ICP-AES法测定广西中药白花丹不同部位常量及微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES) 分析广西中药白花丹根、茎、叶3个部位的20种常量及微量元素。结果显示,白花丹中除了含人体必需的常量元素K,Ca,Na,Mg外, 还有Zn,Fe,Mn, Cr,Co等必需的微量元素和其他元素Mo, Sb,Bi,Cd, Sr,Pb,Cd,As等。各元素的含量在白花丹的根,茎,叶中分布不同, 在叶和根中的含量比较丰富,与白花丹的抗菌, 抗肿瘤及抗氧化活性的药用有效部位在根部和叶部的结果一致,如Na,K,Ca,Zn,Fe,Mn,Sr,Cu,Co等含量在叶中含量最高,根次之。在许多抗癌中药中,Zn,Mn,Fe的含量通常比较高,Cr,Sr,Cu的含量也至关重要,作为传统抗癌中药的白花丹中就含有丰富的Zn,Mn,Fe和一定量的Sr,Cr,Cu元素,测定结果为探讨中草药中常量、微量元素与生物活性之间的相互协同关系提供了有用的数据,也为更好地开发和利用白花丹药用资源提供理论依据。     

稀土纳米金对银染效果的影响及其UV-Vis吸收光谱

制备了La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒和纳米金,分别用La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒替代部分的纳米金,研究了La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒分别对银染效果的影响及其紫外可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱。与纳米金相比,La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒可延长银染后的斑点持续的时间,其中Nd-Au微粒的效果最好,斑点持续的时间为30 min,是纳米金的2.7倍;可大幅度加深斑点的颜色,其中Nd-Au,Sm-Au微粒的效果最好,用Nd微粒替代部分的纳米金,纳米金用量降低了80%,但还能提高银染法的灵敏度。在200～800 nm范围,La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒和纳米金溶液的UV-Vis吸收光谱只有一个吸收峰,λ_max分别为275,277,276,276,278,277,278和521 nm;La-Au,Ce-Au,Nd-Au,Sm-Au,Eu-Au,Gd-Au,Dy-Au微粒混合液的UV-Vis吸收光谱有两个吸收峰,λ_max(RE)和λ_max(Au)分别为276和522 nm,276和522 nm,276和523 nm,276和523 nm,276和522 nm,276和522 nm,276和523 nm,纳米金和La微粒的吸收峰的波长发生了红移,Ce,Eu,Gd,Dy微粒的吸收峰的波长发生了蓝移,Nd,Sm微粒的吸收峰的波长不变,纳米金与稀土微粒可能有相互作用。     

磁化溶液样品对ICP发射光谱的增敏效应

利用磁感应强度为0.24T的磁场处理含乙醇的水溶液,研究了样品溶液的物理性质和雾化特性以及样品溶液中元素的谱线强度随磁化时间的变化情况,并且讨论了磁化机理。实验结果表明,随着磁处理时间的延长,分析样品的有效利用率提高了;当样品中加入乙醇时,元素的谱线强度较早地出现了峰值。在磁化时间为2 h的条件下,不含乙醇的样品溶液中,元素Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Si, Cu, Cr和Sr的谱线强度比溶液未磁化时分别提高了22.9%, 38.8%, 25.6%, 48.3%, 52.4%, 6.0%, 22.3%和22.7%;含6%乙醇的样品溶液中,元素Zn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Si, Cu, Cr和Sr的谱线强度比溶液未磁化时分别增加了22.4%, 42.6%, 39.4%, 43.9%, 72.4%, 9.7%, 16.1%和17.1%。样品溶液磁化后进行分析, 有利于降低光谱分析检出限。     

物理学咬文嚼字之三十二 切呀切

物理学涉及许多与切相关的词汇.与切相关的西文词包括源于■的atom,anatomy,tomography,dichoto-my;源于caedere的incise,suicide,decide;源于scindere的abscission,shear,abscissa,schizophrenic,scissor;源于seper-are的separate,sever;源于secare的section,segment,saw,sector,等等.此外,cut,carve,slit,slice,tri m,truncate,prune,amputate,chop等动词也都是切的意思.一些本意为切的西文词,其中文译文字面已无痕迹,而tangent,inter-cept,frustum等本身不含切的意思的词却被汉译为切.     

内蒙古兴和县育龄妇女头发中矿质元素分布及影响因素研究

使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)分别对内蒙古自治区兴和县180名农村育龄妇女头发中21种矿物元素(铝,硼,钡,钙,镉,钴,铬,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)的含量及年龄、生育史及饮食习惯等对其产生的影响进行了研究。结果表明,大多数矿物元素(硼,镉,铬,钴,铜,铁,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,硒,硅,锡,锶,钛,钒和锌)含量从青年组(18～29岁)到老年组(40～45岁)依次减少,而中年组(30～39岁)的钙,镁,锰、铅的含量最低。生育二胎的妇女钙,镁,锰,钼,镍,铅,锡,锶和锌含量最低,这可能与生育次数的增加有关,相关性分析证实钙,铅和锡与生育史有显著性相关。此外,饮食习惯也会影响头发中矿物质元素的含量。经常食用酸菜会导致锌,铁,铜,锰,锶含量水平较低,但钼,铅和硒含量水平较高。而且,锌和硒含量随肉类摄入频率增加而增加。规律性摄入蔬菜会增加硅的含量。同时,经常食用水果会增加锰,镍和钛的含量水平。因此,该研究为解决不均衡饮食习惯盛行的农村地区生育和妇女健康提供基础数据和有用的信息。     

微波消解/ICP-MS法测定二色补血草中27种元素

采用微波消解及ICP-MS,建立了一种测定二色补血草中Be,B,Na,Al,Mg,P,K,Ca,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu, Zn,Ga,As,Se,Sr,Mo,Cd,Ba,La,Hg,Pb和Th共27种元素的方法.实验采用国家一级标准物质茶叶(GBW-07605)评价了方法的准确性,通过在线加入Ge,In和Bi三种元素内标液的方法来校正由于基体效应和信号漂移对测量所造成的影响.方法的回收率为92.4%～107.2%,相对标准偏差为1.5%～9.7%,检出限为0.002～0.081 μg·L-2,元素的测定结果表明:二色补血草中含有丰富的Na,K,Ca,Mg和P等常量元素,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cr和Cu等微量元素.实验结果为深入研究二色补血草无机元素与药效的相关性提供了参考数据.     

GFAAS中理论原子化效率与原子化温度的关系的研究

本文在有效地控制和消除基体干扰的基础上 ,探讨了Ag ,As,Au ,Bi,Cd ,Co ,Cr,Cu ,Fe ,Ga,Hg ,Mn ,Mo ,Ni,Sb ,Pb和V元素的理论原子化效率与原子化温度的关系。研究表明 :元素的理论原子化效率是原子化温度的函数 ,在一定的原子化温度范围内 ,理论原子化效率与原子化温度呈线性递增关系 ,对研究的十八个元素其线性的相关系数在 0 994 0～ 0 9993之间 ,且斜率大部分在 0 0 6～ 0 0 7之间 ,说明在一定的原子化温度范围内 ,理论原子化效率随原子化温度变化的斜率是相近的。     

微波消解-ICP-AES法测定新疆不同产地天山花楸枝叶及果实中的元素

采用微波消解-ICP-AES技术,测定了新疆不同产地天山花楸枝叶及果实中Ca,K,Mg,Na,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu,Pb,As等十种元素的含量。结果发现:不同产地的天山花楸枝叶及果实中元素的含量均有差异,枝叶中的含量较果实中的含量要丰富,对人体有益的Ca,K,Mg,Na,Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu等元素的含量均较高,有害元素Pb和As的含量较低。实验结果为更好的开发和利用新疆天山花楸药用资源提供科学依据。     

物理学咬文嚼字之六十一 随机

随机性问题在数学和物理学中有着举足轻重的地位。涉及偶然性和概率的词汇包括probability,chance,possibility,randomness,stochastics,opportunity,haphazard,accidental,aleatory,casual,等等,汉语表述难免混乱不堪。量子力学的probabilistic nature基于复几率幅的概念,与经典概率论有层次上的不同。     

ICP-AES法测定砖茶中多种生命元素

建立了用ICP-AES法分析砖茶中Ca,Mg,K,Al,P,Cu,Zn,Fe,Mn等9种生命元素的方法,相对标准偏差在2.11%～8.68% 之间,标准物质的测定结果满意,方法简便可靠。对砖茶中9种元素分析结果与普通茶叶作了比较分析, 结果表明砖茶中P,Zn,K,Cu的含量均低于普通茶叶,分别只有普通茶叶的48.70%,78.19%,85.68%和98.78%,而Al,Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg的含量均高于普通茶叶,分别是普通茶叶的5.78,3.26,2.19,2.11和1.64倍。文章为研究砖茶中生命元素对饮茶型氟中毒的影响因素提供了大量有益的参考数据。     

Effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics of a low carbon boron steel

The effect of ausforming temperature and strain on the bainitic transformation kinetics was investigated in a low carbon boron steel. A new mechanism, which is based on the competition between the increase in nucleation rate and the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf after deformation, is proposed. The increase in nucleation rate is due to the decrease in boron concentration at the grain boundaries after small deformation and the formation of sub-grain boundaries at the grain interior after large deformation. The decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf is ascribed to the frequent impingement of bainite sub-units after deformation. The increase in nucleation rate after deformation results in the decrease in incubation time, which is confirmed from the experiment. The increase in nucleation rate overcomes the decrease in average volume of bainite sheaf, resulting in the increase in transformation velocity and volume fraction after small deformation. On the contrary, the decrease in the average volume of bainite sheaf overcomes the increase in nucleation rate after large deformation, leading to the decrease in transformation velocity and volume fraction of bainite.     

引出口的几何参数对团簇形成影响的DSMC研究

利用直接模拟蒙特卡洛方法(DSMC),模拟了气体凝聚团簇源的引出口尺寸和中心位置不同的条件下,Cu团簇的尺寸分布以及模拟了随着时间的增长,腔内团簇数目的变化.模拟结果表明:引出口的直径越大,产生大团簇的比例越小;在引出口的直径相同的情况下,引出口的中心位置偏离坐标原点比在原点产生的大团簇的比例要大;随着时间的增长,腔内团簇数目先变多后变少.     

Photostability of a C<Subscript>60</Subscript> fullerene coating as a solid-phase photosensitizer of singlet oxygen

The stability of the optical properties and the generation efficiency of singlet oxygen of a solidphase photosensitizer based on fullerene in an aqueous suspension subjected to prolonged intense irradiation with visible light are studied in comparison with a photosensitizer based on methylene blue in an aqueous solution. Changes in the absorption spectra show that, as a result of 20-min irradiation, the content of fullerene decreases by 2% from its initial value, while that of methylene blue decreases by 19%. In both cases, the dynamics of the decrease in the photosensitizing ability of the photosensitizers in the course of their irradiation correlates with the changes in their spectra, but the magnitude of this decrease in the case of the solid-phase photosensitizer is greater than the magnitude of its spectral changes because of the surface nature of the photosensitization process. The study of the absorption spectra of fullerene coatings shows that their irradiation in water or in air causes the same photodegradation of fullerene. At the same time, studies with the help of the electron spin resonance (ESR) technique reveal differences in the nature of processes undergone by fullerene in water and in air.     

Spectral luminescence properties of indotricarbocyanine dye in biological tissues

We have established that the shape and position of the maximum in the fluorescence spectrum of an indotricarbocyanine dye in tumor and normal tissues in vivo change over time after intravenous injection of the dye. Based on analysis of the spectral properties of the dye in vivo and in blood plasma, the dependence of the properties on the time since injection has shown that in the living body, the environment of the dye molecule changes as the photosensitizer goes from the skin into the tissue. We have established that in tissues in vivo, the dye molecules are localized in a region with low dielectric constant of the medium. We have shown that the change in the ratio of the concentrations of the different forms of hemoglobin in the blood has an effect on the absorption and shape of the fluorescence spectrum of the dye in tissues in vivo.     

Influence of X-ray on the autophagic-lysosomal system in rat pancreatic acini

Lysosomes have an important role in radiation injury of cells and tissues. Activation of autophagy is frequently observed in different types of pathological tissue degeneration. In radiation response it increases in some cases, and lysosomes are responsible for regulated degradation of the autophagic vacuoles. Lysosomes are also involved in ionizing radiation induced cell death. In apoptosis lysosomes degrade content of the phagocytotic vacuoles derived from engulfed apoptotic blebs. On the other hand lysosomal enzymes discharged from disintegrated cells have a key role in induction of necrotic changes. In this work we investigate autophagy and lysosomal protein degradation in the relatively radiation insensitive exocrine pancreatic acini in vivo and in vitro. Type of cell death induced by X-ray was also examined in relation to the changes of the lysosomal processes. In 5h after 16 Gy in vivo whole body irradiation we observed significant increase in the cytoplasmic volume fraction of autophagic vacuoles and in the number of apoptotic cells in vivo. But in the acini isolated from irradiated rats we could not detect a change in the lysosomal degradation of intracellular proteins. Therefore irradiation probably influences the autophagy in an earlier step than lysosomal degradation. Extended necrotic lesions were not observed in vivo as long as 48 h. Isolated pancreatic acini usually contain more autophagic vacuoles than in vivo, but we could not observe additional increase in autophagy after 8 Gy, in vitro irradiation. Lysosomal degradation of intracellular proteins was also unaltered after 8 Gy, in vitro irradiation. Other biochemical functional parameters of the isolated pancreatic acini, like protein synthesis and amylase secretion were not changed either after 8 Gy, in vitro X-ray treatment. These results indicate that pancreatic acinar cells in vitro have a high tolerance to irradiation. The observed in vivo radiation induced changes of the exocrine pancreas are possibly indirectly induced by injuries of more sensitive mechanisms.     

Self-assembled monolayer resists and nanoscale lithography of silicon dioxide thin films by chemically enhanced vapor etching (CEVE)

We report on the use of electron-beam exposed monolayers of undecylenic acid in the etch rate enhancement of silicon dioxide films in HF vapor for the formation of nanoscale features in the oxide. Variations of the etching characteristics with electron beam parameters are examined and the results analyzed in terms of proposed models of the etching mechanism. Apparent variations in the relative concentrations of etch initiator with the thermal history of the samples prior to etching provides support for the dominant etch initiator within this system as the carboxylic acid moiety bound at the oxide surface. Other variations in the etching characteristics are discussed in terms of differences in localized concentrations of hydrocarbon crosslinks and the effect that this has upon the etch initiation. The process has been employed in the production of features in silicon dioxide surface masks with sizes down to 50 nm.     

Certain general questions of fast-electron transport II. Kinetic equations and conditions governing the accelerated motion of fast electrons in dielectrics in an electric field

A general kinetic equation for the differential density of fast particles moving in a medium in an external field is derived on the basis of the continuity equation in phase space. An equation is written for the differential flux in the case of fixed target particles. This equation is used to derive equations for fast electrons; account is taken of the coupling of energy-loss and scattering events in an electric field for various particular problems analogous to those studied in the theory of electron transport in the absence of a field. The kinetic equations are used to analyze the conditions governing accelerated motion of electrons in a dielectric in an external electric field in the continuous-deceleration approximation. Account is taken of fluctuations in the energy loss and of multiple scattering. There are two energy ranges of particles moving in a dielectric in which accelerated motion can occur; in the case of an electron beam with a continuous energy spectrum, this acceleration would be accompanied by monochromatization of the beam.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 7–12, February, 1972.     

Waveguide modes of 1D photonic crystals in a transverse magnetic field

We analyze waveguide modes in 1D photonic crystals containing layers magnetized in the plane. It is shown that the magnetooptical nonreciprocity effect emerges in such structures during the propagation of waveguide modes along the layers and perpendicularly to the magnetization. This effect involves a change in the phase velocity of the mode upon reversal of the direction of magnetization. Comparison of the effects in a nonmagnetic photonic crystal with an additional magnetic layer and in a photonic crystal with magnetic layers shows that the magnitude of this effect is several times larger in the former case in spite of the fact that the electromagnetic field of the modes in the latter case is localized in magnetic regions more strongly. This is associated with asymmetry of the dielectric layers contacting with the magnetic layer in the former case. This effect is important for controlling waveguide structure modes with the help of an external magnetic field.     

CPL技术在空间飞行器上的应用

本文对ＣＰＬ技术进行了简要概述,介绍了其工作原理与工作特性,并讨论了ＣＰＬ技术在空间飞行器上的可能应用方式。其中,对ＣＰＬ技术应用于空间设备的散热进行了全面阐述,并给予理论分析;此外,对ＣＰＬ技术应用于空间设备的主动热控制,也作了简要介绍;对ＣＰＬ技术未来有发展前景的应用方式进行了展望。     

Technological applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy

A brief review is given of some recent industrial applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy. One of the most desirable futures of the Mossbauer effect is the feasibility of performing in situ measurements. Such measurements are extremely important especially in the upgrading of coal derived liquids. Such applications have been very successful in understanding the role of iron sulfides stoichiometries in direct coal liquefaction. The use of in situ techniques in invaluable in the investigation of the metal support interaction and their relation to carburization processes in Fischer-Tropsch reactions. Some examples of such applications will be presented in this paper. In this paper, emphasis will be placed in the use of a multiple technique approach to elucidate scientific problems of industrial importance.