干旱内陆河流域平原区生态环境需水分析——以新疆自治区台兰河流域为例

从干旱区台兰河流域存在的环境问题出发,在确定流域平原区生态环境需水类型的基础上,构建了台兰河流域平原区生态环境需水定量模型,估算了流域平原区生态环境的规模。计算结果表明,台兰河平原区最大生态环境需水量为4.146×108m3,最小生态环境需水量为2.372×108m3,最适生态环境需水量为2.983×108m3,分别占台兰河平原区水资源总量(8.121×108m3)的51.05%,29.21%和36.73%。在不考虑河流输沙需水量的情况下,台兰河河流生态环境需水量平均为1.440×108m3。在考虑输沙需水量的情况下,河流生态环境需水量平均为2.604×108m3。明确了在确定流域生态环境需水量时,必须考虑研究区环境状况和生态保护目标,从而在不同区域和用水部门间进行调配,并针对流域不同的生态系统状况和对应生态系统类型确定了面向生态的水资源合理配置方案。     

汾河中下游河道生态需水量研究

汾河中下游流域地处我国黄土高原干旱、半干旱地区,水资源短缺与生态环境矛盾十分突出,从水资源开发利用中的生态环境问题出发,构建了适合汾河中下游生态需水量计算模型。河流生态需水量是一个随着时段、河段的不同而发生变化的动态值,把汾河中下游以水文站分成5段,分别计算了不同水文频率年各河段生态需水量,把河道生态需水量分为河道蒸发、渗漏、自净、输沙需水量和基础流量,并根据它们之间的相互关系,界定了总生态需水量。结果表明,汾河中下游20%,50%,70%和95%水文频率年河道生态需水量分别为6.17×108m3,3.78×108m3,2.37×108m3,1.59×108m3;占流域代表年径流量的百分比分别为55.43%,61.97%,61.27%,88.15%,且占多年平均流量的百分比分别为73.68%,45.10%,28.27%,18.92%。要实现汾河流域的可持续管理,必需采取切实有效的措施进行水资源开发调控,分时段分河段地进行水资源的合理利用。     

南方暖湿地区河流生态环境需水量估算

以广东省鹤山市沙坪河生态环境需水为研究对象,从河流水资源规划、开发利用过程中涉及到的生态环境需水问题出发,提出了暖湿地区河流生态环境需水量计算的方法,并计算了各项生态环境需水的数量和比例。其中:基本生态环境需水量0.79 m3/s;水面蒸发需水量0.05 m2/s;输沙需水量0.70 m3/s;稀释净化污染物需水量1.10 m3/s;水土保持需水量1.00 m3/s。沙坪河生态环境需水总量3.64 m3/s,总生态环境需水量约占地表径流总量的38.6%,成果可用于水资源规划与开发利用。     

扎龙国家自然湿地生态环境需水量研究

湿地生态环境需水是指维持湿地生态系统生态平衡和正常发展、保障湿地系统生态水文功能和相关环境功能正常发挥所需的水量,以扎龙国家自然湿地为例,选取植被需水量、土壤需水量、生物栖息地环境需水量及污染物净化需水量为主要指标,估算了扎龙湿地生态环境需水量。按照湿地管理的需要,划分扎龙湿地生态环境需水量为5个级别,其中最小生态环境需水量为24 588×108m3,中等需水量为40 879×108m3,最大需水量为71 934×108m3。     

黑河中游河道生态环境需水量研究

在黑河流域水资源开发利用过程中,人们只重视河流的经济效益而忽略了河流系统的生态环境需求,导致严重的生态环境问题随之而生.为了减少水资源开发利用过程中的生态环境问题,提出河道生态环境需水量的概念和计算方法,计算结果显示:黑河流域河道生态环境需水量为10.44亿m3/a,其中莺落峡生态环境需水量为4.755亿m3/a,约占河流地表水资源来水量的30%,正义峡生态环境需水量为3.06亿m3/a,约占河流地表水资源来水量的30%.考虑到其他因素.实际的生态环境需水量可能比计算结果要大.研究结果表明:黑河流域水资源利用率非常高,如何调控水资源开发利用,减少潜在生态环境问题是当务之急.     

基于遥感方法的黄河三角洲生态需水量研究

生态环境需水量是当前水资源管理等学科研究的重点和难点。对于河流生态环境需水量已形成比较系统的理论和计算方法,但对于其它生态系统则没有固定的计算模式,生态需水量项目也因具体环境而异。依据黄河三角洲自然保护区生态系统特点,其需水量项目主要有植物需水量、湿地蒸散量、土壤需水量、野生生物栖息地需水量、补给地下水需水量和防止岸线侵蚀及河口生态环境需水量等。遥感技术在区域资源环境研究方面具有极大优越性,本文利用遥感技术重点对黄河三角洲湿地生态系统需水量中的蒸散量进行了计算,其它需水量项目则用一般方法进行了计算。计算结果表明黄河三角洲自然保护区最小生态需水量为19.21亿m3,最大生态需水量为42.14亿m3。为维持自然保护区生态环境不再恶化,每年需补给的最小生态水量为12.3亿m3。     

民勤绿洲生态环境需水量计算研究

生态环境需水量是在特定的时间和空间条件下,为了维持和改善生态环境系统正常的生态结构与生态环境功能所需要的水资源量.从石羊河下游民勤绿洲的生态环境系统的特殊性和典型性出发,为维持和保护区域生态环境系统正常的生态功能,探讨区域生态环境需水量计算方法,提出适合研究区的生态环境需水量计算模型,并对研究区域生态环境需水进行定量化计算,得出2000年民勤绿洲生态环境需水量为4.07×108m3.     

径流季节变化对清水河河道生态环境需水量的影响

[目的] 估算清水河河道生态环境需水量,为保证清水河发挥其正常生态功能以及流域内水资源的合理配置提供依据。[方法] 通过对清水河流域用水情况实地调查,在分析整理多年水文统计资料的基础上,考虑生态用水安全,根据清水河径流随降水时间的季节性变化特点以及流域多年水文变化特征,在空间上选取清水河干流的不同断面计算河道生态环境需水量。针对需要满足河流不同生态功能要求,分别采用Tennant法、面积定额法,90%保证率最枯月水量法等方法计算河道基础生态需水量、蒸发需水量、输沙需水量以及水体自净需水量。[结果] 清水河河道生态环境需水量包括基础生态需水量、蒸发需水量、输沙需水量及水体自净需水量,年需水总量上游段为6.29×10⁶ m³,中游段为6.57×10⁷ m³,下游段为1.65×10⁸ m³。[结论] 清水河河道生态环境需水量与泥沙含量和水质有直接关系。泥沙含量高是清水河河道生态环境需水量高的最主要因素。     

河北省自然湿地生态需水量分析

阐述了湿地生态环境需水量的概念和计算方法,在河北省湿地现状分析的基础上,对河北省主要湿地的生态需水量进行了测算,河北省湿地的适宜生态需水量为3.60×108m3,保证率为75%的最小生态环境需水量为2.65×108m3。在此基础上提出:河北省应建立节水型农业,把湿地生态用水列入水库分水计划及南水北调供水计划,协调湿地生态用水和生产、生活用水的关系等改善湿地生态用水的保障措施。     

民勤地区供水和生态需水量分析

当今世界水环境污染和水资源短缺问题日益突出。如何进行水资源优化配置,将人类活动控制在生态、资源、环境允许范围内,核心问题是生态需水量的确定。通过对国内外生态需水量研究现状的分析,阐述了生态需水量的概念:在现状和未来时空间尺度上,一定的生态环境标准条件下,为维持流域或区域特定的天然生态环境功能必须保障蓄存和消耗的最小水量。对目前采取的各种生态需水量计算方法进行了总结,计算了民勤生态需水量。结果表明,为了使民勤生态系统不再恶化,每年需要补给2.406×108~2.414×108m3的水。如果考虑民勤地区人的生活用水和农业灌溉用水4.263×108~5.458×108m3,民勤地区的总需水量应为6.669~7.872亿m3。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.     

Genetic similarities among Spanisch populations of Agropyron, Elymus and Thinopyrum, using PCR-based markers

Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed.     

Mycorrhizae,biocides, and biocontrol. 4. Response of a mixed culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and host plant to three fungicides

The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg^-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants.