木屑颗粒燃料冷态压缩成型参数试验研究

对杉木屑进行不同成型直径、含水率及压缩速度条件下的冷态压缩成型试验,分析多个影响因素对木屑成型试样的松弛密度、抗压强度及比能耗的影响。通过单因素影响试验分析表明,在含水率为16%和成型直径为10 ~ 12 mm时能获得较好的成型参数,压缩速度为40 mm/min时,可获得较大的松弛密度和抗压强度,但比能耗相对较大。通过设计三因素三水平正交试验,运用多指标综合加权评分法对试验结果进行分析,权重系数综合考虑松弛密度、抗压强度和比能耗的重要与次要程度,结果表明：木屑最佳成型因素水平组合为成型直径10 mm、含水率16%、压缩速度40 mm/min,此时木屑试样松弛密度、抗压强度和比能耗分别为0.91 g/cm³、315 N和30.20 J/g,综合加权评分值最高。     

生物质颗粒燃料成型条件的研究

分析了在常温条件下生产生物质颗粒燃料的技术条件、设备系统及其实际运行状况;研究了环模压缩比、原料种类和原料含水率等因素对颗粒燃料密度的影响;总结了高密度颗粒燃料在较低能耗情况下的成型条件。该研究工作为生物质颗粒燃料技术的开发及产业化应用奠定了基础。     

生物质成型燃料技术及应用前景

分析了现国内生物质电厂集中存在的燃料问题,而生物质成型燃料能够解决秸秆运输、储存、防火等问题,具有广阔的发展前景。对比介绍了生物质成型技术,分析生物质成型燃料的燃料特性。结果表明,生物质成型燃料可以改善燃烧特性,燃烬时间长,有利于提高生物质灰熔点。     

烟秆裂解实验研究

系统地研究了以烟秆为原料裂解制备生物质焦油的工艺参数,以及原料粒径、裂解温度、添加剂用量对裂解产物组成的影响。结果表明,当裂解温度在550℃左右,原料粒径为0.425～1.000 mm,添加剂凹凸棒土用量为烟秆的100%时,生物质焦油产率最高,为47.9%,而残焦及气体得率分别为17.6%和34.5%。烟秆裂解得到的生物质焦油,其成分复杂。分离提纯生物质焦油中的较大组分尼古丁,可用于医药、食品和饲料、日用化工、染料及电镀等行业,应用前景相当广泛,烟秆裂解具有巨大的开发利用潜力。     

生物质成型燃料炉具

农作物秸秆、糠渣、谷壳等农林废弃物是宝贵的生物质能资源。生物质成型技术为高效再利用农林废弃物、农作物秸秆等提供了一条很好的途径。文章介绍了一种使用生物质成型燃料的炉具及其设计方法。     

生物质燃料的成型工艺及微观成型机理研究

为研究生物质物料粒度、含水率,成型模具长径比、开口锥度以及保压孔长度对成型燃料品质的影响,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,通过自行设计的不同尺寸的模具制备成型棒料,以成型棒料的松弛密度作为品质评价标准。当成型模具锥度为10°、长径比为5∶1、保压孔长度为30 mm,物料粒度为3.5 mm、含水率为16%时,成型燃料的品质最好,对成型设备的优化具有指导意义。同时,利用环境扫描电子显微镜对成型棒料的微观形貌进行观测,对比分析了不同成型条件下成型棒料的微观形貌,从微观角度研究了生物质燃料的成型机理,研究结果旨在为成型机成型孔的优化设计提供理论参考。     

生物质颗粒燃料的成型能耗试验研究

以陕西地区苹果树修剪枝为原料,采用自制的生物质成型燃料多参数调控试验系统,分析单颗粒成型过程中的压力-位移曲线,考察基质含水率(5%~20%)、成型温度(70~150℃)和压力(80~120 MPa)对颗粒燃料成型能耗的影响。结果表明:随着压具位移的增加,挤压过程的压力变化呈3个阶段:松散段、过渡段和压紧段;推出过程的压力变化总体呈波动下滑的趋势,且初期压力波动范围较大。试验范围内,随着温度的升高,挤压能耗降低、推出能耗升高;随着压力的增大,二者均升高;基质含水率影响趋势相同,15%均达到最低值(29.47、4.79 J/g)。     

生物质成型燃料燃烧设备热力特性参数测试

本文采用工业锅炉节能监测方法GB／T15317—1994、工业锅炉热工性能试验规程GB10180—2003和锅炉大气污染物排放标准GB13271—2001,在特制生物质致密燃料燃烧设备上,按8种工况试验测定了生物质成型燃料燃烧设备的热力特性参数,从而为生物质致密燃料燃烧设备设计及技术改造提供一定科学依据。     

生物质压缩成型燃料技术研究综述

1 引言 随着农业和农村经济的发展,生产过程中产生的废弃物不断增加,浪费现象加剧。为了保护人类自身生存的环境,并缓解能源日益短缺的矛盾,必须对越来越多的农业、林业和农副产品加工业的废料以及城镇垃圾等方面的有机物进行处理。因此,一种既能解决环境保护又能生产代用燃料的生物质压缩成型燃料技术已越来越受到人们的重视。近年来,压缩成型燃料已成为为一门新兴的学科和新办的工业,在许多国家崛起,并得到迅速的发展。压缩成型的各种燃料已先后在一些国家中作为商品销售。     

生物质成型燃料燃烧理论分析

根据试验结果，分析了总结了生物质成型燃料的点火性能、燃烧机理、燃烧特性等燃烧规律，从而为确定生物质成型燃料燃烧设备的热力特性参数打下基础，为研制生物质成型燃料专用燃烧设备提供科学依据。     

油泥与玉米秸秆混合成型燃料工艺参数优化

为解决大庆当地典型废弃资源利用的问题,选择大庆地区丰富的玉米秸秆作为试验主要原料和大庆油田废弃油泥作为试验辅助原料,以油泥添加比例、混合原料含水率、成型压力作为影响因子,以成型燃料的发热量、松弛密度、抗跌碎性、抗变形性作为评价指标,优化混合成型燃料的工艺参数。结果表明,混合原料含水率受油泥添加比例的影响很小,当工艺参数分别为油泥添加比例5%~10%,混合原料含水率10%~12%,成型压力25~30 MPa时,成型燃料的物理品质特性良好。该研究可为确定混合成型燃料的工艺参数提供理论依据,同时可为油泥的资源化利用寻求新方向。     

生物质固体成型燃料抗结渣研究进展

生物质固体成型燃料具有易储存、运输及使用方便、清洁环保、燃烧效率高等优点,是开发利用生物质能的主要方向之一.但秸秆类生物质原料中无机元素(包括K,Na,Cl,S,Ca.Si,P等)含量较高,导致了生物质固体成型燃料在热化学转化利用过程中出现结渣现象,不仅对燃烧设备的热性能造成影响,而且危及燃烧设备安全,成为阻碍生物质同体成型燃料推广应用的主要因素.文章分析了秸秆类生物质燃料的结渣机理,介绍了国内外生物质燃料抗结渣特性的研究现状,探讨了原料预处理、添加剂和颗粒密度对燃料抗结渣特性的影响,最后分析了目前生物质抗结渣研究中存在的问题,并提出了未来的研究方向.     

木基和竹基生物质燃料燃烧动力学特性研究

选用木基和竹基生物质燃料进行燃烧热重实验,分段推断其燃烧反应机理及拟合计算动力学参数,探究燃烧动力学特性随温度变化规律。结果表明:木基生物质燃料着火温度、燃尽温度、挥发分析出燃烧最大速率及其对应温度均低于竹基生物质燃料,焦炭燃烧阶段前者的燃烧速率大于后者;木基生物质燃料挥发分析出燃烧初期(260~280℃)和过渡阶段(360~440℃)燃烧反应机理为三维扩散机理(G11),挥发分析出燃烧及焦炭燃烧最大速率前后的机理函数不相一致,竹基生物质燃料整个燃烧反应过程可用同一机理函数描述。挥发分析出燃烧阶段,木基生物质燃料活化能随温度按"增加-下降-增加-下降"变化,竹基生物质燃料则先增加至峰值后下降。     

Environmental assessment of small-scale production of wood chips as a fuel for residential heating boilers

This work performs a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of two fuels for heating boilers, namely wood chips and oil. The LCA methodology allows comparing the environmental impacts of the two analyzed fuels, thus assessing which is environmentally more advantageous. The study is focused on Mediterranean forests located in the Argençola region (Catalonia, northeastern Spain) by applying forest management practices focused to ensure a sustainable exploitation. The direct use of wood chips as a fuel for boilers simplifies notably the number of processes involved in producing such a fuel. The results presented clearly show the environmental benefits of using small-scale produced wood chips instead of fossil oil by analyzing representative impact categories defined by the CML and EDIP methods, even when considering the changes in the carbon stock in the forests under analysis due to the management approach adopted. A sensitivity analysis has also been conducted to assess the impact of the data with higher uncertainty on the final LCA results.     

Effect of process parameters and raw material characteristics on physical and mechanical properties of wood pellets made from sugar maple particles

The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of process parameters and raw material characteristics on physical and mechanical properties of wood pellets made from particles of sugar maple trees of different vigor. Pellets were made in a single pelletizer while controlling temperature (75, 100 and 125 °C), moisture content (8.1, 11.2 and 17.2%), compression force (1500, 2000 and 2500 N) and particle size (<0.25, 0.25–0.5 and 0.5–1.0 mm). Particle size was the most important factor influencing friction in the die, followed by moisture content, compression force and temperature. Moisture content was the most important factor affecting pellet density, followed by temperature, compression force and raw material particle size. Temperature was the most important factor for pellet compression strength, followed by compression force, particle size and moisture content. Friction in the die decreased with increasing particle size and moisture content of the material and increased with increasing compression force. It decreased initially with increasing temperature from 75 °C to 100 °C, and then increased with temperature. Density and strength of pellets increased with temperature and compression force, decreased with increasing particle size, and decreased with increasing moisture content. Pelletizing should be performed at 100 °C to minimize friction and a moisture content of 11.2% to maximize density and compression strength of the pellets. Wood particles from sugar maple trees of low vigor were more suitable for making wood pellets in terms of friction in the pelletizer and compression strength than those from vigorous trees.     

Methods for size classification of wood chips

Methods for size classification of wood chips were analysed in an international round robin using 13 conventional wood chip samples and two specially prepared standard samples, one from wood chips and one from hog fuel. The true size distribution of these two samples (according to length, width and height) had been determined stereometrically (reference method) using a digital calliper gauge and by weighing each of the about 7000 wood particles per sample. Five different horizontal and three rotary screening devices were tested using five different screen hole diameters (3.15, 8, 16, 45, 63 mm, round holes). These systems are compared to a commercially available continuously measuring image analysis equipment.The results show that among the devices of a measuring principle—horizontal and rotary screening—the results are quite comparable, while there is a severe incompatibility when distributions are determined by different measuring principles. Highest conformity with the reference values is given for measurements with an image analysis system, whereas for all machines with horizontal screens the median value of the size distribution only reached between one-third to half of the reference median value for the particle length distribution. These deviations can be attributed to a higher particle misplacement, which is particularly found in the larger fractions. Such differences decrease when the particle's shape is more roundish (i.e. sphericity closer to one). The median values of length distributions from screenings with a rotary classifier are between the measurements from an image analysis and horizontal screening devices.     

华南地区生物质成型燃料发展条件及生产技术分析

根据华南地区农作物产量、草谷比以及采伐和木材加工剩余物资源量得出可用于生物质成型燃料的农业及农产品剩余物和林业及林产品剩余物储量分别是1 909.37万t和541.22万t。生物质成型燃料主要用于工业锅炉替代燃油或燃气,市场份额在30亿元以上,从而得出华南地区具有成型燃料发展的条件。华南地区是成型燃料生产和应用较为成熟的地区,年产成型燃料60多万t,主要集中在广东和广西两省,以中小企业生产规模为主,通常采用环模和平模生产技术,文中重点对环模生产技术中存在的问题进行了分析,同时对采用环模生产技术的成型燃料工程进行了关键工艺技术分析。     

生物质燃料层热解过程的传热传质模型研究

通过分析生物质热解过程的传热传质特点,建立了生物质燃料层热解过程的传热传质教学模型。通过数值计算,研究了生物质燃料层在热解过程中所发生的热量和质量迁移现象,分析了热解过程生物质床内部温度场的分布、生物质固体密度的变化和热解区的迁移规律。     

Optimization and modeling of process parameters during hydrothermal gasification of biomass model compounds to generate hydrogen-rich gas products

Hydrothermal gasification in subcritical and supercritical water is gaining attention as an attractive option to produce hydrogen from lignocellulosic biomass. However, for process optimization, it is important to understand the fundamental phenomenon involved in hydrothermal gasification of synthetic biomass or biomass model compounds, namely cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. In this study, the response surface methodology using the Box-Behnken design was applied for the first time to optimize the process parameters during hydrothermal (subcritical and supercritical water) gasification of cellulose. The process parameters investigated include temperature (300–500 °C), reaction time (30–60 min) and feedstock concentration (10–30 wt%). Temperature was found to be the most significant factor that influenced the yields of hydrogen and total gases. Furthermore, negligible interaction was found between lower temperatures and reaction time while the interaction became dominant at higher temperatures. Hydrogen yield remained at about 0.8 mmol/g with an increase in the reaction time from 30 min to 60 min at the temperature range of 300–400 °C. When the temperature was raised to 500 °C, hydrogen yield started to elevate at longer reaction time. Maximum hydrogen yield of 1.95 mmol/g was obtained from supercritical water gasification of cellulose alone at 500 °C with 12.5 wt% feedstock concentration in 60 min. Using these optimal reaction conditions, a comparative evaluation of the gas yields and product distribution of cellulose, hemicellulose (xylose) and lignin was performed. Among the three model compounds, hydrogen yields increased in the order of lignin (0.73 mmol/g) < cellulose (1.95 mmol/g) < xylose (2.26 mmol/g). Based on the gas yields from these model compounds, a possible reaction pathway of model lignocellulosic biomass decomposition in supercritical water was proposed.     

Optimizing acid-hydrolysis: a critical step for production of ethanol from mixed wood chips

Ethanol can be produced from renewable lignocellulosic materials such as various types of natural woods. The cellulose contents of wood can be converted to ethanol in a two-step process where acid-hydrolysis converts cellulose to glucose sugars by hydrolysis (saccharification) and the resulting sugars can be converted to ethanol by fermentation. The main challenge of producing fuel ethanol from renewable lignocellulosic biomass through acid-hydrolysis and fermentation is overcoming the cost-limiting factors associated with various stages of this technology. In this study, sugar recovery rates from a mixture of wood chips were investigated through three sets of acid-hydrolysis experiments. Wood chips were sorted to include equal ratios (by weight) of softwood and hardwood. Acid concentration and the heating period were the two main factors affecting dextrose yields. It was found that with the use of 26% by weight sulfuric acid, highest dextrose yields could be reached within $\text{2}\text{h}$ of heating time. This corresponds to overall conversion efficiency of mixed wood chip cellulose to dextrose in the range of 78–82% based on theoretical values.