光学遥感大气气溶胶和水汽的研究

本文用研制的辐射计(0.5—1.06微米七个波段),在北京地区进行了一年的观测,从中分析了大气气溶胶的特性、气溶胶粒子浓度和谱分布的变化规律及其和气象条件的关系。根据遥感大气水汽含量,和探空资料进行比较,取得了一致的结果。文中还讨论了气溶胶和水汽对大气光学厚度的影响以及在水汽吸收带中,大气光学厚度和大气水汽含量的关系。     

卷烟主流烟气气溶胶中酚类物质的粒径分布研究

为研究酚类物质在卷烟主流烟气气溶胶中的粒径分布,采用单通道吸烟机-电子低压撞击器(ELPI),通过12级聚酯薄膜捕集烟气气溶胶粒相物,采用超高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法测定了14种酚类在不同粒径气溶胶中的分布。实验结果表明,本方法捕集得到气溶胶粒相物质量的相对标准偏差小于10%,具有较好的稳定性;超高效液相色谱-荧光检测方法测定14种酚类的线性相关系数R2均大于0.9959,检出限低于1.2 ng/cig,回收率在80.1%~115.0%之间,方法简单快速,准确可靠。采用本方法研究了卷烟主流烟气气溶胶中14种酚类物质含量和浓度的粒径分布,发现除了4-乙基愈创木酚在捕集的气溶胶中未检出外,其它13种酚类物质在不同粒径气溶胶粒相物中的含量分布随粒径增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,与粒相物质量分布一致,并主要集中在中等粒径(0.261~0.722μm)的粒相物中,在粒径0.431μm的粒相物中含量最高;不同酚类物质在不同粒径气溶胶中的浓度分布趋势有差异,苯酚和单取代苯酚类的浓度分布有特异性,其浓度随着粒径增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在中等粒径的粒相物中(0.261~0.722μm)浓度最高;苯二酚类和单取代苯二酚的浓度在0.144~1.166μm的粒相物中分布无明显差异,二取代苯酚类的浓度随着粒径的变化无明显差异。     

7种生物碱在不同粒径卷烟主流烟气气溶胶中的分布研究

建立了烟气气溶胶中7种生物碱的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)测定方法,并采用电子低压撞击器(ELPI)分12级捕集烟气气溶胶粒相物,研究了卷烟主流烟气气溶胶中7种生物碱含量和浓度的粒径分布。捕集的气溶胶样品加入氢氧化钠溶液和二氯甲烷进行碱法提取,提取液经DB-5MS弹性毛细管柱分离,选择离子监测模式测定,内标法定量。结果表明:该法检测主流烟气气溶胶中7种生物碱的相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.1%~6.4%,检出限为0.39~14.84 ng/cig,加标回收率为85.5%~124.8%。7种生物碱主要分布于0.144~0.722μm的中等粒径气溶胶粒相物中,在粒径0.431μm的粒相物中含量最高,与捕集的粒相物质量分布一致。7种生物碱在不同粒径气溶胶粒相物中的浓度基本趋于一致,其浓度随气溶胶粒径的分布无特异性。     

泰山顶大气气溶胶中金属元素的特征分析

采用Andersen分级撞击式采样器对泰山日观峰进行了大气气溶胶分级采样,并利用ICP-MS对其中典型金属元素浓度进行了分析.结果表明:Mg、Al、Fe、Ca、Mn、Ba在4.7～5.8 μm的粒径范围出现浓度峰值,Co、Ni、Mo、Na、Cu在4.7～5.8 μm和0.43～0.65μm的粒径范围出现双峰,Zn、Pb、Tl在4.7～5.8μm和0.43～1.1μm的粒径范围出现双峰.来自北方的干燥气团易造成Mg、Al、Mn、Fe等地壳元素浓度的升高,而来自南方的气团易造成Zn、Pb等污染元素浓度的升高.     

基于高分辨质谱在线观测的2011深圳大运会前后PM_1化学组成与粒径分布

本文利用先进的高分辨飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪（HR-ToF-AMS）于2011年深圳世界大学生运动会前后（2011年8月3日~9月22日）对深圳市区大气亚微米细粒子（PM1）化学成分和粒径分布进行了在线测量.结果表明,整个观测期间PM1质量浓度平均为51.1±32.6gm3,其中有机物占颗粒物总质量的37.9%,硫酸盐为37.1%,铵盐11.9%,黑碳6.6%（由一台单颗粒黑碳光度计（SP2）单独测量）,硝酸盐5.8%,氯化物0.6%.观测期间各成分（除黑碳外）的粒径分布峰值位于真空动力学粒径550nm附近,而有机物在较小粒径范围（100~200nm）仍有较多质量分布,显示出本地一次源的明显贡献.基于高分辨有机质谱计算得到的有机气溶胶的平均元素组成为：碳34.0%、氢53.2%、氧12.0%和氮0.8%（原子个数百分比）,对应的OM/OC（有机物与有机碳质量比）平均值为1.66±0.16.采用正矩阵因子解析（PMF）模型对有机气溶胶高分辨质谱进行因子解析,得到三类有机气溶胶：HOA（还原态有机气溶胶）,SV-OOA（半挥发氧化态有机气溶胶）和LV-OOA（低挥发氧化态有机气溶胶）,分别占有机物总量的31.3%,39.8%和28.9%,说明二次有机气溶胶（以SV-OOA和LV-OOA之和代表）是有机气溶胶的主体部分.结合气团来源分析不同时段PM1化学组成和粒径分布特征表明,大运会召开期间PM1质量浓度水平比整个观测期间的平均值低60.7%,是气团来自洋面等有利气象条件和黄标车限行等污染源控制措施的综合作用结果.     

基于高分辨质谱在线观测的2011深圳大运会前后PM1化学组成与粒径分布

本文利用先进的高分辨飞行时间气溶胶质谱仪(HR-ToF-AMS)于2011年深圳世界大学生运动会前后(2011年8月3日~9月22日)对深圳市区大气亚微米细粒子(PM1)化学成分和粒径分布进行了在线测量.结果表明,整个观测期间PM1质量浓度平均为51.1±32.6gm3,其中有机物占颗粒物总质量的37.9%,硫酸盐为37.1%,铵盐11.9%,黑碳6.6%(由一台单颗粒黑碳光度计(SP2)单独测量),硝酸盐5.8%,氯化物0.6%.观测期间各成分(除黑碳外)的粒径分布峰值位于真空动力学粒径550nm附近,而有机物在较小粒径范围(100~200nm)仍有较多质量分布,显示出本地一次源的明显贡献.基于高分辨有机质谱计算得到的有机气溶胶的平均元素组成为:碳34.0%、氢53.2%、氧12.0%和氮0.8%(原子个数百分比),对应的OM/OC(有机物与有机碳质量比)平均值为1.66±0.16.采用正矩阵因子解析(PMF)模型对有机气溶胶高分辨质谱进行因子解析,得到三类有机气溶胶:HOA(还原态有机气溶胶),SV-OOA(半挥发氧化态有机气溶胶)和LV-OOA(低挥发氧化态有机气溶胶),分别占有机物总量的31.3%,39.8%和28.9%,说明二次有机气溶胶(以SV-OOA和LV-OOA之和代表)是有机气溶胶的主体部分.结合气团来源分析不同时段PM1化学组成和粒径分布特征表明,大运会召开期间PM1质量浓度水平比整个观测期间的平均值低60.7%,是气团来自洋面等有利气象条件和黄标车限行等污染源控制措施的综合作用结果.     

大气气溶胶吸湿性及其对环境的影响

吸湿性是气溶胶重要的物理化学特性,不仅会影响气溶胶的生命周期和大气行为,还会对大气环境、气候和人体健康产生重要影响。本文简要介绍了气溶胶吸湿参数和热力学模型,对粒径、化学组分以及多组分共存等因素对气溶胶吸湿性的影响进行分析,进一步总结了城市、农村森林和海洋极地等不同区域气溶胶吸湿观测结果。吸湿增长因子g(RH)、散射吸湿增长因子f(RH)和吸湿性参数κ等常用吸湿参数可以衡量气溶胶的吸湿能力;Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson(ZSR)混合定律和各种热力学模型能预测不同化学成分气溶胶的吸湿能力,是研究多组分混合气溶胶和气相平衡的重要工具。粒径、化学组分和混合状态影响气溶胶的吸湿性,如气溶胶g(RH)、潮解点或风化点的改变。由于排放源和环境条件的不同,城市、农村、森林、海洋、极地地区气溶胶粒径分布、化学组分和混合状态具有差异,气溶胶吸湿性不同。气溶胶吸湿性直接影响气溶胶含水量和相态,改变气溶胶的大气化学过程、老化过程和大气寿命,还影响环境能见度、辐射效应和在人体内的沉积位置和毒性。通过总结吸湿参数、理论模型、实验室研究、外场观测和环境影响等多方面的最新研究成果,以期为未来的吸湿研究提供参考和借鉴。     

雾过程对大气气溶胶PM10中多环芳烃粒径分布的影响

在雾天气高发期间采集大气气溶胶PM10分级样品,测定了这些样品中的16种优控PAHs.结果表明：雾区近地层大气中PM2.1和PM9.0的平均质量浓度明显增加,雾过程改变了PM2.1的昼、夜浓度变化特征;雾前、雾中与雾后大气PM10中16种优控PAHs主要分布在比表面积大的细粒子上,平均有83.04%分布在Dp <2.1μm的范围,雾中1.1~2.1μm粒子的∑16PAHs浓度明显增加,Dp <0.65μm粒子的∑16PAHs浓度略有降低,说明雾过程对细粒子中∑16PAHs的浓度分布产生明显影响;雾前、雾中与雾后白天时间段,PM10分级粒子的∑16PAHs积聚模态分布出现较大差异,雾中积聚模态峰位置较雾前与雾后向较大粒径偏移;一次连续雾过程中,白天的∑16PAHs积聚模态峰位置随着雾的持续向大粒径方向偏移并停留在1.1~2.1μm;夜间的∑16PAHs积聚模态峰位置没有变化,均在1.1~2.1μm,说明PM10∑16PAHs的粒径分布受雾过程持续时间影响较大.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析硫酸特布他林雾化气溶胶含量及空气动力学粒径分布EI北大核心CSCD

建立了一种高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱法测定雾化吸入装置中硫酸特布他林雾化液气溶胶含量和分析空气动力学粒径分布情况的方法。确定50%甲醇水为最优提取溶剂。采用BEH C18色谱柱分离,0.1%甲酸水和乙腈为流动相进行等度洗脱,分析时间为2 min,正离子模式下多反应监测模式测定。采用该方法对雾化5 min和25 min气溶胶的平均药物浓度和空气动力学粒径分布进行了分析。结果显示,硫酸特布他林在0.5~600 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(r>0.999),定量限为0.5 ng/mL;硫酸特布他林日内及日间相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.3%~4.5%和0.8%~4.8%。雾化气溶胶的平均提取回收率为98.5%,RSD为2.6%。抽气采集法下雾化5 min和25 min气溶胶的平均药物含量分别为15.8和15.9 mg/m^(3),总体RSD为2.5%,撞击器采集法下雾化5 min和25 min时的平均药物含量分别为16.2和16.8 mg/m^(3),平均质量中值空气动力学粒径(MMAD)分别为2.32和2.28μm。本方法用于硫酸特布他林雾化气溶胶的浓度测定和空气动力学粒径分布分析,在吸入装置中雾化5 min后药物浓度即达到均一。随着雾化时间延长,雾化装置内硫酸特布他林雾化气溶胶的空气动力学粒径分布相对稳定。     

二次有机气溶胶的气体/粒子分配理论

本文重点评述了二次有机气溶胶形成的气体/粒子分配理论,简要介绍了它的发展和可能的应用.在大气中,气体有机物种的氧化可以产生半挥发性的有机化合物,二次有机气溶胶的形成可以用气体/粒子分配的吸收模型来评估.气体/粒子分配过程决定于半挥发性化合物的成分、浓度和蒸气压,以及吸收性材料的浓度和成分.在气体/粒子分配理论的基础上,人们又研究和开发出二次有机气溶胶的分子组分的气体/粒子分配的热力学模型,它可以用来预估气溶胶中液态水的含量、无机物的分布、亲水性和疏水性有机物的分布.二次有机气溶胶形成的化学机理和气体/粒子分配的热力学模型与加利福尼亚工学院三维都市/区域性大气模型相结合,可以用于气相和气溶胶相模拟.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。     

Investigation of Kinetics of Solid-Phase Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate

The kinetics of the interaction between lithium carbonate and silica with various degrees of dispersion was investigated by TG and DTA methods. It was found that the utilization of pyrogenic silica with a specific surface area of about 300 m²g^-1 instead of aerosil with one of 175 m²g^-1 leads to an increase of the reaction rate between lithium carbonate and silica, which depends on the formation and growth of lithium orthosilicate crystals in the first stage, and is conditioned by the diffusion of lithium and oxygen ions through the lithium orthosilicate layer formed at temperatures above 800 K. This supposition is supported by the kinetic analysis results obtained with the use of the different models. The optimal regime of heating is recommended. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小环化合物中饱和碳质子化学位移的计算

小环化合物由于其张力、构型、构象和各向异性效应等原因,环碳上质子化学位移缺乏规律性,难以预测,对此作者曾提出一种近似算法。本文根据303种小环化合物中饱和碳质子的化学位移实验数据,将适于计算这类质子化学位移的公式表述为:     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.