新型PDMS渗透蒸发膜处理含酚废水的研究

以聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)为原料,甲苯为溶剂,甲基三乙氧基硅烷为交联剂,二丁基二月桂酸锡为催化剂,制得PDMS渗透蒸发膜,以分离因子、渗透通量作为膜分离性能的主要评价指标,研究了交联剂用量及操作条件对膜性能的影响.结果表明,交联剂用量增加,膜对苯酚的选择性增加,渗透通量先上升后下降;料液温度升高,膜的选择性降低,而渗透通量增加;料液浓度增加,膜的选择系数和渗透通量均增加;料液流速加快,膜的渗透通量和选择系数均增加;下游侧压力升高,渗透通量减小,而选择系数增加.在料液温度为60℃、质量浓度为0.5 g·L~(-1)、体积流量为0.6L·min~(-1),下游侧压力为6kPa时,膜的渗透通量为98mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),膜对苯酚的选择系数为5.12.     

PVA膜渗透汽化分离低浓度丙酮/水溶液的实验研究

采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）膜渗透汽化分离浓缩低浓度丙酮/水溶液,考察了原料液浓度、温度、膜后真空度等对PVA膜渗透通量和分离因子的影响。结果表明,随着原料液浓度的增加、温度和膜后真空度的升高,渗透通量和分离因子均呈增加的趋势,温度对渗透通量的影响基本符合Arrhenius方程。     

水性聚氨酯膜渗透蒸发分离苯/环己烷的条件及过程

以聚己二酸1,4-丁二醇酯二醇（PBA-2000）和甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）为主要原料合成水性聚氨酯膜,并对苯/环己烷混合液渗透蒸发性能进行测试,讨论了苯/环己烷混合体系的渗透蒸发分离过程特点。结果表明,当膜厚度增大时,分离因子提高而渗透通量随之下降,这个变化趋势在膜较薄时很明显,达到一定厚度后则变化比较平缓;膜下游侧真空度提高会同时提高膜的分离因子和通量;增大料液中苯的浓度,提高料液温度会提高通量并降低分离因子。液体被分离组分在渗透蒸发膜中经历了吸附溶胀-膜内汽化-气体扩散的质量传递过程,“干区”对分离的影响作用更加显著。     

水性聚氨酯膜渗透蒸发分离苯/环己烷的条件及过程

以聚己二酸1,4-丁二醇酯二醇(PBA-2000)和甲苯二异氰酸酯(TDI)为主要原料合成水性聚氨酯膜,并对苯/环己烷混合液渗透蒸发性能进行测试,讨论了苯/环己烷混合体系的渗透蒸发分离过程特点。结果表明,当膜厚度增大时,分离因子提高而渗透通量随之下降,这个变化趋势在膜较薄时很明显,达到一定厚度后则变化比较平缓;膜下游侧真空度提高会同时提高膜的分离因子和通量;增大料液中苯的浓度,提高料液温度会提高通量并降低分离因子。液体被分离组分在渗透蒸发膜中经历了吸附溶胀—膜内汽化—气体扩散的质量传递过程,"干区"对分离的影响作用更加显著。     

聚二甲基硅氧烷/聚醚砜复合膜渗透汽化分离水中乙酸的性能研究

制备了聚二甲基硅氧烷/聚醚砜(PDMS/PES)复合膜,用于乙酸/水体系的渗透汽化分离。研究了料液质量浓度、温度、流速及下游侧压力对渗透汽化分离性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着料液中乙酸质量浓度的增大,渗透通量增加,而分离因子呈先增大后减小的趋势;随着料液温度的升高,渗透通量增大而分离因子减小;随着料液流速的增大,渗透通量增大而分离因子减小,当达到湍流状态后,两者的变化趋势不明显;随着下游侧压力的增大,渗透通量和分离因子均减小,为获得较好的分离效果应使透过侧保持尽可能高的真空度。     

操作条件对渗透汽化法分离乙醇/水的影响

生物发酵产生燃料醇类过程中,由于发酵液产物复杂,产物抑制作用十分严重,极大地降低了发酵效率。将渗透汽化引入发酵过程中,采用透醇膜不断地移出发酵产物将十分有利于发酵过程的进行。实验采用聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)/聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)复合膜,将其应用于模拟醇类发酵液体系的分离。将操作温度、进料液浓度、膜下游侧压力等作为对复合膜渗透汽化性能的影响条件。实验结果表明,随着进料液温度的升高,通量随之升高,分离因子上升到一定值后下降。当温度为59.85℃时,分离因子达到最大,为9.37,通量为3.26kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。膜下游侧压力越小,通量越大,分离因子越高;进料液浓度越高,总通量越高,分离因子降低。     

蒙脱石填充改性PDMS膜对稀溶液中苯的渗透分离性能

研究了CTAB柱撑改性蒙脱石填充聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)膜对稀溶液中苯的渗透分离性能,考察了操作温度、有机蒙脱石填充量及料液中苯浓度对填充膜分离性能的影响. 结果表明,蒙脱石的填充不但能增强膜的机械性能,而且能明显改善膜的分离性能,随着蒙脱石填充量的增加,渗透通量增大,而分离因子先增大后减小;随着操作温度的提高,渗透通量明显增大,分离因子却减小;当料液中苯浓度增大时,苯通量增大,水通量保持不变,而分离因子减小. 用填充量为9.09%的填充膜对苯浓度为1000 kg/kg的料液进行渗透汽化实验,得到膜的渗透通量为115 g/(m2×h),分离因子达到798,比纯PDMS膜通量增大了12%,分离因子增大了32%.     

聚醚共聚酰胺(PEBA)膜的溶胀和渗透汽化行为研究

用涂布法制备出PEBA均质膜,分别测试了膜在纯醋酸正丁酯、水以及醋酸正丁酯稀水溶液中的溶胀率,并考察了浸泡时间、温度和溶液浓度对溶胀率的影响;结果表明:PEBA膜在水中溶胀很小,对醋酸正丁酯具有优先吸附能力;溶胀率随浸泡时间的延长、浸泡液浓度和温度的升高而逐渐上升。渗透汽化实验表明膜对醋酸正丁酯的良好选择性,膜的渗透通量和分离因子随着浓度的增加而增加,渗透通量随着温度的升高而增加,但分离因子随温度的升高而减小;当原料液浓度为0.6%(wt)时,醋酸正丁酯的渗透通量为143.9g·m-2·h-1,分离因子达到236.9。     

固载纳米银的聚酰亚胺混合基质膜的制备及其渗透汽化分离苯的性能

以AgNO_3为前驱体,利用浸渍吸附-热还原过程合成纳米Ag粒子-氧化石墨烯复合物,将该复合物通过共混法掺杂到聚酰亚胺高分子中,制备固载纳米银的聚酰亚胺混合基质膜,探索该膜在不同条件下对苯/环己烷混合物的渗透汽化分离性能。结果发现,热还原后得到的复合物中存在单质Ag,且Ag粒子良好地分散在氧化石墨烯表面。混合基质膜中Ag含量在15 wt%以内时,Ag粒子在膜中的分散性非常好,膜中没有出现明显的Ag粒子团聚物;当Ag含量超过20 wt%时,膜中出现了较为明显的Ag粒子团聚的形貌。在不同比例的苯/环己烷料液中,混合基质膜对料液渗透通量和分离因子的影响趋势总体相同。随着料液中苯质量分数的增加,膜的渗透通量也增加,分离因子则相反;随着温度的升高,膜的渗透通量也增高,分离因子则反之。     

细菌纤维素膜渗透汽化分离二元有机物水溶液

采用动静结合的方式制备出了细菌纤维素膜。以乙醇水溶液、丙酮水溶液、乙酸水溶液为研究对象,研究了渗细菌纤维素膜的吸附性能,并讨论了透汽化过程中原料液浓度、温度对分离效果的影响及渗透汽化过程中可能的分离机理。结果表明,细菌纤维素膜能够优先透水,在渗透汽化分离乙醇和丙酮时,渗透通量随浓度的上升呈下降的趋势,温度对渗透通量的影响基本符合Arrhenius方程渗透汽化分离二者时,分离因子随浓度的增加先增加后减小。渗透汽化分离乙酸时,渗透通量随浓度的上升呈先上升后下降的趋势,分离因子变化不明显,温度对渗透通量的影响偏离Arrhenius方程较明显。     

TiO_2/PVA杂化膜的渗透蒸发性能及结构表征

通过纳米TiO2粒子填充改性制备了新型TiO2/PVA杂化膜。红外光谱表明纳米TiO2表面的羟基与聚乙烯醇(PVA)链上的羟基存在较强的氢键作用。扫描电镜显示当TiO2的质量分数低于1.5%时,在PVA中分散均匀。X射线衍射显示纳米TiO2的加入降低了膜的结晶度。通过对含水质量分数低于20%的水/乙醇体系的脱水研究了该杂化膜的渗透性能,考察了TiO2粒子填充量、料液质量分数和温度与膜分离性能之间的关系。渗透通量J随着TiO2、水质量分数和温度的升高而增加,分离因子随着温度和水质量分数的升高而下降,在TiO2质量分数为1.5%时分离因子达到最佳值。40℃下分离质量分数85%的乙醇水溶液,分离因子可达1 590,渗透通量为0.049kg/(m2.h)。     

Ultrasound Assisted Pervaporation Separation of Pyridine/Water Mixtures Using Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Polyacrylonitrile Blend Membranes

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/polyacrylonitrile blend membranes were prepared to separate pyridine/water mixtures by pervaporation. The membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of membrane composition, feed pyridine concentration, operating temperature, downstream pressure and ultrasound irradiation on the separation process were evaluated. The experimental results indicated that with increasing PVA mass ratio and operating temperature the permeate flux increased but the separation factor decreased, while with increasing feed concentration and downstream pressure the separation factor increased and the permeate flux decreased. It was observed that Ultrasound irradiation enhanced the permeate flux.     

Pervaporation properties of oleyl alcohol-filled polydimethylsiloxane membranes for the recovery of phenol from wastewater

In the present work, the modified polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes incorporated by oleyl alcohol (OA) were prepared for the first time. The polymeric membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after modification. These membranes were used for the pervaporative separation of phenol from wastewater. The effects of OA loading and feed temperature on the pervaporation performances have been investigated. The influence of ignoring the partial pressure at the permeate side was compared and discussed. The results showed that the OA presence increased phenol flux and separation factor, and decreased water flux greatly with less than 9 wt% OA loading. The highest pervaporation separation index was obtained with 5 wt% OA loading. The driving force of phenol across the membranes was much lower than that of water, and permeation of phenol was much higher than water in nature. It is necessary to discuss and compare the intrinsic properties of different membranes using permeation and selectivity, even though the membranes are tested under the same feed temperature and concentration. The partial pressure of phenol at the permeation side cannot be simply omitted for its great effect on the permeation. Increasing feed temperature will result in the increase of flux and separation factor, but decrease of permeation.     

渗透蒸发过程脱除水溶液中挥发性有机物的研究

采用自制的PDMS膜研究了从VOCs (挥发性有机化合物 )稀水溶液中脱除VOCs的渗透蒸发过程。以分离因子和渗透通量为评价指标 ,考察了料液浓度、温度和流动状况以及膜下游压力对膜的渗透蒸发分离性能的影响 ;并研究了针对脱除水溶液中VOCs的渗透蒸发过程的传质模型。     

改性复膜对微水异丙醇的渗透汽化脱水

介绍了用缩甲醛改性的PVA/PAN复合膜的制备方法,并用于质量分数低于5%的微水异丙醇体系的渗透汽化(PV)深度脱水研究,考察了操作温度、料液浓度与操作压力等因素对分离性能的影响。渗透通量J与分离系数α均随温度的升高而增大,而随料液异丙醇浓度的升高J减小而α增大,在72℃、1.6 kPa膜后压力下,该膜对含异丙醇质量分数为98%的体系,仍有α=316,J=262 g/(m.h)的分离效能,显示了较好的工业应用前景。     

A study of permeation of organic solvents through polymeric membranes based on polymeric alloys of polyphosphonates and acetyl cellulose. II. Separation of benzene,cyclohexene, and cyclohexane

Membranes prepared from polymeric alloys of polyphosphonates and acetyl cellulose are highly permeable to benzene and the cyclohexene, but practically impermeable to the aliphatic hydrocarbons cyclohexane and decalin. Pervaporation and osmotic distillation techniques were used in order to achieve separation of the benzene–cyclohexane mixtures. The flux of the permeate increases sharply with increasing temperature, concentration of benzene in the feed solution, and fraction of polyphosphonate in the membrane. The increase of permeate flux is accompanied by a slight decrease of the separation factors. The permeation characteristics of the membranes were compared with those predicted from the results of sorption experiments. The agreement between the observed and the predicted fluxes and separation factors indicates that the permeation mechanism can be described in terms of molecular diffusion. The high selectivity of the membranes makes possible the development of a novel “osmotic distillation” technique. Such a technique, which combines osmotic permeation of organic liquids with conventional distillation, may be advantageous in the separations of azeotropic mixtures.     

Pervaporation separation of isopropanol/benzene mixtures using inorganic–organic hybrid membranes

A series of pervaporation hybrid membranes were prepared from polyethylene glycol (PEG) and phenylaminomethyl trimethoxysilane (PAMTMS) based on the sol‐gel process, in which PEG was used as an organic moiety to improve the affinity for organic alcohols and silicone of PAMTMS was used as inorganic moiety to increase the permeation flux of organic species. Their application to separate isopropanol/benzene mixtures was investigated. FTIR spectra confirmed the reaction products. DSC measurement revealed that the influence of PEG content on the T_g and thermal behavior of membranes A, B, and C. FE‐SEM images exhibited that phase‐separated structure has occurred when the PEG content elevated to some extent. Pervaporation experiments showed that the permeation flux increased and the separation factor decreased with an increase in isopropanol (IPA) content in feed at 30°C. Meanwhile, the separation factor increased with an increase in feed temperature at 60 vol % IPA content. Moreover, it was found that the permeation flux was independent of the feed temperature, suggesting that feed temperature has little impact on the thermal motion of polymer chains. The increasing cross‐linking degree in hybrid matrix might be responsible for such trend. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that these pervaporation hybrid membranes have potential applications in the separation of isopropanol/benzene binary mixtures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

聚乙烯醇-二氧化硅/聚丙烯腈杂化复合膜渗透蒸发分离己内酰胺/水溶液

制备了以聚乙烯醇(PVA)填充纳米SiO2改性膜为活性层,聚丙烯腈(PAN)超滤膜为底膜的PVA-SiO2/PAN杂化复合膜,并用于己内酰胺(CPL)脱水。用FTIR,SEM,XRD,TGA分别对膜进行了表征,并考察了膜中纳米SiO2粒子的质量分数、进料组分质量分数和温度对复合膜分离性能的影响。结果表明,引入纳米SiO2后,杂化膜的热稳定性明显提高。当膜中纳米SiO2质量分数为1.0%时,复合膜渗透蒸发分离性能最佳。60℃下此复合膜用于分离质量分数为40%的CPL溶液时,其总通量和分离因子分别达到2 177 g/(m2.h)和349。