复合材料胶接修补件力学性能的实验研究与数值模拟

进行复合材料修补的铝合金板的静强度实验,测定载荷-位移曲线,分析破坏机理,并讨论了胶层材料性能、复合材料补片性能与厚度等因素对修补件静强度的影响;建立了修补件的三维有限元模型,模拟修补件的载荷-位移曲线和应力分布,验证了模型的有效性;根据应力分布计算结果和失效准则,预测初始损伤及裂纹产生的位置,并估算破坏强度,预测结果...     

飞机用复合材料斜胶接修补结构的冲击损伤

高传力效率的斜面式胶接在飞机复合材料传力接头和修补中被广泛使用,但该结构的低速冲击损伤阻抗和损伤容限未在飞机结构设计中考虑。本文研究了低速冲击下的较厚的复合材料斜胶接板的力学性能及损伤失效。在胶接区域布置不同冲击点,寻找最敏感位置,在该位置进行冲击能量变化研究,通过冲击响应（冲击载荷、挠度、能量等）及冲击损伤两个方面获取其规律和失效机制。小能量和大能量冲击结果表明,胶接区域5个典型冲击位置中,中心位置冲击损伤最大,冲击敏感性最高,因此中心点为冲击损伤阻抗最小位置。中心点不同能量冲击时,冲击响应研究揭示了冲击过程中冲击载荷具有典型的4阶段行为。冲击载荷还具有双峰值力的现象。冲击后沿试样中心线切开的显微损伤图揭示了该结构有两种损伤模式,包括复合材料损伤及胶层损伤。复合材料的损伤包含90°和45°层基体的开裂和0°与90°层之间的层间损伤。胶层损伤出现在试样冲击点正下方背部的复合材料斜接尖端部位。进一步通过考虑复合材料层内、层间损伤及胶层损伤的渐进损伤模型对试验进行仿真研究,找出导致第Ⅱ阶段冲击载荷突降的主要原因为复合材料层间损伤,第Ⅳ阶段冲击载荷再一次突降是由于胶层出现了损伤。     

双斜接修补复合材料层合板的拉伸行为及影响因素双斜接修补复合材料层合板的拉伸行为及影响因素

基于试验和有限元数值方法对双斜接修补碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）复合材料层合板在拉伸载荷作用下的力学行为开展研究。通过试验分析了两种不同厚度的双斜接修补复合材料结构的承载能力和失效形式。结果表明,对于不同厚度的双斜接修补复合材料结构,失效强度接近,主要破坏形式均以胶层内聚破坏为主,伴随局部的90°基体开裂。利用连续介质损伤力学模型和内聚力模型分别对复合材料和胶层失效进行描述,通过数值方法开展双斜接修补结构的强度预测和损伤演化分析。数值结果与试验吻合较好,并且指出复合材料基体开裂起始早于胶层失效。通过有限元模型讨论了附加层、双斜接内部尖端所处位置和修补胶层参数对修补性能的影响。      

复合材料层合板胶接贴补修理渐进损伤分析

建立了复合材料层合板胶接贴补修理构型渐进损伤分析的三维有限元模型, 其中层合板和胶层分别采用正交各向异性损伤和各向同性损伤的连续介质损伤力学模型, 整个分析过程中同时考虑层合板和胶层的损伤形成和扩展以及它们之间的相互影响, 单向压缩载荷作用下的层合板贴补修理构型的试验数据验证了该模型的有效性, 采用该模型分析了不同的贴补修理参数对修补强度的影响。 结果表明: 当层合板补片较薄时, 补片损伤是导致修补结构失效的主要原因; 当补片较厚时, 胶层失效是导致修补结构失效的主要原因, 此时补片厚度增加并不能显著增大修补结构的极限强度。在复合材料贴补修理时需要对补片和胶层进行详细优化设计。      

金属裂纹板复合材料单面胶接修补结构应力分析

考虑金属裂纹板复合材料单面胶接修补结构的几何非线性和边界条件,建立了考虑弯曲变形单面修补结构力学分析模型,计算出承受面内载荷时修补结构的弯矩和挠度,将补片自由端和金属板裂纹处的弯矩作为胶层应力控制微分方程的边界条件,推导出剪应力和剥离应力的解析解,及裂纹张开位移的表达式,并与有限元数值结果进行对比。分析结果表明,胶接修补结构应力分析理论模型和相关简化假设合理、正确。利用所建立的解析模型研究了金属裂纹复合材料单面胶接修补结构的应力分布特点及胶层主导破坏模式的失效机制,为胶接修补结构的承载能力分析以及结构改进设计提供了一定的理论依据。     

搭接长度和铺层方式对CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构连接性能和损伤行为的影响

针对不同搭接长度和铺层方式的碳纤维增强树脂（CFRP）复合材料层合板单搭胶接结构进行了拉伸试验,观察了试件的受力过程和失效形态,获得了载荷-位移曲线;同时基于连续损伤力学模型和三维Hashin失效准则模拟了CFRP复合材料层合板的层内损伤形成和演化,并利用内聚力模型来模拟层间及胶层的失效损伤,对CFRP复合材料层合板单搭胶接结构在拉伸作用下的失效强度和损伤机制进行了预测,通过对比验证了该数值方法的有效性;通过数值试验比较不同搭接长度和铺层方式的单搭胶接结构及双搭胶接结构的连接强度和损伤行为,并提出了一种优化的CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构。结果表明:CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构的极限失效载荷随着搭接长度的增大逐渐增加并趋于稳定值,且结构的失效形式逐渐从胶层自身剪切失效过渡到邻近胶层的层合板层间分层失效;CFRP复合材料层合板胶接结构的连接强度和损伤行为随着铺层方式的不同而改变,通过对3种铺层方式的对比和分析,得到性能最好的铺层方式是[0₃/90₃]_2S;在搭接长度为5~20 mm时,通过对搭接长度进行优化,得到单搭胶接结构的最优搭接长度是17 mm,双搭胶接结构的最优搭接长度是19.3 mm,与搭接长度为20 mm相比,单搭胶接结构和双搭胶接结构的连接强度分别提高了13.26%和0.43%。      

复合材料单搭接胶接接头低速冲击数值模拟

数值模拟研究了不同胶胶接的HTS40/977-2碳纤维层合板单搭接胶接接头低速冲击性能。对HTS40/977-2层合板冲击过程进行仿真,与实验对比验证了HTS40/977-2层合板材料参数的有效性。采用基于Hashin准则的本构关系模拟层合板面内损伤,采用内聚力单元模拟层合板的层间分离和胶层的失效,分别建立了Araldite AV138、Araldite2015和Sikaforce 7752三种不同胶胶接接头低速冲击有限元模型,研究了胶接接头在3 J和4 J能量冲击下的失效模式和能量吸收。在失效模式方面,发现Araldite AV138、Araldite 2015和Sikaforce 7752三种胶接接头胶层的失效模式分别为胶层完全失效、胶层部分失效和胶层未失效,三种胶接接头都出现了不同程度的层合板层间损伤,并且层间损伤依次减小。在能量吸收方面,3J能量冲击下Araldite AV138、Araldite 2015和Sikaforce 7752吸收能量分别为2. 73 J、2. 06 J、1. 67 J,4 J能量冲击下吸收能量分别为2. 91 J、2. 49 J、2. 26 J。仿真结果表明,在低速冲击载荷下胶接接头的失效模式和能量吸收与胶的属性密切相关。胶的韧度越低,接头损伤越严重,能量吸收越多;胶的韧度越高,接头抵抗损伤的能力越强。研究可为复合材料胶接设计与分析提供参考。     

含分层损伤缝合复合材料层板的剩余压缩强度

基于渐进损伤方法,研究了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板在压缩载荷下的剩余强度。通过商用软件ABAQUS建立了含单脱层缝合复合材料层板剩余压缩强度计算模型,考虑了子层屈曲和分层扩展对剩余强度的影响。通过UMAT子程序实现了层板失效、层间失效和缝线失效的模拟。通过嵌入式杆单元结构模拟了缝线桥联作用及失效。采用Hashin准则及刚度折减法对纤维拉压、基体拉压失效进行了模拟。通过渐进损伤分析,揭示了缝合情况下含单脱层复合材料层板的失效机理,讨论了缝合参数对剩余压缩强度的影响。所预测的破坏模式和剩余强度结果与实验能较好地吻合。分析表明缝合可以明显提高含分层损伤复合材料层板的子层屈曲载荷,抑制分层扩展,并提高层板的剩余压缩强度。     

SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料在横向拉伸载荷下界面失效行为的数值模拟

采用有限元模拟了SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料冷却过程和横向拉伸试验过程, 横向拉伸试样采用十字形试样。分别建立了平面应力和轴对称有限元模型, 采用平面应力有限元模型计算环绕纤维圆周的界面微区应力分布, 预测界面失效机制。采用轴对称有限元模型分析复合材料界面脱粘过程以及残余应力对界面径向应力分布的影响。结果表明: 对于SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料十字形试样,在横向拉伸载荷下的界面失效由径向应力导致,界面失效模式为法向失效, 剪切失效模式未发生; 十字形试样在横向拉伸载荷下界面初始脱粘位置处于界面中间; 随横向拉伸应力增加, 十字形试样的界面脱粘对称向两边扩展; 界面径向应力随残余应力降低而升高。     

复合材料织物层合板挖补修理软件实现与试验验证

针对单向拉伸载荷作用下复合材料织物层合板胶接挖补修理结构,改进现有解析模型,建立适用于无附加层、附加1层和附加2层结构的阶梯型挖补修理结构和斜切型挖补修理结构的解析分析模型。给出求解算法,定义准确度用于评价数值计算精度,最终实现开发一套界面友好的复合材料胶接挖补修理设计与分析软件。该软件可以求解单向拉伸载荷作用下,复合材料胶接修理结构内部的剪应力场/剪应变场分布,评价搭接板受载情况,并预测结构失效载荷与失效模式。研究中采用T300/CYCOM-970织物作为母板与补片材料,METLBOND1515-4M作为胶层材料,设计进行了一系列阶梯型及斜切型挖补修理验证试验。试件失效载荷与软件计算结果吻合良好,阶梯型最大相差5.7%,斜切型最大相差14.0%。该软件可以对复合材料织物层合板胶接挖补修理进行高效、准确的初步辅助设计与分析。     

Compressive behaviour of CFRP laminates repaired with adhesively bonded external patches

Composite patches can be used to reinforce and repair both cracked composite and metallic aircraft structures. The repair of a composite structure with a composite patch may use mechanical fastening, which often introduces undesirable stress concentrations or adhesive bonding, external or flush patches. To ensure a reliable and durable bond, various parameters such as the quality of surface preparation and the design of the composite patch (size, shape, stiffness) are very important. This paper describes the testing of bonded external patch repaired CFRP laminates loaded in compression. It is found that the critical failure mechanism is fibre microbuckling in the 0° plies accompanied by matrix cracking and delamination, triggered by failures at the adhesive/adherend interface. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is performed to estimate the stress field in the repaired region. The calculated stresses are then used with the maximum stress and average stress failure criteria to predict damage initiation, mode and location. Carefully designed external patch repairs can recover more than 80% of the undamaged compressive strength.     

Fatigue Debonding Analysis of Repaired Aluminium Panels by Composite Patch using Interface Elements

Repaired panels with composite patches subjected to fatigue loading may fail due to the progressive debonding between the composite patch and aluminium panel. The objective of this paper is to study the initiation and propagation of a possible fatigue debonding in the adhesive layer while the crack also growths in the panel for single-side repaired aluminium panels. For this purpose three dimensional finite elements method with a thin layer solid like interface element is employed. Fracture mechanics approach is used for the analysis of crack growth in aluminium panel and the interface elements with fatigue constitutive law for mixed mode debonding growth in the adhesive layer. A user element routine and a damage model material routine were developed to include the interface element and to simulate the initiation and propagation of damage in adhesive layer under cyclic loading. It is shown that, the debonding propagation and crack growth rate of the repaired panels depend on the composite patch material and interface bonding properties significantly. It is also shown that using of patch material with higher elastic module leads to the faster damage or debonding growth in the adhesive layer during the fatigue loading.     

Nonlinear analysis of bonded composite patch repair of cracked aluminum panels

Analyses of adhesively bonded composite patches to repair cracked structures have been the focus of many studies. Most of these studies investigated the damage tolerance of the repaired structure by using linear analysis. This study involves nonlinear analysis of the adhesively bonded composite patch to investigate its effects on the damage tolerance of the repaired structure. The nonlinear analysis utilizes the three-layer technique which includes geometric nonlinearity to account for large displacements of the repaired structure and also material nonlinearity of the adhesive. The three-layer technique uses two-dimensional finite element analysis with Mindlin plate elements to model the cracked plate, adhesive and composite patch. The effects of geometric nonlinearity on the damage tolerance of the cracked plate is investigated by computing the stress intensity factor and fatigue growth rate of the crack in the plate. The adhesive is modeled as a nonlinear material to characterize debond behavior. The elastic-plastic analysis of the adhesive utilizes the extended Drucker-Prager model. A detailed discussion on the effects of nonlinear analysis for a bonded composite patch repair of a cracked aluminum panel is presented in this paper.     

Characterization of fatigue crack growth in aluminium panels with a bonded composite patch

This study introduces an analytical procedure to characterize the fatigue crack growth behavior in an aluminium panel repaired with a bonded composite patch. This procedure involves the computation of the stress intensity factor from a two-dimensional finite element method consisting of three layers to model cracked plate, adhesive and composite patch. In this three layer finite element analysis, as recently introduced by the authors, two-dimensional Mindlin plate elements with transverse shear deformation capability are used. The computed stress intensity factor is then compared with the experimental counterpart. The latter was obtained from the measured fatigue crack growth rate of an aluminium panel with a bonded patch by using the power law relationship (Paris Law) of an unpatched aluminum panel. Both a completely bonded patch (with no debond) and a partially bonded patch (with debond) are investigated in this study. This procedure, thus, provides an effective and reliable technique to predict the fatigue life of a repaired structure with a bonded patch, or alternatively, it can be used to design the bonded composite patch configuration to enhance the fatigue life of cracked structure.     

Numerical analysis of the beneficial effect of the double symmetric patch repair compared to single one in aircraft structures

This paper concerns a numerical study by the finite element method of the cracked structure repaired by single and double bonded composite patches. The stress intensity factor is used as fracture criteria. The obtained results showed the advantage of the double patch compared to single on the reduction of the stress intensity factor at the crack tip. The effects of the properties of the plate and the patch and the adhesive on the beneficial effect of the double patch are highlighted. The adhesive properties must be optimised in order to increase the advantage of the double patch and to avoid the adhesive failure. The patch properties have a significant effect on the beneficial effects of the double symmetric patch.     

FE analysis of the behaviour of octagonal bonded composite repair in aircraft structures

Bonded composite repair has been recognized as an efficient and economical method to extend the fatigue life of cracked aluminium components. In this work, the finite element method is applied to analyze the central crack’s behaviour repaired by a boron/epoxy composite patch. The knowledge of the stress distribution in the neighbourhood of cracks has an importance for the analysis of their repair according to the patch geometry. The effects of mechanical and geometrical properties of the patch on the variation of the stress intensity factor at the crack tip were highlighted. The obtained results show that the stress intensity factor at the repaired crack with composite patch of height 2c/3 is reduced about 5% compared to cracks repaired with octagonal patch of size c. For patch height of c/3 the reduction is about 7%. The adhesive properties must be optimised in order to increase the repair performances and to avoid the adhesive failure.     

A finite element model for single-sided crack patchings

A finite element model is established for analyzing the behavior of cracked plates which are repaired with a single-sided patch. The formulation is based on the Reissner-Mindlin plate theory with an assumed variation of the transverse shear and normal stresses through the thickness of the cracked -plate and patch. The generalized stress-strain relations relating the transverse shear stress resultants and the adhesive stresses to the displacements of the plate and patch are established by using a variational principle. By means of the finite element model presented herein, single-sided crack patching problems can be solved with a reasonable estimate of the adhesive stresses and the stress intensity factor. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effects of the patch size on the stress intensity factor in the cracked plate and the stress distribution in the adhesive layer, and compared with results from the previous analysis.     

Study of composite patch repair by analytical and numerical methods

A combined analytical and numerical study of an isotropic cracked plate that was repaired by using a bonded composite patch was conducted. The analytical work was based on Rose's equations, whereas for the numerical investigation a three-dimensional finite element analysis was implemented. A number of cracked plates with different crack lengths and overall dimensions of the composite repair were considered. The composite patch was made of unidirectional laminates with different stacking sequences. Both, one- and two-sided patches were analysed. Results are presented for the stress intensity factor in the patched crack and the maximum stress reinforcement stress and adhesive strain. It was found that for the case of a two-sided reinforcement the results obtained by both methods were in good agreement. However, for the case of a single reinforcement the accuracy of the analytical method decreased due to the tendency to out-of-plane bending as a result of bonding a reinforcing patch to only one face of a plate, which is ignored in the analysis.     

Progressive edge cracked aluminium plate repaired with adhesively bonded composite patch under full width disbond

In this study, the crack growth behaviour of an aluminium plate cracked at the tip and repaired with a bonded boron/epoxy composite patch in the case of full-width disbond was investigated. This effect is the imperfection which could result during the bonded patch of the repaired structure. Disbonds of various sizes and situated at different positions with respect to the crack tip as well as the effect of adhesive and patch thickness on repair performance were examined. An analysis procedure involving the efficient finite element modelling applied to cracked plate, adhesive and composite patch was used to compute the stress intensity factors. The crack growth rate is dominated by the stress intensity factor near the location and size of the pre-existing disbonds. The cracked plate and disbond propagation result in an increase in the patch deformation. The patch does not have an influence on the crack growth when the ratio 2a/d_R exceeds 0.8.     

基于全试验设计方法的含裂纹铝合金板复合材料修补参数优化

建立含穿透裂纹铝合金板复合材料单面胶接修补板条的三维有限元模型,基于位移外推法对裂纹尖端的应力强度因子(SIF)进行求解。使用全试验设计的方法对不同修补参数下修补板条的单向拉伸试验进行仿真模拟,利用二次方程描述并研究了补片长度、补片厚度及胶层弹性模量共同作用时对SIF的影响,确定了以SIF为评价指标时对修补效果影响最大的修补参数,优化了修补设计,并应用优化修补参数进行单向静拉伸试验。结果表明,当三类修补参数共同作用时,补片长度对修补效果影响最大;使用优化修补参数单面修补试验件的破坏强度比未修补板的提高了12.1%,恢复到完好板的90.5%。