考虑合力作用点位置的主动土压力计算

从滑动土体整体静力平衡方程出发,推导了坡面起伏,且有不均匀超载,墙背倾斜,黏性填土等一般情况下的主动土压力泛函极值的等周模型。在此基础上,引入拉格朗日乘子,将主动土压力问题转化为确定含有两个函数自变量的泛函极值问题。依据泛函取极值时必须满足的欧拉方程,得到了对数螺旋线的滑裂面函数和沿滑裂面分布的法向应力函数。结合边界条件和横截条件,主动土压力泛函极值问题进一步转化为以两个拉格朗日常数为未知量的函数优化问题。通过算例表明,对于一般土体,在作用点位置系数下界限处,主动土压力最小,滑裂面为平面;随着作用点位置的上移,主动土压力呈非线性增长,相应滑裂面为对数螺旋面,在作用点位置系数上界限处,主动土压力达到最大。在作用点位置系数上下界限处所对应的主动土压力构成的数值范围,包含了各种挡墙变位模式下的主动土压力。通过算例对比分析,采用库仑土压力理论进行的抗倾覆设计存在安全系数偏低的缺点,应该根据主动土压力和作用点位置的区间估计来指导设计。     

基于土体连续性作用下挡土墙动力响应的显式闭合形式解

挡土墙-土动力相互作用是影响挡土墙地震响应的关键因素.基于连续介质模型分析挡土墙-土动力相互作用是当前主要的研究手段.但当前的连续介质模型无法获得挡土墙-土动力相互作用中各物理量的精确表达式,这对揭示挡土墙地震响应机理产生了阻碍.通过引入最小二乘响应面法改进了一种连续介质模型,并与现有方法进行对比,对地震作用下挡土墙动...     

新型加筋土挡墙动变形特性试验研究

对加筋格宾挡墙、绿色加筋格宾挡墙以及柔性网面土工格栅加筋土挡墙三种新型加筋土结构进行室内试验研究,施加了五种频率、四种振幅的动变循环荷载。每种挡墙累积振动次数达到200万次,得出了影响加筋土挡墙动变形特性的因素及其显著性,以及三种新型挡墙在不同频率、不同振幅的动荷载作用下的侧向变形和竖向变形的发展和变化规律,并对分级卸载时的挡墙的变形特性也作了研究。三种新型的挡墙在试验荷载作用下动变形特性表现出了很大的共性。     

砂土中刚性挡墙不同主动变位模式任意位移土压力计算

已有模型实验及现场实测表明,刚性挡墙随着变位模式和位移量的变化,主动土压力合力和分布均发生改变,有时甚至与经典理论的线性分布有很大不同。采用中间状态系数定义非极限状态,提出了砂土中刚性挡墙不同主动位移模式下非极限状态土压力合力系数的计算公式;将墙后土体简化为连续非线性弹簧和刚塑性体的组合体作用在挡墙上,得到了不同位移模式任意位移的土压力分布和合力作用点高度。与已有理论方法和实验结果对比表明,该文方法在三种典型位移模式下与实验数据吻合更好。研究还发现,平动模式土压力呈线性分布,其合力随挡墙位移量的增大易趋于稳定并到达极限状态;绕墙底和绕墙顶转动模式下土压力合力随着位移增大只能接近极限状态且呈非线性分布。绕底转动时,土压力分布曲线逐渐向上凹,合力作用点高度趋于降低;绕顶转动时,分布曲线则逐渐向上凸,合力作用点高度趋于升高,墙顶附近表现出明显的土拱效应。     

被动土压力作用的变分极限平衡法研究

在极限平衡法的框架内,引入Lagrange乘子,将被动土压力问题以变分学观点来描述,转化为含有两个函数自变量的泛函极值问题,进而根据力系几何关系将其转化为带有约束的函数极值问题。极值问题的计算结果表明,挡墙背后土体在被动临界状态时存在着沿某平面滑动和绕对数螺旋柱面转动两种破坏形式。在平面滑动破坏的情况下,土压力的大小完全等同于Coulomb(1776)和Rankine(1857)理论的结果;对于土体转动破坏情况,土压力的大小与Sokolovskii(1956)和Chen(1975)的结果比较吻合。与已有测试数据的对比表明,两类理论计算结果构成的有序实数对可以作为被动土压力大小的一个区间估计,包含了各种墙体变位模式下刚性挡墙上作用的被动土压力。     

Numerical investigation of lateral earth pressure for unreinforced masonry walls

For the design of unreinforced masonry walls under lateral earth pressure according to DIN EN 1996‐3 [1], the active earth pressure is used, which is less than the earth pressure at rest. For the consideration of active earth pressure, a sufficient deflection of the wall is needed. It is unknown whether the deflections in reality are large enough to justify a reduction of the active earth pressure. Therefore a numerical model has been developed which considers the load‐bearing behaviour of masonry walls, with several boundary conditions being considered to estimate the effective earth pressure.     

重复荷载作用下土工格栅包生态袋加筋土挡墙动力特性试验研究

设计并制作了土工格栅包生态袋加筋土模型挡墙,测试了模型挡墙在不同幅值、不同频率重复交通荷载作用下的加速度、动土压力、累积变形和土工格栅拉应变,获得了挡墙在重复交通荷载作用下的动力特性和累积变形发展规律。研究表明：在交通重复荷载作用下,土工格栅包生态袋加筋挡墙顶层的加速度响应最大,沿墙高按指数模型衰减,且水平加速度衰减较竖向加速度快;挡墙内的动土压力也是在顶层最大,随墙高降低而减小;挡墙的变形和土工格栅拉应变增量在加载初期较大,随加载次数的增加而增大,受荷载幅值的影响明显,受频率变化的影响较小;竖向累积变形主要来自挡墙上部土体的沉降;水平累积变形总体上为上部大下部小。     

车站结构型式对地铁诱发环境振动的影响分析

地铁诱发环境振动是城市轨道交通工程设计中重点关注的课题。本文系统研究了地铁车站考虑地铁运行诱发环境振动的数值建模问题,给出了计算模型建立的思路及相关计算参数的取值方法。以某拟建地铁车站为例,建立了车站结构-土的准三维有限元模型,分析车站结构型式对地铁诱发环境振动的影响,从振动加速度时程反应、1/3倍频程谱和峰值衰减规律等方面对叠合墙式、复合墙式和离壁墙式三种不同型式车站方案进行了详细的对比分析。研究结果表明：分离车站结构内衬墙和地下连续墙可减小地铁诱发的环境振动。对于环境振动水平需要严格控制的地区,地铁车站可选用离壁墙式结构方案。     

成层地基与浅埋结构物动力相互作用的简化分析

基于任意侧向位移下挡土墙地震土压力理论,建立了新的地基-浅埋式结构物相互作用力与其相对位移之间的关系,并对该关系加以推广,应用到成层地基及深基础情形。提出了一种实用的求解成层地基-浅埋式结构物动力相互作用的简化质-阻-弹模型,该方法概念简单合理,参数确定简便,不需迭代,计算量小,可适用于以下情形:1) 结构物可视为粘弹性介质;2) 地基和浅埋式结构物可简化为一维运动;3) 结构物运动对土体运动的影响忽略不计。     

挡墙土压力理论新探

传统土压力理论的主要弊端在于它们均建立在极限平衡理论基础之上;认为土压力的产生与土体的实际应力分布状态无关,尽管认为土压力与土体位移有关,但又不作位移分析。为此笔者提出一种以应力分析为基础的土压力理论,以消除传统土压力理论的上述缺陷。     

Study on the FEM design of reinforced earth retaining wall with geogrid

At present, limit equilibrium method is often adopted in the design of reinforced earth retaining wall. Geotechnical engineers at home and abroad have done a lot of work to improve the traditional calculation methods in recent years, while there are lots of defects. This paper first identifies the location of failure surface and safety factor through the finite element program of PLAXIS and then analyses the influencing factors of the stability of reinforced earth retaining wall with geogrid. The authors adopt strength reduction FEM in the design and stability analysis of reinforced earth retaining wall and have achieved some satisfying results. Without any assumptions, the new design method can automatically judge the failure mode of reinforced earth retaining wall; can consider the influence of axial tensile stiffness of the reinforcement stripe on the stability of retaining wall; can identify reasonable distance and length of the reinforcement stripe; can choose suitable parameters of reinforcement stripe, including strength, stiffness and pseudo-friction coefficient which makes the design optimal. It is proved through the calculation examples that this method is more reasonable, reliable and economical in the design of reinforced earth retaining wall.     

柔性加固失稳重力式挡土墙的动静力稳定性分析

针对地震区重力式挡土墙地震后多数出现不稳定的现象和由于挡土墙工作条件改变产生失稳的事故,采用框架预应力锚杆柔性加固技术对失稳重力式挡土墙进行加固是一种非常有效的加固方法;但是,由于该加固方法系作者首先提出并在工程中使用,其稳定性分析方法,特别是地震动力稳定性分析方法是迫切需要解决问题。该文以极限平衡理论为基础,对柔性加固后重力式挡土墙进行整体静力稳定性分析,推导出挡土墙的抗倾覆稳定性和抗滑移稳定性计算公式;通过分析给出了地震动力计算模型,分析了地震动力作用,采用振型分解法给出地震动力作用下地震作用和锚杆拉力计算公式,并采用极限平衡法给出动力稳定性计算公式。     

Proposal for the simplified design of basement walls under lateral earth pressure

This paper deals with the design of basement walls subjected to lateral earth pressure. The current simplified calculation method according to DIN EN 1996‐3/NA only covers active earth pressure, which is the lower limiting value of the earth pressure. Designing according to DIN EN 1996‐1‐1/NA, higher coefficients of earth pressure (like earth pressure at rest) can be considered, with an additional verification of the shear resistance being necessary. This paper presents a theoretical model, which forms the basis for an analytical derivation of the loadbearing capacity, and explains the required minimum values of the acting normal force to ensure sufficient resistance to cover bending and shear. Based on these results, a simplified equation is proposed for the determination of the required minimum normal force, based on the design according to DIN EN 1996‐3/NA and providing identical values in case of an earth pressure coefficient of 1/3. The required minimum load resulting from this approach fulfils the described requirement to cover bending and shear. The presented solution is verified and the conditions for application are defined. Finally, the minimum required normal forces are evaluated and tabulated for common cases relevant to building practice.     

放大型黏滞阻尼墙的力学性能与试验研究

该文提出一种多杠杆并联的放大型黏滞阻尼墙,根据放大型黏滞阻尼墙的构造和受力特点,分析了放大装置的竖向提拉效应,提出了普通型和放大型黏滞阻尼墙的阻尼力及耗能理论公式,并对装置的变形和耗能进行了分析。设计制作3倍位移放大型装置黏滞阻尼墙和普通黏滞阻尼墙的试验模型,并在正弦波的作用下进行往复加载试验,分析不同试验工况下黏滞阻尼墙的滞回耗能曲线,并将理论曲线与试验曲线进行了对比,验证了力学模型的正确性。在相同位移下,放大型黏滞阻尼墙比普通阻尼墙滞回曲线更加饱满、耗能更为显著。最后以三层混凝土框架结构为计算模型进行减震分析,确认了考虑竖向提拉效应的放大型黏滞阻尼墙的减震效果。     

一种空间剪力墙非线性计算模型

我国地震区的高层建筑结构一般都要布置复杂的钢筋混凝土剪力墙,如何有效模拟这些复杂墙体的力学性能就成为高层结构弹塑性分析的关键。该文在两元件墙单元模型的基础上提出了一种空间墙非线性分析模型,该模型考虑了墙体的轴向、弯曲和剪切弹塑性变形,并能合理考虑墙-墙、梁-墙交界处结点的位移协调。与试验结果对比分析表明,该文建立的墙单元模型具有自由度少和计算稳定等特点,可用于钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构的初步设计或整体性能评价,为复杂墙体弹塑性分析提供了可行的方法。     

Apparatus and instruments for the laboratory study of multi–anchored flexible retaining walls

Details are presented of the apparatus and instruments developed for the study of the behaviour of laboratory scale multi–anchored flexible retaining walls. The instruments enabled measurements to be made of the earth pressures on and the bending moments in very flexible walls. The shearing and thrust forces at wall base level and the individual anchor wire loads, as well as the movements of the wall and the retained sand, were also monitored throughout a simulated wall construction sequence.     

FE Analysis of Contractant Shear Zones in Loose Granular Materials

The paper focuses on the formation of contractant shear zones in initially loose cohesionless granular materials subject usually to continuous densification. For a simulation of the mechanical behaviour of a granular material during monotonous deformation paths, a micro-polar hypoplastic constitutive model was used which takes into account particle rotations, curvatures, non-symmetric stresses, couple stresses and the mean grain diameter as a characteristic length. The FE investigations of shear localization were carried out with initially very loose quartz sand during four different rate boundary value problems: shearing of an infinite layer between two very rough walls, plane strain compression under constant lateral pressure, biaxial compression with rigid and deformable boundaries and passive earth pressure on a horizontally translating retaining wall. The calculations were carried out with a simple random distribution of the initial void ratio under conditions of large deformations and curvatures.     

Application of the novel composite earth retaining structure method to urban excavations: a constructability analysis

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to propose and evaluate a novel composite earth retaining structure method to be applied in urban excavations in terms of construction safety, cost, and duration. The novel composite structure is a multipurpose structure, which may counteract uplift pressure acting on the foundation base, provide lateral support at ground level, and function as king posts during excavation. To evaluate the feasibility and advantages of utilizing the composite earth retaining structure in deep excavations, the case of a commercial building development in Taipei has been studied. In this project, the original excavation design employed top-down construction for the foundation and basement. Two alternative designs employing the composite earth retaining structure method were later proposed to the owner for evaluation and selection. The analyses of the two alternatives include a three-dimensional geotechnical finite element analysis using PLAXIS3D and an analysis of time using PROJECT 2013 as well as a study of cost impacts. The results from the analyses show that the novel method can be superior to the original design in terms of construction safety, project cost, and construction duration.     

Capacity of unreinforced rammed earth walls subject to lateral wind force: elastic analysis versus ultimate strength analysis

Cement-stabilized rammed earth walls are an increasingly common form of construction in certain parts of the world, bringing considerable potential to reduce the carbon footprints of buildings. However, there is relatively little advice to designers wishing to use these construction materials at present, as compared to established materials such as concrete. This paper discusses the use of two proposed analysis procedures to calculate the capacity of unreinforced cement-stabilized rammed earth walls to lateral wind force. The first is an elastic analysis while the second is an ultimate strength analysis where a cracked wall is studied as a rigid-body mechanism. The accuracy of each method is assessed against the results of an experimental programme conducted on different rammed earth walls showing the shortcomings of the ultimate strength analysis. A new method is proposed in which the fracture energy required to open the crack that leads to the failure mechanism is included, leading to much improved predictions. The parameters used in the revised ultimate strength analysis are critically discussed and compared to those found in the concrete and masonry literature.     

考虑位移非线性影响的深基坑土压力计算模型研究

现行深基坑支护设计弹性地基梁法对墙后土压力未考虑支护结构位移的影响,对墙前开挖面以下也仅考虑位移的线性影响。这与实际情况不符,且开挖面以下的计算参数m不易准确确定。根据横向受荷桩的P-y曲线方程,建立了考虑支护结构位移非线性影响的土压力计算模型,对计算参数的影响因素及其确定进行了深入研究。试验验证表明,该模型能较好地反映实际情况,且计算参数的确定也相对容易和准确。