福建花岗岩类微量元素的某些特征

本文是根据定量分析成果,对27种微量元素应用数理统计、R型聚类分析和因子分析数学地质方法,总结我省花岗岩类微量元素的某些地球化学特征:花岗岩类微量元素的丰度及其分布特征(标准差、变异系数、偏倚系教、峰凸系数),元素间的组合规律,微量元素与岩石化学成分特定的内在联系,元素的富集或成矿与元素的丰度和赋存状态的关系,成矿元素的空间分布与区域构造背景和花岗岩成因的关系。     

大兴安岭北部中生代花岗岩类地球化学特征及地质意义

依据在大兴安岭北部开展的1：20万水系沉积物地球化学调查项目所采集的岩石样品的元素分析测试结果，对中生代花岗岩类39种元素含量进行了统计，分析了元素的地球化学特征，提出了大兴安岭北部中生代花岗岩类元素的丰度值.认为大兴安岭北部中生代花岗岩类具有富钾酸性花岗岩和富铝中酸性花岗岩两种地球化学类型的特征，这些特征与中生代构造运动和岩浆活动关系密切.     

中国花岗岩类化学元素组成的分维数特征

将各种化学元素的丰度集合视为一组丰度序列,首次将分维数(盒维数)应用于研究中国花岗岩类的化学元素组成及演化特征。原理上,分形的遍在性源于随机性的遍在性,分维数的取值可表征丰度序列的内部结构性及演化的方向性,为矿产资源勘查提供重要信息;实践上,以观测元素相容性序列为基础分析其地球化学行为,采用盒维数以不失观测变量的整体性。详细探讨了分维数与成岩序列上的演化趋势或分异程度与研究对象地球化学特征间的相互关系及作用机制,据以解释为何在组分、时间与空间上同属花岗岩类却呈现出截然相异的成矿专属性与含矿性;确立了从频数特征角度探讨化学元素组成研究的新思路。研究结果表明：中国花岗岩类化学元素在丰度序列演化中均存有某种形式的结构性演化,即在组成、时间及空间上的有序结构,传统的(对数)正态分布模型难以描述其频数规律。然而,累加(差)的频数却是服从分形分布的,分维数与聚类分析的结果十分接近,且其递减序列可作为研究体系演化程度的判据,具有相当重要的地球化学意义。     

中国东部大陆岩石地球化学图揭示的信息

根据中国东部各省（区、市）区域地质志、1：50万地质图和中国东部地壳与岩石元素丰度研究成果首次编制的中国东部60种元素的岩石地球化学图，基本反映了与特定岩性有关的区域岩石地球化学元素含量分布特征和与大地构造单元有关的区域地球化学元素舍量分布特征，直观表达了中国东部空间地理上元素背景含量的宏观分布与变化，以及不同大地构造单元元素背景含量的变化趋势。这一成果为勘查地球化学、环境地球化学，特别是区域化探扫面水系沉积物资料的定量解释提供了基本依据，为基础地质、大地构造、区域成矿研究提供了重要资料，也为地球化学块体理论及其形成机制的研究提供了强有力的支持。     

中国东部大陆岩石地球化学图揭示的信息

根据中国东部各省(区、市)区域地质志、1∶50万地质图和中国东部地壳与岩石元素丰度研究成果首次编制的中国东部60种元素的岩石地球化学图,基本反映了与特定岩性有关的区域岩石地球化学元素含量分布特征和与大地构造单元有关的区域地球化学元素含量分布特征,直观表达了中国东部空间地理上元素背景含量的宏观分布与变化,以及不同大地构造单元元素背景含量的变化趋势。这一成果为勘查地球化学、环境地球化学,特别是区域化探扫面水系沉积物资料的定量解释提供了基本依据,为基础地质、大地构造、区域成矿研究提供了重要资料,也为地球化学块体理论及其形成机制的研究提供了强有力的支持。     

海南岛王五—文教深大断裂带西南侧加来地区铷元素地球化学特征

本文以华南褶皱系五指山褶皱带北部加来地区地质特征为基础,进一步研究水系沉积物地球化学特征、土壤地球化学特征、岩石化学特征和矿物化学特征,探讨铷元素地球化学特征及其成因。研究表明：研究区内铷元素的水系沉积物异常、土壤地球化学异常、花岗岩类岩石化学特征和矿物化学特征基本吻合;本区花岗岩类中铷元素背景值普遍较高,但不同时期花岗岩类中铷元素背景值不一,中三叠世红岭花岗岩体中铷元素背景值最高;矿物原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素分析结果显示,花岗岩类中钾长石、白云母和黑云母是Rb₂O的主要载体矿物。     

中国东部大陆岩石地球化学图揭示的信息

根据中国东部各省(区、市)区域地质志、1:50万地质图和中国东部地壳与岩石元素丰度研究成果首次编制的中国东部60种元素的岩石地球化学图,基本反映了与特定岩性有关的区域岩石地球化学元素含量分布特征和与大地构造单元有关的区域地球化学元素含量分布特征,直观表达了中国东部空间地理上元素背景含量的宏观分布与变化,以及不同大地构造单元元素背景含量的变化趋势.这一成果为勘查地球化学、环境地球化学,特别是区域化探扫面水系沉积物资料的定量解释提供了基本依据,为基础地质、大地构造、区域成矿研究提供了重要资料,也为地球化学块体理论及其形成机制的研究提供了强有力的支持.     

区域地球化学推断地质体模型与应用——以花岗岩类侵入体为例

区域化探全国扫面计划获得的海量地球化学数据在基础地质和矿产勘查研究中已发挥了重要作用。全国矿产资源潜力评价化探工作组将全国陆地国土划分为5个地球化学域(古亚洲地球化学域、秦祁昆地球化学域、特提斯地球化学域、扬子地球化学域和滨太平洋地球化学域)和25个地球化学省。在全国地球化学图中位于云南西部地区的花岗岩类侵入体具有显著富K2O、Th、U、La、Y、Zr而贫Co、Ni、V、Cr、Ti、Fe2O3的特征。基于云南西部地区区域化探数据利用因子分析确定了高场强元素组合(F2)和相容元素组合(F1)两个公因子:F2=0.87Th+0.86Y+0.77U+0.77Zr+0.67La+0.61K2O+0.58Al2O3+0.53Be,F1=0.95Fe2O3+0.93V+0.93Ti+0.92Co+0.81Cr+0.80Ni。利用二者因子得分比值(F2/F1)构建了推断花岗岩类侵入体的区域地球化学综合指标和推断模型。以F2/F1为例介绍了制作地球化学图和地球化学异常图的方法技术。在F2/F1地球化学图中的高值区或在其地球化学异常图中的异常区与云南西部地区花岗岩类侵入体的地表出露范围十分吻合,从而验证了地球化学推断花岗岩类侵入体模型的可行性。基于构建的推断模型在全国近7百万平方千米的范围内进行推演并绘制F2/F1的地球化学图和地球化学异常图。选择华南中部地区进行详细分析,结果发现模型指标异常区与实测花岗岩类侵入体在空间形态和规模上十分吻合,尤其在韶关至桂林、贺州一带花岗岩类侵入体边界与F2/F1异常区边界几乎一致。这一结果不仅证实了针对花岗岩类侵入体所建立的区域地球化学推断模型的可行性,而且该模型在基础地质研究方面具有潜在应用价值。     

从锡田岩体的岩石化学特征探讨围岩对成矿的制约作用

通过对锡田岩体的岩石化学特征、成矿元素的地球化学性状及围岩中微量元素的地球化学丰度的研究,讨论了改造型花岗岩中的钨、锡等成矿物质主要来源于地层,并非由花岗岩浆分泌而来。     

南大别山（浠水—梅川）区域岩石地球化学特征

在详细地质研究基础上,分析了研究区变质岩－花岗岩区２８种岩石Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｈｇ,获得了岩石的元素丰度及研究区元素丰度;并以浓集克拉克值（研究区）和变异系数为主,讨论了不同岩类岩石微量元素丰度及其特征,提出了寻找金银多金属矿、特别是判断有关地球化学异常找矿意义的建议。     

Chemical composition of magmatic rocks in a certain region and its regional geochemical characteristics

Based on a review of the available petrological and petrochemical data on magmatic rocks in a certain region in China, the average chemical composition of them has been calculated, and the frequency distribution of elements in the rocks, the mineralization of rock bodies and the regional geochemical characteristics have been discussed. In response to temporal and spatial variations during the evolutionary process of magmatic activity, a systematic variation is obvious from this study in the chemical composition of magmatic rocks, the frequency distribution patterns of elements, the concentration levels of various elements and the calc-alkali index of the rocks as well as in the average atomic weight and average atomic valence. Particularly, different geochemical indicators have been established for mineralized and barren rock bodies, respectively. Crystallization-differentiation and post-magmatic metasomatism constitute the most important mechanism controlling mineralization.     

中国煤中有害微量元素含量的空间分布

煤中有害微量元素对生态环境和人体健康的潜在影响是地球化学和能源环境领域研究的热点之一,地球化学制图对深刻理解地球化学过程及其变化规律具有重要作用。目前,尚缺乏中国煤中有害微量元素含量的空间分布图。通过对中国煤炭样品中1 167个Be、1 315个Co、1 406个Cu、1 191个Mo、1 247个Th 和1 390个Zn含量数据进行统计分析,测算中国煤中Be、Co、Cu、Mo、Th 和 Zn 的平均含量,并利用ArcGIS技术绘制中国煤中Be、Co、Cu、Mo、Th、Zn的含量地球化学空间分布地图。结果表明:中国煤中有害微量元素含量跨度大,数据分布呈正偏性,不符合正态分布特征;中国煤中Be、Co、Cu、Mo、Th和Zn 的平均含量分别为2.10、5.53、21.36、2.19、7.35和30.02 mg/kg;各元素含量的空间分布极不均匀;煤中有害微量元素含量空间分布格局是多种因素综合作用的结果,如物源区母岩、热液作用、水运移作用等,其中热液作用是煤中有害微量元素异常富集的典型特征。研究成果可为煤中微量元素研究和环境管理提供直观有效的参考。      

Predictive geochemical mapping using environmental correlation

The distribution of chemical elements at and near the Earth's surface, the so-called critical zone, is complex and reflects the geochemistry and mineralogy of the original substrate modified by environmental factors that include physical, chemical and biological processes over time.Geochemical data typically is illustrated in the form of plan view maps or vertical cross-sections, where the composition of regolith, soil, bedrock or any other material is represented. These are primarily point observations that frequently are interpolated to produce rasters of element distributions. Here we propose the application of environmental or covariate regression modelling to predict and better understand the controls on major and trace element geochemistry within the regolith. Available environmental covariate datasets (raster or vector) representing factors influencing regolith or soil composition are intersected with the geochemical point data in a spatial statistical correlation model to develop a system of multiple linear correlations. The spatial resolution of the environmental covariates, which typically is much finer (e.g. ∼90 m pixel) than that of geochemical surveys (e.g. 1 sample per 10-10,000 km²), carries over to the predictions. Therefore the derived predictive models of element concentrations take the form of continuous geochemical landscape representations that are potentially much more informative than geostatistical interpolations.Environmental correlation is applied to the Sir Samuel 1:250,000 scale map sheet in Western Australia to produce distribution models of individual elements describing the geochemical composition of the regolith and exposed bedrock. As an example we model the distribution of two elements – chromium and sodium. We show that the environmental correlation approach generates high resolution predictive maps that are statistically more accurate and effective than ordinary kriging and inverse distance weighting interpolation methods. Furthermore, insights can be gained into the landscape processes controlling element concentration, distribution and mobility from analysis of the covariates used in the model. This modelling approach can be extended to groups of elements (indices), element ratios, isotopes or mineralogy over a range of scales and in a variety of environments.     

Separation of a geochemical anomaly from background by fractal and U-statistic methods,a case study: Khooni district,Central Iran

Separation of geochemical anomalies from background are one of the important steps in mineral exploration. The Khooni mineral district (Central Iran) has complex geochemical surface expression due to a complex geological background. This region was chosen as a study area for recognition of the spatial distribution of geochemical elements and separating anomalies from background using stream sediment geochemical data. In the past decades, geochemical anomalies have been identified by means of various methods. Some of these separation methods include: statistical analysis methods, spatial statistical methods and fractal and multi-fractal methods. In this article, two efficient methods, i.e. U-statistics and the fractal concentration-area for separation and detection of anomalous areas of the background were used. The U spatial statistic method is a weighted mean, which considers sampling point positions and their spatial relation in the estimation of anomaly location. Also, fractal and multi-fractal models have also been applied to separate anomalies from background values. In this paper, the concentration–area model (C–A) was suggested to separate the anomaly of background. For this purpose, about 256 stream sediment samples were collected and analyzed. Then anomaly maps of elements were generated based on U spatial statistics and the C-A fractal methods for Au, As and Sb elements. According to obtained results, the U-statistics method performed better than C-A method. Because the comparisons of the known deposits and occurrences against the anomalous area created using thresholds from U-statistics and C-A method show that the spatial U-statistics method hits all of 3 known deposits and occurrences, the C-A fractal method hits 1 and fails 2. In addition, the results showed that these methods with regard to spatial distribution and variability within neighboring samples, in addition to concentration value frequency distributions and correlation coefficients, have more accurate results than the traditional approaches.     

Early Precambrian granite-gneiss complexes in the Central Aldan Shield

The central portion of the Aldan Shield hosts very widely spread Archean and Early Proterozoic granitoids, much of which are granite-gneisses. Geochemical lines of evidence, data on inclusions in minerals, and Sm-Nd isotopic geochemical data suggest that the protoliths of granite-gneisses in the central part of the Aldan Shield were granitoids that had various composition, age, and were derived from distinct sources and under different parameters and were then emplaced in different geodynamic environments. The granitoids belong to at least two types of different composition that occur within spatially separated areas. The protoliths of granite-gneisses in the western part of the Western Aldan Megablock and the junction zone of the Chara-Olekma and Aldan geoblocks (granite-gneisses of type I) had the same age and affiliated to the same associations as the within-plate granitoids of the Nelyukinskii Complex. Their parental melts were derived at 2.4–2.5 Ga by the melting of Archean tonalite-trondhjemite orthogneisses of the Olekma and Aldan complexes. The protolith of granite-gneisses in the eastern portion of the Western Aldan Megablock (granite-gneisses of type II) can be subdivided into two groups according to their composition: granitoids with geochemical characteristics of subduction- and collision-related rocks. The protoliths of the type-II granite-gneisses with geochemical characteristics of subduction granitoids were produced simultaneously with the development of the Fedorovskaya island arc (at 2003–2013 Ma), whereas the protoliths of the type-II granite-gneisses with geochemical characteristics of collision granitoids were formed in the course of accretion of the Fedorovskaya island arc and the Olekma-Aldan continental microplate at 1962–2003 Ma, via the melting of magmatic rocks of the Fedorovskaya unit and older continental crustal material.     

Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages and geochemistry of Late Mesozoic granitoids in Western Zhejiang and Southern Anhui: constraints on the model of lithospheric thinning of Southeast China

ABSTRACT

We report geochemical data and zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages for Late Mesozoic granitoids from the western Zhejiang province and southern Anhui province (the WZSA region) from southeast China. In combination with published geochronological and geochemical data, the granitoids in the region can be divided into three stages: 171–141 Ma, 140–121 Ma, and 120–95 Ma. The first stage of these granitoids is mainly composed of granite porphyry and granodiorite which are similar to I-type granitoids, including having weakly negative Eu anomalies with enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE), Rb, Th, and U. The second stage of granitoids consists of monzogranite, syenogranite, and granite with the characteristics of both A-type and I-type granitoids including strongly negative Eu anomalies; depletion of Ba, Sr, and Ti; and enrichment of K, Rb, and high field strength elements (HFSEs) (such as Th and U). The third stage of granitoids is mainly composed of granite, quartz monzonite, quartz diorite, and mafic rocks with weakly negative Eu anomalies and also enrichment in LREE, Rb, Th, U, and K. From our work, we propose a transition from compressional to extensional magmatism at ~141 Ma. Based on the geochemical characteristics of these granites and coeval mafic rocks, we propose that the formation of the A-type magmatism in the WZSA region formed as the result of lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling during the Early Cretaceous.     

Geochemistry of carbon dioxide mineral waters of the Choigan natural complex (northeastern Tuva)

The abundance of various chemical elements (including trace, rare-earth, and radioactive) in the carbon dioxide mineral waters of the Choigan complex has been investigated. Three groups of waters are recognized according to the geochemical conditions and chemical composition: groundwaters of regional-jointing zone with oxidizing conditions; CO₂-enriched groundwaters of regional-jointing zone with oxidizing conditions; and groundwaters of fault zones with reducing conditions. It is shown that water–rock interaction intensified by high temperature and carbon dioxide action is the main process determining the chemical composition of groundwaters.     

甘肃北山地区大葫芦山一带地球化学特征及其找矿意义

通过对大葫芦山一带的地球化学特征、化探异常分布及异常特征的研究表明,岩石风化及元素迁移方式、风成沙干扰,对研究区水系沉积物中微量元素特征影响强烈;各地层单元及岩浆岩体构成不同的成矿地球化学环境.研究区发育3个具不同元素组合的综合异常,可分为受地层构造共同控制的和受花岗质岩石控制的2类异常,反映出不同的成矿作用、矿化空间、分布规律及找矿意义.     

浅析花岗岩类成矿专属性判别

花岗岩类具有成矿专属性。在不同大地构造背景及造山作用不同阶段,不同源岩的部分熔融形成类型、矿物学、岩石学和地球化学成分、成因、分异演化均不同的花岗岩类,它们均与相关的成矿元素组合具有一定的相关系,对花岗岩类成矿起关键性的控制作用。由此可见在判别花岗岩类的成矿专属性时需要综合考虑:野外判别、岩石化学成分判别、地球化学特征判别、花岗岩类成矿元素组合的大地构造控制判别。