Al/镀锌钢板焊接界面区Fe-Al-Zn金属间化合物形成的热力学分析

基于亚点阵计算模型,建立Al/镀锌钢板Pulsed DE-GMAW焊接接头界面区金属间化合物Fe2Al5Znx形成的Gibbs自由能计算模型.利用该模型对Fe2Al5Znx金属间化合物生成的可能性及生成物相种类进行了计算分析,并辅助以实验分析方法对计算结果进行了对比研究.计算结果表明,Al/镀锌钢板Pulsed DE-GMAW焊接接头界面处可以形成Fe-Al-Zn三元化合物相,该化合物相最终稳定于Fe2Al5Zn0.4,且与实验结果一致,由此表明所建立的计算模拟是合理,能够正确反映Al/镀锌钢板Pulsed DE-GMAW焊接界面Fe-Al-Zn金属间化合物的生成情况.通过对界面中心进行元素分布分析得出,Fe2Al5Zn0.4相的生成可分为3个阶段:即液态Al对镀锌层的溶解、Zn元素的扩散迁移、Zn元素与金属间化合物Fe2Al5反应生成Fe2Al5Zn0.4.     

镁/钢异种金属电阻点焊工艺研究

采用电阻点焊对MB3镁合金和镀锌钢板进行了焊接,研究了焊接电流对镁/钢接头宏观形貌、微观组织及力学性能的影响。试验结果表明:镁/钢点焊接头熔核直径及压下率随焊接电流增大而增大,接头拉剪载荷随电流增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。当焊接电流为13 k A,焊接时间为10周波,电极压力为5 k N时,接头拉剪力达到最大值6.1k N,此时点焊接头表现为纽扣式断裂。Fe与Al在镁/钢界面处发生反应生成Fe-Al化合物,其显微硬度达到146 HV。     

基于Zn过渡层的Mg/Al点焊接头性能研究

在2 mm厚AZ31B镁合金和LF6铝合金之间添加厚度为0.1 mm的纯金属Zn进行点焊试验,通过调节焊接工艺参数来提高Mg/Al接头的性能,并确定最佳工艺参数。对Mg/Al异种材料电阻点焊接头采用拉剪试验、显微组织观察、断口扫描、能谱分析等方法进行了研究。结果表明,在接头处添加过渡层纯Zn并通过调节工艺参数能阻止金属间化合物的生成,从而使得接头的力学性能得以提升。     

AZ31镁合金/镀锌钢异种金属TIG熔钎焊接头组织与力学性能研究

以AZ31B镁合金焊丝为填充材料,采用TIG熔钎焊工艺对AZ31B镁合金板与镀锌钢板进行连接。采用光学显微镜、SEM、XRD、万能拉伸试验机等检测方法研究了焊接电流对AZ31B镁合金/镀锌钢熔钎焊接头微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:采用TIG熔钎焊工艺可以实现AZ31B镁合金与镀锌钢的可靠连接,接头具有典型的鱼尾纹特征。当焊接电流较小时,镁/钢界面有大量孔洞生成,接头结合强度较低;当焊接电流大于75A时,镁/钢界面有Mg_(32)(Al,Zn)_(49)、Al_2Mg和Al Fe_3等金属间化合物生成,镁/钢接头具有最大的抗拉强度210 MPa;随着焊接电流继续增大,镁/钢界面的脆性反应层逐渐增厚,接头力学性能有所降低。     

基于镁质铆钉的铝合金/镁合金电阻单元焊接接头的组织与性能

受形成于接合界面的金属间化合物的影响，铝合金与镁合金的电阻点焊接头性能难以达到工程应用的要求。为了提高接头的性能、拓宽铝合金/镁合金点焊的应用，分别以腿径为4、6、8与10 mm的镁质铆钉为单元件对AZ31B镁合金与A6061铝合金进行电阻单元焊，并利用扫描电镜观察了接头界面区域的组织，研究了焊接电流和焊接时间对接头抗剪载荷的影响。结果表明：接头中的铆钉帽/上板铝合金、铆钉腿/上板铝合金、上板铝合金/下板镁合金界面处形成了反应物层，主要由Al₁₂Mg₁₇构成，其厚度因位置不同而有所不同。随焊接电流、焊接时间的增大，A6061/AZ61B-REW接头熔核直径增大，抗剪载荷呈先增大后降低的变化趋势；当采用10 mm腿径的铆钉，在焊接电流为25 kA、焊接时间为160 ms以及4.8 kN的电极压力进行焊接时，焊接接头的抗剪载荷最大，约为5.19 kN。     

镀锌钢一6016铝合金异种金属加入中间夹层铅的激光焊接

对1．2mm厚镀锌钢板和1．15mm厚6016铝合金平板试件进行了加入中间夹层铅的激光搭接焊试验,通过调整焊接工艺参数获得最佳焊接成形,利用卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜、x射线衍射、微机控制电子万能试验机等手段研究了焊接接头各区域的金相组织、断口形貌、主要物相与接头力学性能．结果表明,在钢／铝激光焊中添加中间夹层铅,焊接接头的平均抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别为68．51MPa和2．37％,与没有加铅夹层相比,抗拉强度和断后伸长率明显提高;夹层铅的加入,改变了钢／铝界面的元素分布、物相组成及微观组织形态,焊接接头过渡区域Fe,Al,Zn,Mg,Pb元素的混合区宽度较大,除生成Fe—A1,Mg—Zn脆性金属间化合物外,产生了新的金属间化合物Mg2Pb,改善了焊缝金属的力学性能。     

Si和Zn对铝/钢异种金属熔钎焊接头界面组织的影响

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG熔钎焊方法用ER4043铝合金焊丝对5052铝合金/镀锌钢异种金属进行搭接焊,通过扫描电镜、能谱仪、X射线衍射仪对所获得的铝/钢连接界面进行了分析与研究。结果表明:焊接接头焊趾处是一个Zn的富集区,通过对该区域组织进行分析发现,焊趾处的物相由靠近钢侧的Fe2Al5Zn0.4和焊缝中的Al-Zn固溶体组成。焊缝中的Si元素参与了界面处化合物层的反应,并生成了Al8Fe2Si三元金属间化合物,该三元金属间化合物沿着焊缝侧金属间化合物Fe Al3的边缘分布。进一步线扫描发现:Si元素在整个界面反应层中有明显富集现象。此外,在测试结果的基础上对Fe-Al-Si三元金属间化合物的生长过程进行探讨。     

铝合金/镀锌钢板脉冲MIG电弧熔-钎焊接头组织与性能

采用数字化脉冲MIG焊机,以ER4043焊丝为填充材料.实现了6013-T4铝合金薄板与镀锌钢板的熔-钎焊接,研究了焊接热输入对接头组织和性能的影响,结果表明,在熔-钎焊接头熔化焊缝焊趾处存在主要由Zn-Al共晶体、富A1的α固溶体和Fe3Al组成的富Zn区:钎焊界面上的Fe-Al金属间化合物层厚度在1.05-4.50μm之间.且随焊接热输入的增加而增大.Fe-Al金属间化合物呈"锯齿"或"舌"状向焊缝内生长,主要为FeAl₂,Fe₂Al₅和Fe₄Al₁₃.随着焊接热输入的增大,熔-钎焊接头的抗拉强度先增大而后减小.在850 J/cm的热输入下达到229 MPa,拉伸后在铝合金焊接热影响区发生断裂,为塑韧性断裂;当焊接热输入较小时接头在钎焊界面断裂,属于脆性断裂.     

几种铝钢异种金属熔钎焊工艺的对比与分析

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧MIG焊、CMT及激光焊方法实现铝/镀锌钢板搭接焊,对焊缝界面微观组织、形貌及元素成分进行了观察分析,并测试了其力学性能.结果表明,三种焊接方法均可以实现铝/镀锌钢板异种金属的优质连接,获得成形良好的焊缝,搭接接头的抗拉剪强度均可以达到铝合金母材的80%以上,拉伸试样断裂在焊缝铝合金母材热影响区.当母材热输入及工艺合适时,三种方法下搭接接头界面处均形成一主要成分为Fe₂Al₅和FeAl₃,平均厚度约为8 μm的金属间化合物,而且控制金属间化合物的生成是获得铝/钢焊接优质接头的关键.     

AZ31B镁合金/镀锌钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊结合方式

采用无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊和真空扩散焊对AZ31B镁合金和DP600镀锌钢板进行搭接点焊试验,利用扫描电镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头与真空扩散焊接头进行微观组织及力学性能的对比分析.结果表明,镁钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头结合方式为机械结合与冶金结合共同作用,冶金结合表现为:镁钢界面发生扩散生成由Mg、Fe、O形成的金属间化合物,镁合金中的合金元素与铁生成金属间化合物,机械结合表现为:钢像“钉子”一样插入到镁合金基体中,且在镁钢结合界面处,两种金属呈锯齿状咬合,接头抗剪切载荷平均可达10.36 kN,而只存在单纯扩散结合方式的真空扩散焊接头抗剪切载荷平均仅为2.5 kN.通过两种接头对比分析可知,机械结合对接头力学性能的贡献远远大于冶金结合,其接头结合方式以机械结合为主.     

镁/镀锌钢板CMT熔钎焊连接机制分析

采用CMT焊对AZ31B镁合金和HDG60镀锌钢异种材料进行熔钎焊.在试验中,采取了搭接焊的方式,通过调整焊接参数得到最佳焊接成形.使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDAX)、电子探针、X射线衍射(XRD)及拉伸试验对焊接接头微观连接机制及性能进行研究.结果表明,镁和镀锌钢能够形成良好的搭接接头.焊接接头可以分成焊缝区、结合界面、熔合区.结合面主要有Al,Zn,Mg三种元素,主要相有Al₁₂,Mg₁₇,Mg₂Zn₁₁,Al₇Zn₃及少量的MgFeAlO₄复合氧化物.Zn和Al元素对镁钢连接起着关键作用,Zn在焊接接头形成过程中仍有一定的流动作用.在拉伸试验中,焊接接头试样几乎都断裂在熔合区,抗剪强度可达218 MPa.     

Seal spot welding of steel and aluminium alloy by resistance spot welding: dissimilar metal joining of steel and aluminium alloy by Zn insertion

This research concerns a dissimilar metal joining of steel and aluminium (Al) alloys by means of zinc (Zn) insertion. The authors propose a joining concept for achieving strong bonded joints between Zn-coated steel and Al alloys. A eutectic reaction between Zn in the Zn coating and uniform Al–Fe intermetallic compound (IMC) layer at the joint interface, leading to a strong bonded joint. The ultimate aim of this research was to apply this joining concept in the resistance spot welding process for manufacturing vehicle bodies. As a practical issue characteristic to joints of dissimilar metals, anticorrosion measures against electrochemical corrosion must be undertaken. If there is moisture near a joint interface of dissimilar metals, electrochemical erosion will progress. Therefore, a sealing function that could prevent moisture intrusion is required. By applying the above-mentioned welding process to a set of metals with thermosetting resin spread in between, we realized seal spot welding, which not only prevented moisture intrusion but also retained high tensile strength. In this research, first, a cyclic corrosion test was performed on the seal spot-welded joint of galvanized (GI) steel, a steel grade widely distributed in Japan, and Al alloy was bonded by seal spot welding, and the following topics are discussed. Complete removal of sealant from the joint interface is the key to realizing the high tensile stress joint, because remaining sealant will lead to reduction in tensile strength. Therefore, heat generation at the interface was monitored by measuring electrical current and potential difference between the two electrodes, and a precise temperature control was performed. Moreover, the bonding process was clarified by stepwise analysis of the joint interface using optical microscopy, and a guideline for producing strong joints was proposed. And finally, a TEM observation also confirmed that the interface structure of the seal spot-welded joint was the same as joints without the resin; a thin and uniform Al–Fe IMC layer was formed and a strong metallurgical bonding was achieved.     

镁与镀锌钢板脉冲旁路耦合电弧熔钎焊

采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧熔钎焊,使用AZ92A镁合金焊丝在镀锌钢板上进行平板堆焊试验,通过调整焊接工艺参数,能在最佳的焊接参数下得到熔宽均匀,成形良好的焊缝.通过SEM,EDS,EPMA等测试手段对焊接接头界面中心区的微观组织进行观察与分析,及对焊缝的剥落面进行XRD测试发现有Mg₁₇Al₁₂,Mg_0.97Zn_0.03和Fe₄Zn₉金属间化合物形成.结果表明,在适当参数下,利用脉冲旁路耦合电弧熔钎焊可获得镁与镀锌钢板的焊缝,且镁与镀锌钢板异种金属电弧熔钎焊时镁和铁都与锌反应形成了金属间化合物.     

镁合金/镀锌钢板电阻点焊接头拉剪断裂分析

针对2.0 mm厚的AZ31B镁合金以及1.0 mm厚的SPHC镀锌钢板,采用kDWJ-17型三相次级整流电阻焊机进行焊接试验,通过对接头的金相观察、扫描电镜分析,结合原子结合能研究点焊接头拉剪断裂特征.结果表明,点焊接头断裂的形式呈现结合面断裂和纽扣断裂两种方式,纽扣断裂抗拉剪力学性能优于结合面断裂,纽扣断裂断口是以韧性断口为主,脆性断裂为辅的混合断口.熔核区以Fe-Al化合物为主时发生纽扣断裂,熔合线边缘晶粒尺寸粗大以及熔核区Fe-Al化合物结合能大,使其断裂位置在熔合线边缘.熔核区以Mg-Zn化合物为主时发生结合面断裂,其Mg-Zn化合物结合能偏小,容易被拉断.     

镀锌钢一6016铝合金异种金属加入中间夹层铅的激光焊接

对1．2mm厚镀锌钢板和1．15mm厚6016铝合金平板试件进行了加入中间夹层铅的激光搭接焊试验,通过调整焊接工艺参数获得最佳焊接成形,利用卧式金相显微镜、扫描电镜、x射线衍射、微机控制电子万能试验机等手段研究了焊接接头各区域的金相组织、断口形貌、主要物相与接头力学性能．结果表明,在钢／铝激光焊中添加中间夹层铅,焊接接...     

Friction stir keyholeless spot welding of AZ31 Mg alloy-mild steel

Friction stir keyholeless spot welding (FSKSW) using a retractable pin for 1.0 mm thick galvanized mild steel and 3 mm thick AZ31B magnesium alloy in a lap configuration was investigated. The process variables were optimized in terms of the joint strength. The effects of the stacking sequence on joint formation and the joining mechanism of FSKSW AZ31B-to-mild steel joints were also analyzed. It shows that the process window and joint strength are strongly influenced by the stacking sequence of the workpieces. While the process window is narrow and unstable for FSKSW of a magnesium-to-steel stack-up, a desirable process was established for the steel-to-magnesium stacking sequence, a desirable process and higher strength joint can be got when the steel-to-magnesium stacking sequence. XRD phase and EPMA analyses of the FSKSW joint showed that the intermetallic compounds are formed at the steel-to-magnesium interface, and the element diffusion between the mild steel and AZ31B magnesium alloy revealed that the joining methods for FSKSW joints is the main mechanical joining along with certain metallurgical bonding.     

Dissimilar spot welding of aluminium alloy and galvannealed steel by metal flow-application of friction anchor welding to aluminium alloy and Zn-coated steel

ABSTRACT

Lap joints of an upper Al alloy (1.0-mm-thick A5052) and lower hot dip galvanized steel (1.2-mm-thick GI steel) were welded by a novel spot welding process for dissimilar metal lap joints using a new tool with the tip made of spherical ceramics, i.e. ‘Friction Anchor Welding.’ As a result, the rotating tool was plunged only to 1.3–1.4 mm from the Al alloy surface, and accordingly, a steel projection was not formed in the Al alloy sheet. Further, the Al alloy near the rotating tool was removed. However, near this removed area, the Zn layer on the GI steel melted and was removed by friction heat, and consequently, the GI steel and the Al alloy were welded. Thus, the tensile shear strength reached about 2.6 kN/point.     

Dissimilar spot welding of aluminium alloy and hot dip galvanised steel by metal flow: application of friction anchor welding to aluminium alloy and Zn-coated steel

Lap joints of an upper Al alloy (1.0 mm-thick A5052) and lower hot dip galvanized steel (1.2 mm-thick GI steel) were welded by a novel spot welding process for dissimilar metal lap joints using a new tool with the tip made of spherical ceramics, i.e. ‘Friction Anchor Welding’. As a result, the rotating tool was plunged only to 1.3–1.4 mm from the Al alloy surface, and accordingly, a steel projection was not formed in the Al alloy sheet. Further, the Al alloy near the rotating tool was removed. However, near this removed area, the Zn layer on the GI steel melted and was removed by friction heat, and consequently, the GI steel and the Al alloy were welded. Thus, the tensile shear strength reached about 2.6 kN/point.     

Interfacial characterization of resistance spot welded joint of steel and aluminum alloy

The dissimilar material resistance spot welding of galvanized high strength steel and aluminum alloy had been conducted. The welded joint exhibited a thin reaction layer composed of Fe2Al5 and Fe4Al13 phases at steel/aluminum interface. The welded joint presented a tensile shear load of 3.3 kN with an aluminum alloy nugget diameter of 5.7 ram. The interfucial failure mode was observed for the tensile shear specimen and fracture occurred at reaction layer and aluminum alloy fusion zone beside the interface. The reaction layer with compounds was the main reason for reduction of the welded joint mechanical property.