Gray Marketing

No abstract available for this article.     

上海某区母乳喂养“知信行”对其成功率的影响*

目的了解产妇母乳喂养的认知度、信效度和执行度对母乳喂养成功率的影响,为母乳喂养的健康教育和自我教育提供依据。方法采用自行设计的问卷对产后8 611名产妇进行调查。问卷主要内容包括,一般资料及母乳喂养相关知晓度、信效度和执行度的分类调查。结果产妇母乳喂养的认知度越高、信效度越高、执行力越强,则母乳喂养成功率越高;产后抑郁与母乳喂养成功率呈负相关。结论产妇对母乳喂养认知、信效和执行情况有待改进,母乳喂养的健康教育、自我教育需更新完善,对医务人员的母乳喂养健康教育知识培训有待加强细化,为产后高效母乳喂养奠定基础。     

Health risk communication message comprehension is influenced by image inclusion

Abstract

The impact of images on risk communications such as public service announcements is unknown. Whether images contained within a printed message such as a food safety warning alters the comprehension of the underlying text, has not previously been explored. The present study examined three factors of a risk communication in the print form: (1) the role images play in promoting comprehension of risk messages, (2) how demographic variables such as gender impacts message reception and (3) the need for cognition, or the degree to which some individuals are innately motivated to comprehend and understand information. Examples of risk communications in the print form are warnings on food or tobacco and alcohol warnings. In the present study, students at an undergraduate university (N?=?92, 61 females, age 19.89 (SD =1.94) years, range 18–32), read risk communications with and without images. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the affect images have on message comprehension and receptivity. Comprehension was assessed by the structural knowledge test. Negative/fear-arousing images increase message receptivity and subsequent learning when accompanying printed risk communications. Gender alone did not significantly impact message receptivity, although males tended to show greater change in structural knowledge pre- to post-test. This was true especially for the negative fear-arousing images condition. Need for cognition plays a significant role in message receptivity. Nevertheless, for risk communications illustrated with fear arousing images, it appears that the need for cognition is not a necessary condition to learn the message. Further research is needed to determine how these factors impact the degree or depth of message processing.     

Direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals: developed countries experiences and Turkey

While several major problems concerning drugs occur in the world, the attempts to direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) has gained a considerable impetus lately in both developed and developing countries. DTCA has increasingly become an appealing advertising alternative for the pharmaceutical industry as drug companies have come to wrestle with such problems as the expansion of the drug market; the decline of the medical representatives' work efficiency; drug reimbursement restrictions; and the escalating role of the Internet in the consumer market. Some of the main disadvantages of the DTCA are: increasing drug expenditures, unnecessary drug consumption and adverse effect risks. Even though the influence of pharmaceuticals on health services and the economy hold the same importance in the developed and developing countries, its negative consequences have increased by encompassing developing countries in its grip. Therefore, in this review, using Turkey as an example, the situation of direct-to-consumer advertisements in developing countries is analysed in relation with developed countries.     

潍坊市婚前医学检查认知与需求现状分析

目的通过了解自愿婚检政策实施以来潍坊市市区居民对婚前医学检查的认知与需求情况并分析其影响因素,为今后更好地开展婚检工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段随机抽样的方法,对潍坊市奎文区和潍城区2003年10月1日后登记结婚者以及2008年达到法定结婚年龄的未婚者共227人进行问卷调查。结果潍坊市婚检人群婚检知识知晓率达85.0%,但对婚检检查项目完全了解的仅占2.1%。婚检对象对婚检服务的需求多样化,较高的前三项为提供优生优育咨询、了解影响婚育有关疾病知识及了解遗传病知识。结论被调查者对婚检有一定了解,但认识不足,婚检机构应加大宣传力度,改进宣传与工作方式,增强市民对婚检实质内容与意义的全面了解。     

Dynamic effects among patients' treatment needs, beliefs, and utilization: a prospective study of adolescents in drug treatment

OBJECTIVE: To document the prospective, reciprocal relationships among substance use problems, utilization of drug treatment, and predisposing beliefs thought to increase treatment utilization. DATA SOURCE: Persistent Effects of Treatment Study-Adolescent (PETS-A), conducted by the Center on Substance Abuse Treatment. This was a longitudinal study of youths originally participating in one of two CSAT studies; one sample included 476 youths receiving residential drug treatment, and the other included 519 youths receiving outpatient treatment. STUDY DESIGN: This study uses five waves of data collected over a 12-month period to examine the temporal relationships among four variables: treatment dose, substance use problems, drug resistance self-efficacy, and perceived need for treatment (PNT). Data from this longitudinal study were analyzed using cross-lagged panel models, and structural equation modeling techniques were used to estimate the prospective, reciprocal relationships among these four variables in each of the two samples, while controlling for several covariates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Both PNT and low drug resistance self-efficacy led to higher levels of subsequent treatment. However, low self-efficacy presaged increases in drug problems while PNT predicted decreases. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the role of psychological variables in the utilization of health services is complicated for psychological disorders because beliefs that affect treatment can also influence the disorder itself. Efforts to keep adolescents in drug treatment should focus on convincing youth that treatment can help them with their problems, rather than convincing them that they cannot resist drugs on their own. While both messages increase treatment utilization, the latter belief undermines the effects of treatment.     

药品经济学基本理论指导药房托管之浅见

作为南京市属医院药房托管试点单位,在两年多药房托管工作的实践中,始终坚持＂反腐、惠民、增效＂的宗旨,针对降低药品费用问题,将药品经济学的基本理论作为指导,从药品市场、药品费用、药品价格、药品需求等方面分析,尤其是在药品的采购、流通、使用的环节上不断探索和实践,在控制药品费用的增长、降低老百姓的药品费用方面取得了较好的成效。随着医院药房托管这项工作的不断深入,从经济学的角度对药品市场、药品费用、药品价格、药品需求等方面,研究药品领域的经济现象和经济活动,还有许多问题需要探讨。     

Developing discerning consumers: an intervention to increase skepticism toward advertisements in 4- to 5-year-olds in the US

This study examined whether an instructional intervention could increase skepticism toward advertisements in a sample of 4- to 5-year-olds (N = 44, Mage = 4.46) from the US. Children in an intervention group observed toy commercials and had the opportunity to play with the advertised toy while they were told about advertisers’ motives and the tactics they use to persuade consumers to want products. In a control condition, children were shown these same commercials and allowed to play with the advertised toy but were not instructed about the persuasive tactics used by advertisers. The intervention led to significantly higher rates of skepticism toward commercials more than a week after the training. These results have practical implications concerning ongoing debates about the efficacy of early media literacy interventions and theoretical implications regarding the mechanisms that underlie the development of skepticism.     

河南省居民药品不良反应认知调查

目的了解河南省居民对药品不良反应(ADR)的认知情况及其影响因素,为提高居民安全用药意识提供基础研究。方法于2016年7—9月采用简单随机抽样法对河南省15个市的城乡2 146位居民进行问卷调查,并对数据进行分析。结果调查对象中知道存在ADR为74.00%(1 588/2 146),ADR知晓率随文化程度的升高而升高(P<0.05);在不同职业中医务工作者ADR知晓率最高为89.09%(98/110)(P<0.05);在不同年龄段中20~39岁ADR知晓率最高为76.35%(878/1 150)(P<0.05)。对ADR理解上,只有57.83%(1 241/2 146)的调查对象能正确选出ADR的定义,即使在知道药品存在不良反应的人群中也只有63.66%(1 011/1 588)的人选出正确选项。logistic回归分析结果显示性别、文化程度为中专、职业为医务工作者、国家公务员公司职员、离退休人员是影响ADR处理方式的因素。结论河南省居民对ADR的知晓情况一般,对ADR是否需要报告及上报程序不了解。相关部门应加大有关ADR知识的普及力度,提高居民安全用药意识。     

某市社区门诊患者对基本药物认知和用药行为变化的短期效果评价

[目的]分析某市社区卫生服务机构开展零差率基本药物政策后对门诊患者的影响,评价政策的短期效果。[方法]采用自行设计的《社区门诊患者对零差率基本药物认知和用药行为的调查表》,分别于2010年和2012年抽取北方某特大城市部分社区卫生服务中心的门诊患者进行问卷调查,进行前后对照分析。[结果]调查结果显示,患者对基本药物的知晓率没有明显提升,仍处于较低水平;患者对零差率基本药物的价格满意度下降;对药品种类的满意度与两年前相比没有差异;但对零差率基本药物政策总体持积极态度的患者占比明显下降。[结论]患者对基本药物政策知晓度不高,应加大宣传力度,扩宽宣传渠道,重点是发挥社区医生和街道的作用;从药品生产、流通、配送和使用的全流程着手,削弱各个环节所带来的成本提高和费用增加;提高社区医疗机构的诊疗水平和服务水平,做到基本医疗和公共卫生同步发展,从而保障基本药物政策在基层的可持续发展。     

江苏省居民安全用药现状调研

  目的   了解河南省居民对药品不良反应（ADR）的认知情况及其影响因素,为提高居民安全用药意识提供基础研究。  方法   于2016年7 — 9月采用简单随机抽样法对河南省15个市的城乡2 146位居民进行问卷调查,并对数据进行分析。  结果   调查对象中知道存在ADR为74.00 %（1 588/2 146）,ADR知晓率随文化程度的升高而升高（P < 0.05）;在不同职业中医务工作者ADR知晓率最高为89.09 %（98/110）（P < 0.05）;在不同年龄段中20～39岁ADR知晓率最高为76.35 %（878/1 150）（P < 0.05）。对ADR理解上,只有57.83 %（1 241/2 146）的调查对象能正确选出ADR的定义,即使在知道药品存在不良反应的人群中也只有63.66%（1 011/1 588）的人选出正确选项。logistic回归分析结果显示性别、文化程度为中专、职业为医务工作者、国家公务员公司职员、离退休人员是影响ADR处理方式的因素。  结论   河南省居民对ADR的知晓情况一般,对ADR是否需要报告及上报程序不了解。相关部门应加大有关ADR知识的普及力度,提高居民安全用药意识。