碳化硼材料研究进展

碳化硼陶瓷具有高硬度、高熔点和低密度的特点，是优异的结构陶瓷，在民用、宇航和军事等领域都得到了重要应用。研究了碳化硼结构陶瓷的优异性能和制备新工艺，综述了碳化硼材料的发展和研究现状，着重阐述了碳化硼陶瓷烧结的主要难点－致密化和韧化机理，提出利用原位自生法和前驱体热解法等新工艺制备纳米颗粒增强的碳化硼复合材料，是制备高性能碳化硼复合材料发展的新方向。     

TiB2颗粒增强反应结合B4C陶瓷的显微结构与性能

以微孔碳、颗粒级配碳化硼粉体、钛粉和硅粉为原料, 通过多孔预制体真空熔渗Si工艺制备了硼化钛颗粒增强的反应结合碳化硼复相陶瓷, 并通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、EDS能谱和透射电子显微镜对复合材料的显微结构进行表征。结果表明: 在预制体中钛为15wt%时, 所制备的复相陶瓷抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为313 MPa和5.40 MPa•m^1/2。原位反应生成的硼化钛对材料的增韧补强起到了积极的作用。     

TiB_2颗粒增强反应结合B_4C陶瓷的显微结构与性能（英文）

以微孔碳、颗粒级配碳化硼粉体、钛粉和硅粉为原料,通过多孔预制体真空熔渗Si工艺制备了硼化钛颗粒增强的反应结合碳化硼复相陶瓷,并通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、EDS能谱和透射电子显微镜对复合材料的显微结构进行表征。结果表明:在预制体中钛为15wt%时,所制备的复相陶瓷抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为313 MPa和5.40 MPa·m1/2。原位反应生成的硼化钛对材料的增韧补强起到了积极的作用。     

连续纤维补强增韧碳化硅基陶瓷复合材料研究进展

连续纤维补强增韧碳化硅基陶瓷复合材料具有密度低、强度和韧性高、抗氧化、耐高温等综合性能,已在国外宇航领域得到了广泛的应用.综述了国内外连续纤维补强增韧C/SiC陶瓷复合材料的研究进展,主要包括国内外在增韧机理、基体复合技术、界面技术以及应用等方面的研究进展情况.     

碳化硼基复合材料制备研究进展

碳化硼断裂韧性低、烧结温度高、抗氧化能力差、对金属的稳定性差,限制了其在工程上的进一步应用。综述了碳化硼粉末的成型方法以及碳化硼基复合材料的烧结方法,总结了碳化硼陶瓷的增韧及烧结过程中的氧化行为。     

粉末粒径对热压烧结碳化硼致密化及力学性能的影响

采用平均粒径分别为3.5 μm、1.5 μm和200 nm的碳化硼粉体为原料经1850℃热压烧结制备了碳化硼陶瓷, 研究了粉体粒径对陶瓷烧结致密化过程及其性能的影响。根据保温时间对线收缩率的影响及热压初期的塑性流动机理, 得出了不同粉体间烧结初期的激活能差。结果表明: 在相同工艺条件下, 随着粉体平均粒径的减小, 粉体的扩散激活能降低, 致密化初始温度降低, 而且完成塑性流动所需时间也会明显缩短, 致密化速率加快, 致密度增大; 碳化硼陶瓷的显微结构与力学性能亦随着粉体粒径的减小而改善; 1850℃保温1 h后, 平均粒径为200 nm的粉体制备的碳化硼陶瓷相对密度可达90.5%, 硬度为(17±1.8) GPa。     

颗粒弥散和核-壳共存的TiCN基金属陶瓷的制备

为了制备具有良好综合力学性能的TiCN基金属陶瓷，研究了烧结温度对TiCN-HfN陶瓷微观结构和力学性能的影响，构建了颗粒弥散和核-壳共存的微观结构模型，揭示了材料的致密化机制、增硬机制、增韧补强机制。结果表明:在1 500℃下所制备的TiCN-HfN材料具有颗粒弥散与核-壳共存的微观结构，其中弥散的颗粒为HfN，核为TiCN，壳主要为(Ti, Hf, Mo)CN固溶体；材料具有较好的性能，其相对密度为99.7%、硬度为20.6 GPa、抗弯强度为1 682.5 MPa、断裂韧度为8.5 MPa·m1/2；其致密化机制主要为颗粒和金属液相填充到烧结颈实现致密化，增硬机制主要为致密化和颗粒钉扎强化增硬，增韧补强机制主要为颗粒弥散和颗粒钉扎增韧、骨架结构和颗粒钉扎增强。      

原位生成CeB_6/B_4C陶瓷的力学性能和显微组织

通过B4C、CeO2和C的化学反应,采用原位生成法,在热压烧结的条件下制备了CeB6/B4C陶瓷材料.研究了CeB6/B4C陶瓷材料的力学性能和显微组织,并对其增韧机理进行了分析.结果表明:原位生成的CeB6/B4C陶瓷只有CeB6和B4C两相,其显微维氏硬度、抗弯强度、断裂韧性最大值分别达到40.64GPa、346.7MPa、5.95MPa·m1/2,比纯碳化硼分别提高了52.50%、17.96%、61.68%.原位生成的CeB6颗粒细晶增韧补强,B4C和CeB6颗粒之间热膨胀系数不匹配产生的残余应力导致的裂纹偏转以及沿晶断裂是CeB6/B4C陶瓷的主要增韧机制.     

生物医用微晶陶瓷的研究进展

综述了生物医用微晶陶瓷的研究进展以及生物医用微晶陶瓷在人体生理环境中的反应机理和补强增韧方法的现状研究.     

增韧陶瓷的显微结构设计

根据能量散耗特征,本文将陶瓷材料的增韧机制分为两大类——作用区增韧和桥联增韧。讨论了分别包含这两类增韧机制的二个典型复合材料——相变增韧陶瓷和晶须补强陶瓷复合材料的显微结构设计要点。分析了晶须补强与相变增韧机制间的交互作用,引出了利用多种增韧机制制备高韧性陶瓷复合材料的设计思想。     

热交换器的分类及优缺点分析

热交换器是将不同温度介质之间的热量通过热传导的形式,由高温介质传递给低温介质,使介质达到生产所需温度的工艺设备,也可作为一种节能设备使用.通过对不同热交换器的结构分析,总结不同热交换器的优缺点、适用环境,为生产工艺设计人员及设备制造单位在选择可降低能耗、提高效率的设备上提供参考.     

聚苯胺及其复合物的制备和结构及形貌分析

通过化学氧化法分别制备盐酸,盐酸和十二烷基苯磺酸,碳纳米管(MWNTs-COOH)掺杂的聚苯胺,利用红外光谱,紫外光谱,扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对所制备聚苯胺的结构和形貌进行分析。分析不同掺杂物对聚苯胺的结构和形貌的影响;同时研究了超声波作用对聚苯胺形貌以及聚苯胺包裹MWNTs-COOH情况的影响。     

Thermodynamic similarity and prediction of the properties and characteristics of substances and processes

Principles of the theory of thermodynamic similarity are considered in application to all aggregate states of a substance, including phase transitions, and to the change in dissipative structures in open systems.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 709–716, November, 1987.     

Modelling and computation of curing and damage of thermosets

The curing of thermosets is a complex process involving the transition from a fluid into a (visco-) elastic solid. This phase transition comes along with an increase in stiffness and a volume shrinkage of the polymer. The latter may lead to severe residual strains and stresses, which in turn can cause damage in the final, usually quasi-brittle material. In this contribution a constitutive model is developed which takes into account the curing of a thermosetting material together with the process-induced damage as resulting from curing shrinkage. The curing of the material is governed by a phenomenological hypoelastic constitutive equation which includes temporal evolutions for stiffness and volume shrinkage. Thermal and viscous effects are neglected in the present study. An isotropic gradient-enhanced damage model is adapted to describe the damage evolution. The curing-damage model is implemented into a finite element code and numerical examples for thermosetting materials demonstrate that the proposed model is capable to predict cure-induced damage in thermosets.     

Measurement and analysis of elastic and anelastic properties of alumina and silicon carbide

Measurements of dynamic Young's modulus, E, and damping as a function of temperature, T, were made for alumina and silicon carbide. The Young's modulus data were compared with some from the literature, and analysed in terms of a theoretical framework relating the Debye temperature, θD, with the elastic constants. For both materials this analysis yielded a ratio T₀/θ_D which was near 0.4, where T₀ is an empirical fitting constant for the plot of (E(0)−E)/T versus 1/T (E(0) is the value of E at 0 K). The analysis of the damping data in terms of an Arrhenius type dependence led to effective activation energies near kT, where k is Boltzmann's constant. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mechanisms of Corosion and Oxidation of Metals and Alloys

Selected topics in field of the study of the mechanisms of corrosion and of oxidation of metals or alloys are presented. The first part reports a new model for the mechanism of the breakaway oxidation of ferritic stainless steels in water vapour. The second part is devoted to the physico‐chemical aspects of oxidation and presents experimental methods useful in the kinetic modelling applied to two alloys, the zircalloy‐4 and an AlMg5 % in the liquid state. In the third part the physical and numerical modelling of the stress corrosion cracking behaviour in face‐centered cubic (fcc) alloys is detailed, which enables the study of the influence of macroscopic parameters (such as the temperature or hydrogen activity) on the fracture process.     

Surface-charge density and potential of coal-liquid mixtures and control of their stability and fluidity

The preparation conditions of concentrated (>70%) aqueous suspensions of coal were optimized, as were the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal-water suspensions. The theoretical study showed that (1–3) or (2–3) electrolytes such as Na₂SO₄ or Na₅P₃O₁₀, greatly increase the surface charge density and the surface potential of the coal particles in water. This study has led to the interesting result that thinners and stabilizing agents of concentrated clay suspensions, such as lignosulphonates, tripolyphosphates, polynaphtalene sulphonates, etc., must also be good thinners and stabilizing agents for ground coal-water suspensions. Two parameters were controlled: the stability and the fluidity of the suspensions. A penetrometry technique revealed the importance of the resistance coefficient,C _r that can be used as a criterion for the evaluation of coal-water mixture stability and fluidity. Concentrated coal suspensions (about 75% of solid by weight) were prepared in water by using different additives, for instance sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP) and surfactants like lignosulphonates (by coupling of the dispersion and stabilizing effects) with the optimum concentration ratio of these two products equal to 1.9. The stability of the suspensions was then greater than 2 months and the viscosity was 1900 cP.     

SARS传染病数学建模及预测预防控制机理研究

首先，利用疾病传播的一般规律及人口守恒统计法则建立了四类人的SARS传染病数学模型，然后运用数学方法对四类人的SARS传染病数学模型进行分析，得出了其生理意义和预防、控制机理。其次，利用人工神经网络理论建立了SARS的预测模型，以北京市的SARS数据为例进行了预测和分析，预测结果显示该模型简单易行，预测精度高。     

PSD和PWELCH函数的分析改进及应用

针对MATLAB中两个内建功率谱密度计算函数psd()和pwelch()计算结果迥异的现象,在功率谱密度估计理论的基础上,根据经典的周期图理论和Welch平均周期图方法,通过详细分析源程序,解析计算方法,发现psd()计算的并不是工程单边功率谱密度,而是采样信号双边谱,故与pwelch()结果迥异,另外pwelch()不能对分段信号数据进行预处理。就上述不足提出了相应的改进措施,比较验证表明改进措施行之有效。     

检定和校准证书的异同与应用

本文介绍了检定和校准以及证书的两点相同、五点不同之处,说明了对检定证书和校准证书的正确应用。