Müller细胞在增生性视网膜病变中的作用

视网膜Müler细胞是脊椎动物视网膜主要的神经胶质细胞,参与维持视网膜细胞外环境的稳态.Müller细胞通过增生、迁移、收缩以及显型改变来应答视网膜内环境的改变或视网膜损伤,是参与增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(proliferative vitreoretinopathy,PVR)和增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)的主要细胞之一.本文就Müller细胞的生理功能以及在PVR和PDR发生发展中的作用作一综述.     

糖尿病黄斑水肿对抗VEGF药物治疗的不同反应与糖尿病视网膜病变程度的相关性

目的：通过观察糖尿病黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)患者对于玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF治疗的不同反应和糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的不同程度之间的相关性,进一步阐释糖尿病黄伴水肿的发病机制和治疗策略。

方法：选择非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(non proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)伴发DME的患者27例33眼,增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)伴发DME的患者32例34眼。均给予玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药雷珠单抗,观察两组患者对该药的不同反应,并进行统计学比较。

结果：分别把患者治疗3、6mo时的最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)和黄斑中心视网膜厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)和治疗前的BCVA、CMT作比较,NPDR组有统计学差异(P<0.05),PDR组无统计学差异(P>0.05)。NPDR组和PDR组比较,3、6mo时的BCVR和CMT均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。

结论：糖尿病视网膜病变的不同程度影响着糖尿病黄斑水肿对抗VEGF治疗的反应。     

瘦素在增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变和增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变中的表达

目的 通过检测瘦素在增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变（proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR）和增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变（proliferative vitreous retinopathy,PVR）中的表达,探讨瘦素在PDR、PVR发生、发展过程中可能的调节机制。方法 分别用免疫组织化学染色的方法和酶联免疫吸附实验检测30例PDR患者、20例PVR病变患者眼内视网膜前膜中瘦素的表达,以及患者的血清、眼前房水、玻璃体液中瘦素的浓度。用Chi－Square Tests统计学方法分析和比较PDR、PVR与对照组之间瘦素表达的差异。结果 免疫组织化学染色结果：30例PDR患者中,有18例患者眼内视网膜前膜的瘦素受体呈阳性表达,阳性率为60%,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义;20例PVR患者中,有3例患者眼内视网膜前膜的瘦素受体呈阳性表达,其中2例为血管纤维性视网膜前膜,1例为细胞纤维性视网膜前膜,阳性率为15%,与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义。ELISA结果：检测30例PDR患者的血清、眼前房水、玻璃体液中瘦素的浓度,与对照组之间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;检测20例PVR患者的血清、眼前房水、玻璃体液中瘦素的浓度,与对照组之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 瘦素可能主要是通过促进新生血管的生成参与到增殖性糖尿病性视网膜病变的发生、发展中,与增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变的发生、发展无明显相关性。     

Expression of thrombospondin‐2 as a marker in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To determine the expression of the endogenous anti‐angiogenic and pro‐fibrotic matricellular protein thrombospondin (TSP)‐2 and its receptors CD36 and CD47 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). In addition, we examined the expression of TSP‐2 in the retinas of diabetic rats. Methods: Epiretinal membranes from 14 patients with PDR and nine patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy were studied by immunohistochemistry. Vitreous samples from 30 PDR and 25 nondiabetic patients were studied by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Vitreous samples and retinas of rats were examined by Western blotting. Results: In epiretinal membranes, vascular endothelial cells and myofibroblasts expressed TSP‐2, CD36 and CD47. In PDR membranes, significant correlations were observed between numbers of blood vessels expressing the panendothelial cell marker CD34 and numbers of blood vessels and stromal cells expressing TSP‐2, CD36 and CD47. The numbers of blood vessels and stromal cells expressing CD34, TSP‐2, CD36 and CD47 were significantly higher in membranes with active neovascularization when compared with those with quiescent disease. Thrombospondin‐2 levels in vitreous samples from PDR patients were significantly higher than those in control patients without diabetes (p < 0.001). Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in the expression of intact and cleaved TSP‐2 in vitreous samples from PDR patients and in the retinas of diabetic rats compared to nondiabetic controls. Conclusions: Upregulation of TSP‐2 may be a protective mechanism against inflammation and angiogenesis associated with PDR.     

增生性糖尿病视网膜病变患者房水及血清IL-1β与IL-1Ra含量分析

目的 探索增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)患者房水及血清白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素1受体拮抗剂(IL-1Ra)与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平的变化及其意义.设计前瞻性比较性病例系列.研究对象36例PDR患者与26例非糖尿病白内障患者(对照组...     

Choroidal thickness in diabetic patients of Indian ethnicity

Purpose:To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) change in various grades of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in comparison to age-matched healthy subjects.Methods:This prospective observational study included 227 eyes of 125 subjects with diabetes (study group: 58 females) and 197 eyes of 110 age-matched healthy subjects (control group: 66 females). Collected data included age, gender, duration of diabetes, glycemic control, comprehensive ocular examination, fundus photography, and CT measurement on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography using enhanced depth imaging.Results:Mean age in the study group was 57.0 ± 9.37 years (43–73 years). The mean age was 41.48 ± 5.43 years in the control group. Subjects with diabetes with (252.8 ± 55.6 microns) and without (261.71 ± 51.8 microns) retinopathy had significantly thinner choroids when compared to the control group (281.7 ± 47.7 microns; P = 0.032). Seventy-four of 227 eyes did not have any evidence of DR, 89 eyes had features of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and 33 eyes had treatment naïve proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Thirty-one PDR eyes had received previous laser photocoagulation. Subjects with diabetes without retinopathy had a greater subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) than subjects with diabetes with retinopathy (P < 0.001). Eyes with PDR (243.9 ± 56.2 microns) had thinner SFCT than those with NPDR (238.98 ± 111.23 microns). There was no difference in the SFCT between treated (laser photocoagulation done; 251.784 ± 103.72 microns) and treatment naïve PDR (258.405 ± 89.47 microns, P = 0.23).Conclusions:Control eyes had greater SFCT compared to subjects with diabetes, with and without retinopathy. The thinning progressed with increasing severity of DR. Choroidal thinning may contribute to DR pathogenesis.     

全视网膜光凝术对重度NPDR与早期PDR患者视盘周围视网膜RNFL厚度的影响

目的：研究全视网膜光凝术( PRP)对重度非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变( non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)与早期增生性糖尿病视网膜病变( proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR )患者的视盘周围视网膜神经纤维层( retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)厚度影响。方法：选取我院2014-01/2015-12门诊部确诊为糖尿病眼病患者56例,根据实际病情分为早期 PDR 组和重度NPDR组,两组均给予PRP。结果：重度NPDR组术前上方为114.26±18.26μm,明显高于术后的105.55±11.73μm,差异有统计学意义( t=2.085,P=0.042);术前下方为118.85±20.16μm,明显高于术后的107.37±16.38μm,差异有统计学意义( t=2.296,P=0.026);术前鼻侧、颞侧略高于术后,但差异均无统计学意义( P>0.05);术后平均厚度为90.16±14.81μm,明显低于术前(99.85±17.28μm),差异有统计学意义(t=2.212,P=0.031);早期PDR组术后上方、下方均明显低于术前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后鼻侧、颞侧均略低于术前,两组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后平均厚度为87.58±16.08μm,明显低于术前(97.17±13.46μm),差异有统计学意义(t=2.463,P=0.017);重度NPDR组术后6 mo的上方、下方、颞侧与平均厚度与早期PDR组差异均无统计学意义( P>0.05);重度NPDR组术后6mo鼻侧为66.29±9.36μm,明显高于早期PDR 组(59.88±11.71μm),差异有统计学意义(t=2.252,P=0.028)。结论：PRP对视网膜上下象限厚度及平均厚度影响较为显著,导致视网膜RNFL变薄,临床应注意PRP对视网膜神经细胞的损伤。     

光凝治疗增殖型糖尿病性视网膜病变

目的 观察光凝治疗增殖型糖尿病性视网膜病变的疗效。方法 对患有增殖型糖尿病性视网膜病变的１４３例２６０眼光凝前和光凝后３～６个月进行眼底、视力和荧光血管造影检查,并对造影的特征指标静脉渗漏荧光、出血遮蔽荧光、视网膜微动脉瘤、无灌注区以及视力进行比较和统计分析。结果 光凝后视力较光凝前提高及荧光血管造影特征指标好转均非常明显,差异有极显著性（Ｐ〈０．０００１）。结论 全视网膜光凝对增殖型糖尿病性视网     

Risk Factors for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy in African Americans with Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose: To assess personal and demographic risk factors for proliferative diabetic retinopathy in African Americans with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In this prospective, non-interventional, cross-sectional case-control study, 380 African Americans with type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Participants were recruited prospectively and had to have either: (1) absence of diabetic retinopathy after ≥10 years of type 2 diabetes, or (2) presence of proliferative diabetic retinopathy when enrolled. Dilated, 7-field fundus photographs were graded using the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scale. Covariates including hemoglobin A_1C (HbA_1C), blood pressure, height, weight and waist circumference were collected prospectively. Multivariate regression models adjusted for age, sex and site were constructed to assess associations between risk factors and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Results: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy was associated with longer duration of diabetes (odds ratio, OR, 1.62, p < 0.001), higher systolic blood pressure (OR 1.65, p < 0.001) and insulin use (OR 6.65, p < 0.001) in the multivariate regression analysis. HbA_1C was associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the univariate analysis (OR 1.31, p = 0.002) but was no longer significant in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions: In this case-control study of African Americans with type 2 diabetes, duration of diabetes, systolic hypertension and insulin use were strong risk factors for the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Interestingly, HbA_1C did not confer additional risk in this cohort.     

老年增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变手术治疗的回顾性分析

目的：回顾性分析玻璃体切除术治疗老年增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)的疗效。

方法：回顾性分析行玻璃体切除术治疗的老年PDR患者136例150眼,对手术要点、术后视力、手术并发症进行总结分析。

结果：术后随访6～15mo,术后视力提高115眼(76.7%),视力不变23眼(15.3%),视力下降12眼(8.0%); 其中Ⅳ期视力提高56眼(82.3%),视力不变8眼(11.8%),视力下降4眼(5.9%); Ⅴ期视力提高36眼(75.0%),视力不变8眼(16.7%),视力下降4眼(8.3%); Ⅵ期视力提高22眼(64.7%),视力不变12眼(35.3%),视力下降0眼。患眼Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期术后视力改善程度明显好于Ⅵ期。

结论：玻璃体切除术并发症少,能有效治疗PDR。     

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy in long-term diabetic patients with and without clinical osteoarthritis

Objective

To determine whether some long-term diabetic patients with coexisting clinical osteoarthritis (OA) are less likely to develop diabetic retinopathy (DR) than other diabetic patients and whether there is a relation between the timing of the clinical OA onset and DR.

Design, setting, and participants

Retrospective case–control study of 85 osteoarthritic patients with 20 years or more diabetes (A/DM) control group and of 85 non-osteoarthritic diabetic patients (NoA/DM) matched for age, race, duration, and type of diabetes. Digital fundus photographs were graded for retinopathy in masked manner.

Results

Glycosylated hemoglobin, hypertension, and smoking showed no significant difference. Twelve out of 85 patients (12.9%) in A/DM group developed proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) whereas 79/85 (92.9%) NoA/DM patients developed PDR (P<0.001). The onset of OA symptoms was known in 80/85 of the A/D patients, including 47 patients with onset before or at the same year as DM and 33 patients with relative onset after the year of DM. All the 10 patients with PDR (10/33) developed OA subsequent to their initiation for diabetic treatment while 0/47 A/DM patients with the onset of osteoarthritic symptoms present before or the same year as their onset of diabetes developed PDR (P<0.001).

Conclusion

Our study suggests that in long-term DM, PDR was significantly associated with the absence of concomitant clinical OA. This observation was highly significant if the onset of the arthritis was the same year or before the onset of the diabetes.     

玻璃体切除术治疗增生型糖尿病视网膜病变的效果观察

目的观察分析玻璃体切除术治疗增生型糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的效果。方法对行玻璃体手术治疗的54例（63眼）PDR病例进行回顾性分析,并总结造成术后视力不良的原因。结果术后随访5～24个月,术后矫正视力改善48眼（76．19％）,63眼中视力≥0．01者由术前23眼（36．51％）增加到术后49眼（77．78％）,其中视力≥10．1者由术前3眼（4．76％）增加到术后27眼（42．86％）,8眼（12．70％）与术前比较变化不明显,7眼（11．11％）较术前稍有下降。Ⅳ,Ⅴ期患眼术后视力改善程度（84．78％）明显好于Ⅵ期者（52．94％）。结论玻璃体切除术是治疗PDR的有效方法,合理掌握手术时机、减少术中术后并发症对治疗效果很关键。     

Levels of Interleukin 27 and Interleukin 35 in the Serum and Vitreous of Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Purpose: To examine the role of interleukin 27(IL-27) and interleukin 35 (IL-35) in diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: Patients with diabetes mellitus were divided into three groups: diabetes without retinopathy (DWR), non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Patients with idiopathic macular epiretinal membrane (IMEM) were included as a control group. The serum and vitreous levels of IL-27 and IL-35 were measured using ELISA.

Results: The serum levels of IL-27 (median 240.900 pg/mL, range 42.224 – 617.810 pg/mL; p < 0.001) and IL-35 (median 11.875 ng/mL, range 8.640 – 19.340 ng/mL; p < 0.001) were significantly decreased in PDR patients compared to controls (median 2712.310 pg/mL, range 1005.375–5786.877 pg/mL and median 25.185 ng/mL, range 22.845 – 29.590 ng/mL, respectively). The vitreous levels of IL-35 were significantly decreased in PDR patients (16.32 ± 3.24 ng/mL) compared to controls (24.54 ± 5.86 ng/mL, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: Serum and vitreous levels of IL-35 and serum level of IL-27 may be associated with the pathogenesis of PDR.