAR score at one minute. It is concluded that increment of birth weight occurs with increase of placental weight. If placental weight can be measured by ultrasonography in second or early third trimester of pregnancy birth weight is possible to be assessed and appropriate measure can be taken to increase the birth weight.     

Supra-treatment threshold neonatal jaundice: Incidence in HIV-exposed compared to non-exposed neonates at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre,Malawi

Introduction

Jaundice is the yellowish pigmentation of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes resulting from bilirubin deposition. Children born to mothers with HIV are more likely to be born premature, with low birth weight, and to become septic—all risk factors for neonatal jaundice. Further, there has been a change in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV guidelines from single-dose nevirapine to a six-week course, all of which theoretically put HIV-exposed newborns at greater risk of developing neonatal jaundice.

Aim

We carried out a study to determine the incidence of severe and clinical neonatal jaundice in HIV-exposed neonates admitted to the Chatinkha Nursery (CN) neonatal unit at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre.

Methods

Over a period of four weeks, the incidence among non-exposed neonates was also determined for comparison between the two groups of infants. Clinical jaundice was defined as transcutaneous bilirubin levels greater than 5 mg/dL and severe jaundice as bilirubin levels above the age-specific treatment threshold according the QECH guidelines. Case notes of babies admitted were retrieved and information on birth date, gestational age, birth weight, HIV status of mother, type of feeding, mode of delivery, VDRL status of mother, serum bilirubin, duration of stay in CN, and outcome were extracted.

Results

Of the 149 neonates who were recruited, 17 (11.4%) were HIV-exposed. One (5.88%) of the 17 HIV-exposed and 19 (14.4%) of 132 HIV-non-exposed infants developed severe jaundice requiring therapeutic intervention (p = 0.378). Eight (47%) of the HIV-exposed and 107 (81%) of the non-exposed neonates had clinical jaundice of bilirubin levels greater than 5 mg/dL (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The study showed a significant difference in the incidence of clinical jaundice between the HIV-exposed and HIV-non-exposed neonates. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the incidence was greater in HIV-non-exposed than in HIV-exposed infants.     

游泳对新生儿健康的探讨

目的 :探讨新生儿游泳对新生儿生理性体重下降 ,生理性黄疸的影响。方法 :将 15 0例正常足月新生儿作游泳组 ,同期分娩的孕母年龄、孕周、分娩时间、分娩方式、出生时体重相近的 15 0例作为对照组。测定两组新生儿出院时体重、经皮胆红素测定情况。结果 :两组出生时体重无明显差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,出院时两组体重有显著差异。剖宫产儿游泳组平均体重 (3134± 35 6 )g ,对照组平均体重 (3170± 4 10 )g ,P <0 0 0 1;阴道分娩儿游泳组平均体重 (330 4± 335 )g ;对照组平均体重 (312 3± 4 0 0 )g ,P <0 0 0 5。产后 4d经皮胆红素测定游泳组为 (7 6 1± 2 2 )mg/L ,对照组为 (8 13± 2 4 )mg/L ,有明显差异 (P <0 0 0 5 )。结论 :新生儿游泳有助于新生儿生长发育 ,是一项值得推广的健康保证活动     

极低出生体质量和极早早产与新生儿生存状况的关系

目的 探讨极低出生体质量和极早早产与新生儿的生存状况及相关影响因素.方法 选取2012年4月至2016年1月该院收治的极低出生体质量儿(VLBWI)和极早早产儿(VPI) 142例,选取同期出生的非VLBWI和非VPI 140例,比较入组新生儿的生存状况及远期预后,根据生存状况将VLBWI与VPI分为死亡组和存活组,对两组患儿的临床资料进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析.结果 出生体质量小于1 500、1 500～2 500、＞2 500 g新生儿的预后不良发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).胎龄小于32周、32～37周、≥37周新生儿的预后不良发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).死亡组新生儿的胎龄、出生体质量和产前使用地塞米松的比例明显低于存活组,母亲年龄、窒息、胎粪吸入、妊娠高血压综合征和机械通气比例明显高于存活组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).≤28周胎龄、≤1 000 g出生体质量、窒息是影响VLBWI与VPI生存状况的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 VLBWI与VPI的生存状况及远期预后不佳,易发生智力和运动障碍.     

Predictors of mortality in very low birth weight neonates in India

INTRODUCTION: Very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates constitute approximately 4-7 percent of all live births and their mortality is very high. The objective of the present study was to determine the predictors of mortality in VLBW neonates. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of VLBW neonates admitted over three years was studied. Exclusion criteria were: (1) neonates weighing less than 500 g and with gestational age less than 26 weeks; (2) presence of lethal congenital malformations; and (3) death in the delivery room or within 12 hours of life. The outcome measure was in-hospital death. Medical records were reviewed and data was analysed. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were done to determine the predictors of mortality. RESULTS: A total of 260 cases were enrolled, of which a total of 96 (36.9 percent) babies died. The survival rate was found to increase with the increase in birth weight and gestational age. Univariate analysis showed maternal per vaginal bleeding, failure to administer steroid antenatally, Apgar score less than or equal to 5 at one minute, apnoea, gestational age, neonatal septicaemia and shock are the factors directly responsible for neonatal mortality. Logistic regression equation showed maternal bleed (1.326), apnoea (3.159), birth weight (0.037), gestational age (0.063), hypothermia (1.132) and shock (3.49) predicted 65 percent of mortality in VLBW babies. CONCLUSION: Common antenatal and perinatal predictors of mortality in VLBW infants in India include maternal bleed, failure to administer antenatal steroids, low Apgar score, apnoea, extreme prematurity, neonatal septicaemia and shock.     

308例母婴同室婴儿疾病分析

目的 :探讨母婴同室后新生儿疾病发病情况及母婴同室对新生儿疾病的影响。方法 :对 1995年 1月～1999年 12月出生的母婴同室的婴儿患病情况及病因进行分析。结果 :母婴同室婴儿人数 6 6 5 2人 ,患不同疾病 30 8例 ,患病率为 4.6 %。主要疾病为高胆红素血症 12 5例 ,占 40 .5 8% ,其次为肺炎 10 8例 ,占 35 .0 6 %。结论 :①母婴同室婴儿发病率高。尽管他们出生时情况良好 ,但仍需要密切观察 ,认真预防疾病。②本组主要疾病为高胆红素血症及肺炎 ,其次为脱水热、呕吐、低血糖。因此 ,要加强母乳喂养的指导。对剖宫产母亲应耐心指导 ,鼓励早喂哺、勤喂哺。如确实乳汁少应及时添加糖水和奶。③出生 3天内婴儿的监护极为重要。应密切观察婴儿的面色、呼吸、哭声、反应等病情骤变征象 ,一旦发生应及时救治     

子痫前期程度与新生儿出生结局的关系

目的了解母亲妊娠合并子痫前期所生新生儿的患病情况,探讨母亲妊娠子痫前期程度与新生儿疾病、脑损伤、脑发育的关系。方法收集并分析2008年1月～2010年5月住院的妊娠合并子痫前期产妇及新生儿资料,将妊娠子痫前期产妇分为轻、重度,对其分娩新生儿从早产儿、小于胎龄儿的发病率、新生儿脑损伤及脑发育落后情况进行分析。结果重度子痫前期母亲所生新生儿在早产儿、小于胎龄儿、脑损伤、脑发育落后发生率方面均高于轻度组（P〈0．05）。结论妊娠期合并子痫前期可引起多种新生儿疾病,严重新生儿疾病与孕母子痫前期程度有关,脑损伤及脑发育不成熟值得关注。     

乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染对胎儿生长发育的影响.

目的：探讨乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染对胎儿生长发育的影响。方法：回顾性分析194例HBsAg阳性的孕妇及其新生儿的临床资料,并随机选取296例HBsAg阴性的孕妇及其新生儿作为对照组,分析这两组的妊娠并发症,围产儿结局及胎儿发育指标。结果：1. HBsAg阳性孕妇所生新生儿出生体重和胎盘体积较HBsAg阴性孕妇小。孕妇HBV感染状态与胎儿出生体重,身长及FGR发生率无明显关系;孕妇HBV-DNA阳性组的胎盘体积较阴性组小,ALT异常组的胎盘体积大于ALT正常组。2. 新生儿HBsAg阳性组的出生体重、身长,胎盘体积均较阴性组低,FGR发生率较阴性组高。3.新生儿HBeAg阳性组FGR发生率较阴性组高,胎盘体积较阴性组小。4.新生儿HBsAb阳性组胎盘体积较阴性组大。结论：乙型肝炎病毒感染可导致胎盘体积缩小,出生体重降低,新生儿HBsAb对胎盘有一定的保护作用。     

冻融胚胎移植和新鲜胚胎移植出生体重的比较

目的探讨冻融胚胎移植对新生儿出生体重的影响。方法收集新鲜胚胎移植活产918例;冻融胚胎移植活产751例;以及同期自然妊娠活产555例的临床资料,比较单双胎情况下自然妊娠、新鲜胚胎移植、冻融胚胎移植各组间的胎龄、早产率、出生体重、LBW比例、VLBW比例以及巨大儿比例。结果冻融胚胎移植与新鲜胚胎移植单胎组和双胎组的胎龄、早产率、出生体重、LBW比例、VLBW比例以及巨大儿比例均无显著差异（P均〉0.05）。结论与新鲜胚胎移植比较,冻融胚胎移植技术不影响胎儿的胎龄、新生儿的出生体重。