对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的稳定性的初探

光纤光栅作为新型传感元件,因为其具有抗电磁干扰和分布式测量等电学传感器无法比拟的优点,正在被广泛的研究.为了实现替代现有的高精度电学温度传感器的目的,可以尝试利用光纤光栅对温度和应变共同敏感的特性,制作高灵敏度光纤光栅温度传感器.尽管已经出现了对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的报到,但是,很少有针对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器稳定性的研究.在实验室环境下,我们对高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的稳定性进行了测试.我们制作了一款高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器,将其与普通光纤光栅温度传感器和电学石英温度传感器共同置于盛满水的不锈钢容器中,观测室温变化.通过对它们两周的观测结果进行对比,我们发现:尽管与普通光纤光栅温度传感器的结果相比,高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器的观测结果与石英温度传感器的结果更一致;但是,高灵敏光纤光栅温度传感器出现了微小漂移.因为该漂移出现在进一步拉伸光纤光栅的过程中,所以它很可能是由于光纤光栅的固定点出现了微小滑动造成的.这为光纤光栅在高精度温度测量领域的应用作了有益尝试.     

光纤传感技术未来地震监测的发展方向

利用光纤传感器进行地震前兆观测是一种独具优势的地震监测新手段。 光纤传感器具有高精度、 抗电磁干扰、 不存在零漂、 易于组网以及适于长距离传输等一系列独特优势, 可以解决地震前兆观测中电学测量仪器存在的固有问题。 介绍了几类常用光纤传感器的工作原理及特点, 综述了光纤传感器在地壳形变观测和地震波探测两个应用领域国内外的研究进展, 并指出了目前需要解决的问题。 研制了一套基于光纤传感器的钻孔应变、 地震波和地温同时测量的多参量钻孔综合地震观测设备, 现场实验表明, 该光纤综合钻孔地震观测设备适应地震前兆观测中对抗环境干扰能力、 测量精度、 稳定性等方面的性能要求, 具有较好的应用前景。     

光纤光栅传感器用于高精度应变测量研究

利用光纤光栅对温度和应力应变的敏感效应制成的传感器可以将温度、压力、应力、应变等物理量转换成光学量（波长）,由此所构成的测量系统具有极高的稳定性,不存在零点漂移,抗干扰能力强等一系列优点.不足的是光纤光栅传感器本身灵敏度不够高,在许多场合其测量分辨率不能满足要求,特别是作为地震前兆观测的主要测量手段——应力应变测量精度要求较高.本文提出一种技术思路,即通过增敏装置来提高系统测量分辨率,理论上可以将应力应变的测量分辨率提高到10-9至10-10量级,可以满足高精度应力应变测量的指标要求.     

光纤传感技术——独具优势的地震监测新手段

利用光纤传感器进行地震前兆观测是一种独具优势的地震监测新手段.光纤传感器具有高精度、抗电磁干扰、不存在零漂问题、易于组网以及适于长距离传输等一系列独特优势,可以解决地震前兆观测中电学测量仪器存在的固有问题.介绍了几类常用光纤传感器的工作原理及特点,综述了光纤传感器在地壳形变观测和地震波探测两个应用领域国内外的研究进展,并指出了目前需要解决的问题.     

一种光纤光栅倾角传感器的试验研究

设计了一种新型的光纤光栅倾角传感器。本设计将简单可靠的金属悬臂梁结构与高灵敏度的光纤布拉格光栅相结合,考虑了光纤布拉格光栅的温度补偿及灵敏度,从而保证其整体耐久性较好、测量精度较高。将该倾角传感器与光纤光栅解调仪组成监测系统,同时利用无线电容式倾角仪对其灵敏度进行标定,取得了良好的线性数据,证明该倾角传感器性能良好。     

SZW-1型数字式钻孔温度计

地震前,泉水、井水的温度变化已有较多报道。有人曾用热敏电阻或铂电阻温度传感器进行地热前兆观测,方法虽简便,但是灵敏度低,稳定性不够好。 我们于1982年研制成功了以石英晶体做测温传感器的SZW-1型数字式钻孔温度计,下面对该温度计的原理作一简单介绍。     

基于光纤激光地震计的钻孔地震监测

钻孔地震观测能够减少地面噪声的影响,是地震前兆观测的一种有效方法.然而,随着钻井深度的增加,温度、压力不断增高,现有电学传感器暴露出了一系列问题,主要包括:散热问题、防水密封问题、长距离信号传输问题、怕雷击问题等.光纤传感器是利用光纤进行传感和传输的新一代传感器,具有耐高温高压、信号可长距离传输、防雷击、抗电磁干扰等优点,近年来获得了广泛的研究和关注.     

光纤传感器在水文地球化学地震前兆观测中的应用及其前景

地震科学面临步入中年的考验，观测技术的革新和进步可能是地震科学焕发青春的途径之一。光纤传感器具有本质安全，电绝缘性好、便于连网、易于实现远程和在线测量等一系列优点。光纤传感器完全可以解决目前地震水文地球化学数字化观测和活断层监测中的诸多不足，它能够提供更加准确和可靠的数据。光纤的应用，使得远程和地下深部测量成为可能，并且多个测项可以复用同一条光纤。光纤传感器在地震前兆观测中具有广泛的应用前景。     

TDT-25型地温传感器的设计

介绍了专用于地震前兆观测的TDT—25型地温传感器的设计原理及其各个功能模块的工作原理。文章还给出了该地温传感器的测试结果和应用图例，证明该传感器完全满足地震前兆观测的需要。     

地电观测专用高精度数据采集器研制

针对地震地电前兆观测,研制基于ARM9平台和32位模数转换器ADS1281的地电观测高精度数据采集系统,实现了高精度和低噪声采样.本文给出地电观测高精度数据采集系统的硬件设计、软件实现和系统指标测试结果.该系统采样率可设置为1次/s至100次/s,1至6通道任意配置,通信协议符合中国地震局地震前兆台网专用设备网络通信规程,可以满足地震地电传感器信号采集和网络接入需求.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.