CoLM模型在高原多年冻土区的单点模拟适用性

使用CoLM模型,以青藏高原冰冻圈观测研究站设在唐古拉综合观测场的气象资料作为驱动资料,在青藏高原多年冻土区的唐古拉地区开展了单点模拟试验.通过和该站点同期实测资料对比发现:CoLM模型对高原多年冻土区的辐射通量各分量的模拟效果较好;对潜热通量的模拟误差较大,感热和地表热通量的模拟相对较好;模型能够很好地模拟活动层浅层土壤温度,但随着深度加深,模拟的温度较观测值有所低估.研究表明CoLM模型能较好地模拟多年冻土区地表与大气的能水交换过程,对其进行一些适应性改进后将能得到更好地应用.改进模型的土壤水热参数化过程尤其是添加未冻水参数化方案是将其应用到冻土区首先要解决的问题;再者扩展模型的模拟深度也十分必要.     

陆面过程模型CoLM与BATS1e的模拟精度比较——以东北玉米农田为例

利用2008年锦州玉米农田生态系统野外观测站资料对CoLM与BATS1e模型模拟能力进行定量评价。比较发现： 两模型对净辐射和表层土壤温度的模拟精度都较高且差异不大,CoLM模型对感热、潜热、土壤热通量、次表层土壤温度模拟能力都不同程度高于BATS1e模型,模拟值对实测值解释能力分别偏高3%、22%、1%、10%,NS (Nash-sutcliffe效率系数)分别偏高1.042、0.266、0.023、0.138。从各月情况看,两模型在7月对感热、潜热模拟能力都较高,而在其它月份CoLM模型模拟精度明显高于BATS1e模型,土壤热通量和次表层土壤温度在5~8月前者模拟精度高于后者。由于CoLM模型对潜热更高精度的模拟可证明其对表层土壤湿度模拟精度高于BATS1e模型。     

CoLM模式对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘陆面过程模拟评估及修正

采用2011年3月22日至7月26日肖塘陆气相互作用观测资料测试了不同陆面参数对公共陆面模式（CoLM）模拟效果的影响。地表参数包括地表反照率（α）、地表比辐射率（ε）、空气动力学和热力学粗糙度（z_0m、z_0h）、零置位移（d）、热传输附加阻尼（kB^-1）。结果表明：感热通量H和地表温度T_g对地表反照率、动力学粗糙度和地表比辐射率比较敏感,对零置位移不敏感。通过观测资料获得的这些参数及kB^-1参数化方案均被用来替换原CoLM模式中相应值及参数化方案。CoLM模式基本上能较好地模拟净辐射R_n、感热通量H、地表土壤热通量G₀和地表温度T_g日变化特征,只是在日峰值及其峰值出现时间的模拟上不理想;而CoLM模式对该地区土壤湿度M的模拟效果非常不好。误差统计值Bias、SEE、NSEE表明优化参数后的CoLM模式使得R_n的模拟误差被降低4.21%（SEE）,H的模拟误差被降低25.19%（Bias）,T_g的模拟误差被降低33.33%（Bias）、10.45%（SEE）和25%（NSEE）。     

黄土高原平凉地区中全新世以来的植硅体记录与古气候研究

通过黄土高原西部平凉剖面的植硅体分析,对黄土高原西部全新世中晚期气候进行研究,将研究时期的气候分为5个阶段:8.43～7.78KaB.P.,气候凉湿;7.78～7.17KaB.P.,气候暖湿;7.17～6.27KaB.P.,气候总体仍为暖湿,但较上带有变冷趋势;6.27～5.55KaB.P.,气候特征为凉湿;5.55～0KaB.P.,气候特征仍为凉湿,但具有偏凉干趋势。明显的气候波动与全新世中晚期全球变化可以对比,与相邻区域的孢粉、粒度、磁化率等研究工作结果较为一致。     

Experimental investigation of the concentration profile of a blowing sand cloud

Detailed wind tunnel tests were carried out to establish the mean downwind velocity and transport rate of different-sized loose dry sand at different free-stream wind velocities and heights, as well as to investigate the vertical variation in the concentration of blowing sand in a cloud. Particle dynamic analyzer (PDA) technology was used to measure the vertical variation in mean downwind velocity of a sand cloud in a wind tunnel. The results reveal that within the near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed using an exponential function. In general, the mean downwind velocity increases with height and free-stream wind velocity, but decreases with grain size. The vertical variation in mean downwind velocity can be expressed by a power function. The concentration profile of sand within the saltation layer, calculated according to its flux profile and mean downwind profile, can be expressed using the exponential function: c_z=ae^−bz, where c_z is the blown sand concentration at height z, and a and bare parameters changing regularly with wind velocity and sand size. The concentration profiles are converted to rays of straight lines by plotting logarithmic concentration values against height. The slope of the straight lines, representing the relative decay rate of concentration with height, decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and grain size, implying that more blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase.     

Vertical profiles of aeolian sand mass flux

Vertical profiles of the horizontal mass flux of blown sand are investigated experimentally using a passive vertical array in a wind tunnel. Considering lower sampling efficiency of the sand trap in the near-bed region, this investigation is complemented by the measurements of the longitudinal profiles of mass flux made using a horizontal sand trap. The experiments were conducted with two test sands and five different stream velocities.In the upper part of the vertical profile, the measured data exhibit an exponential decay distribution with a positive deviation occurring in the near-bed region. The measured longitudinal profiles are similar to the measured vertical profiles. Linking both profiles and the modes of sand transport, it is possible that saltating sand grains give rise to the well-known exponential decay distribution of mass flux, and that creeping and reptating grains force a deviation from it. A simple equation applicable for both the vertical and the longitudinal sand mass flux variations is introduced and the parameters are estimated from experimental data.     

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation

The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud, or the variation of blown sand flux with height, is the reflection of blown sand particles that move in different trajectories, and also the basis for checking drifting sand. Here we report the wind tunnel results of systematic tests of the flux profiles of different sized sands at different free-stream wind velocities. The results reveal that within the 60-cm near-surface layer, the decay of blown sand flux with height can be expressed by an exponential function: q_h=aexp(−h/b), where, q_h is the blown sand transport rate at height h, a and b are parameters that vary with wind velocity and sand size. The significance of coefficient a and b in the function is defined: a represents the transport rate in true creep and b implies the relative decay rate with height of the blown sand transport rate. The true creep fraction, the ratio of the sand transported on the surface (h=0) to the total transport varies widely, decreasing with both sand size and wind speed. The flux profiles are converted to straight lines by plotting sand transport rate, q_h, on a log-scale. The slope of the straight lines that represents the relative decay rate with height of sand transport rate decreases with an increase in free-stream wind velocity and sand grain size, implying that relatively more of the blown sand is transported to greater heights as grain size and wind speed increase. The average saltating height represented by the height where 50% of the cumulative flux percentage occurs increases with both wind speed and grain size, implying that saltation becomes more intense as grain size and/or wind velocity increase.     

楚科奇海陆架沉积物中几种低环的多环芳烃的垂直分布特征

于2014年中国第6次北极科学考察期间,采集了楚科奇海陆架4根沉积物柱状样,据此开展了其中几种低环的多环芳烃(PAHs)的总体水平调查,并结合~(210)Pb测年,探讨了其垂直分布特征及历史沉降规律。结果表明,楚科奇海陆架沉积物中几种低环PAHs含量变化范围为50—1 553 ng·g~(–1),总体处于较低水平,且与粒径变化关系不明显。楚科奇海陆架区沉积物的沉积速率为0.05—0.19 cm·a~(–1),低环PAHs垂直变化较小,总体受人类影响极少,局部高值可能受到石油渗漏或成岩作用等过程的影响。     

黄土高原不同气候区裸地水、热特征对比

为了更好地理解陆地表面水、热通量的空间差异,利用2009年和2010年1月黄土高原陆面过程观测试验（LOPEX）的陆面过程资料,对比分析了不同气候区主要地表水、热通量特征。结果表明：半干旱区的定西在近地层气象要素、土壤湿度、动量通量、地表能量及CO2通量等主要陆面特征物理量与半湿润区的平凉、庆阳差异明显;气候背景相接近的平凉、庆阳的主要陆面特征量比较接近。虽然地形、地势、海拔、下垫面影响因子也是影响陆面特征的重要因素,但是气候背景差异愈明显,陆面特征差异也愈大,即一个地区的气候背景是陆面过程特征的主要决定因子,对陆面特征产生综合影响,而地形、地貌只对一个或几个陆面物理量有影响。     

内蒙古羊草草原不同物候期CH4通量日变化特征与日通量比较

利用静态暗箱法对内蒙古半干旱羊草草原不同物候期原状群落与土壤CH4 通量的日变化进行了野外定位试验研究 ,结果表明 :羊草草原土壤为大气CH4 的吸收汇 ,不同观测日CH4 通量的日变化特征存在较大差异 ;气温及表层地温与CH4 吸收通量除果后营养期呈显著或极显著正相关外 ,其余观测日两者的相关性不明显 ;原状群落与土壤CH4 吸收通量间除2 0 0 2年果后营养期以及 2 0 0 3年开花期两者差异分别达到 0 10与 0 0 5的显著性水平外 ,两者在其余观测日差异均不显著 ;不同物候期间CH4 日平均通量除原状群落开花期与结实后期间 ,开花期与 2 0 0 1年果后营养期以及结实后期与 2 0 0 2年果后营养期间差异显著外 ,其它不同物候期之间CH4 吸收通量没有显著差异     

Wind tunnel modeling and measurements of the flux of wind-blown sand

This paper presents a way to empirically fit experimental data for the horizontal flux of various sizes of wind-blown dry sand using data from wind tunnel experiments. We measured vertical wind profiles to derive threshold shear velocity and estimated shear velocity and the flux of sand mass as a function of the height for nine different grain sizes. We propose a fitting model based on the experimental data and a least-squares method and derive an explicit form of sand flux as a function of height and shear velocity for these grain sizes. We also obtained an explicit form of the empirical equation for the measurement of sand transport per unit width and unit time by integrating the empirical equation as a function of height. Finally, we compared the effectiveness of Bagnold's equation, Kawamura's expression and Lettau and Lettau's equation, for predicting sand transport with the results of our empirical equation. The results show that the transport predicted by all of the equations were always lower than the measured results from the empirical equation for all grain sizes and shear velocities. However, the empirical equation matched Bagnold's equation, Kawamura's equation, and Lettau and Lettau's equation if the coefficients in these equations were adjusted instead of using their original coefficients. The empirical equation for sand transport in the present study contradicts previous conclusions generated by Bagnold's equation, which predict that for a given wind drag, the transport of a coarse sand is greater than that of a fine sand.     

不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

黄土高原地区沙尘暴高发带的跃变现象

对黄土高原地区沙尘暴日数与年降水量关系的分析表明,在黄土高原地区存在着一个原生沙尘暴带和一个次生沙尘暴带,后者是人类破坏植被、改变土地覆盖状况的结果。发现原生沙尘暴带与次生沙尘暴带之间存在着跃变现象,这一现象发生在年降水量为300 mm左右的地区。这表明,对于沙尘暴带的演化而言,年降水量为300 mm左右的地区是一个超常不稳定带。     

Soil moisture of different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter- annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风沙流结构变异

对库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面气流和输沙率的野外观测和分析结果表明,沙丘表面约90%的风沙输移集中在距沙面0.10 m高度范围内,输沙率随高度递减的形式在沙丘各部位因风速、下垫面状况和坡面形态不同而发生变异。沙丘迎风坡坡脚因出露坚硬、含砾石地表,颗粒跃移高度大,风沙流上层相对输沙率大;迎风坡沙粒沿坡向上运动,颗粒跃移高度减小,风沙流中近地表相对输沙率大;沙丘背风坡沙粒沿坡向下运动,加之来自丘顶变型跃移物质的影响,风沙流上层相对输沙率较大;脊线受迎风坡各个断面地形差异的影响,各观测点间风沙流结构差异显著。风沙流结构在迎风坡和丘顶均遵循指数递减规律(Q=aexp(-z/b)),其中,指数函数拟合中系数a与输沙率具有良好的幂函数关系,随风速增加而增加,但二者关系较弱;b与二者无相关性。背风坡风沙流结构具有明显的分段现象,以0.10 m高度为界,下层符合指数函数,上层符合幂函数。     

陕北黄土高原景观动态的植被覆盖季节响应

半干旱地区生态环境状态与景观动态变化息息相关,为深入探讨景观动态的生态响应,本研究选择陕北黄土高原为研究区,分别就景观动态的3种类型 (景观类型间变化、类型内组分变化及未变化) 与植被覆盖状态进行分析。其中植被覆盖状态主要通过植被覆盖值高低及年内植被恢复期、维持期与转折点等曲线特征体现。结果发现研究区景观类型的动态变化并不显著,而各动态类型与植被覆盖的相关程度各不相同,植被覆盖不仅和景观类型有关,亦与景观动态类型有关,而在植被覆盖对景观动态的响应上,则体现出由于景观动态类型的差异,造成同一景观类型的植被覆盖季节响应模式和强度完全不同。     

The impacts of urbanization on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region

1 IntroductionThe Loess Plateau region covers an area of 62.4(104 km2 and lies in the center of northern China. Urbanization and economic development have been quickened in recent decades. Both the number of towns established and scale of cities have increased. Although the pace of urbanization has been accelerated, the eco-environmental control in urban areas still lags behind relatively. Moreover, the construction and development of cities damaged the already vulnerable eco-environment to …     

地形对黄土高原滑坡的影响

高分辨率地形与影像数据的缺乏已成为研究地表现象、特征与过程的重要瓶颈。低成本无人机设备和摄影测量技术的发展,打开了地学领域获取高分辨率数据的大门,大大提高了地质灾害野外调查与灾害编目的精度与效率。本文通过无人机野外调查和遥感室内目视解译,构建了一个包含307个黄土滑坡属性的数据库。在此基础上,通过数字地形分析和数理统计等方法,总结归纳了黄土滑坡样本数据的分布规律,探讨了地形对黄土滑坡分布的影响,阐述了地形相对高差对最长滑动距离、滑坡周长、滑坡面积的影响,提出了基于传统经验公式拟合的滑坡规模快速预测公式。结果表明：① 滑坡规模—频率分布具有明显的规律性,不同最大长度、最大宽度和周长的黄土滑坡数量分布均呈现正偏态分布,而不同面积的滑坡数量分布则服从幂函数分布;② 地形对黄土滑坡发育控制作用明显,不同地形高差、平均坡度、坡形的斜坡单元滑坡发育数量差异较大;③ 地形相对高差与滑坡的最长滑距、周长和面积的拟合曲线很好地符合幂律分布规律,但不同地形区的拟合效果有所差异,黄土丘陵区拟合效果最好,黄土高原全区次之,黄土台塬区最差;④ 本文建立的黄土滑坡规模快速预测模型,为黄土滑坡灾害调查提供了经验公式支撑。     

The impacts of urbanization on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region

The accelerated urbanization has resulted in new soil erosion in the Loess Plateau region since the 1980s. A concept of urban erosion and its impacts on environment are discussed. The experimental studies and field investigations show that those loose silt and earth piles formed by urban construction can be eroded seriously: Under stormy rain, the amount of sediment from steep man-dumped slope is 10.8–12.2 times that of from uncovered slope land; the result of experiments with the wind tunnel also shows that the damage to the surface structure of dry loess can cause serious soil erosion by wind in some cities of the region. Even if in the urban built-up area, there are many loose sandy soil, mud and silt, which are washed into rivers by city’s ground flow in the rainy season. So, anthropogenically induced soil erosion has made soil erosion more serious around the urban areas. And the urban eroded environment has several characteristics such as fragility, complexity, seasonality and quick variability. Urban areas witness a quick economic growth and have more construction projects than rural areas, which brings more intensive changes of environments during a short period of time or adds some new elements to the erosion system. Therefore erosion has experienced more intensive impact by human activities. So, the possible impact of urbanization on erosion environment must be taken into consideration when designing or planning to exploit natural resources or to develop urban areas in the Loess Plateau.     

黄土高原地区乡村性空间特征及其与可达性格局关系

在乡村转型重构的关键时期以及城乡融合背景下,可达性作为驱动乡村地域特征改变的直接媒介,对乡村减贫及可持续发展产生重要影响。以县域为基本空间单元,构建了刻画乡村性和可达性的指标体系,定量测度了1990年、2000年、2010年、2015年黄土高原地区243个县域乡村性与可达性指数,探索黄土高原地区县域乡村性和可达性的时空演变特征,采用探索性空间数据方法,引入空间计量经济模型,对乡村性与可达性的集聚特征及关系进行计量分析。结果显示:①研究区乡村性整体呈减弱态势、差异不断增大,呈现"西高东低"分布格局;可达性整体呈增强趋势、差异不断缩小,"东高西低"的分布格局基本不变。②乡村性与可达性空间分布均呈较强的正空间自相关,以"榆林-庆阳"一线为界分布,但集聚态势总体不断减弱;其次,可达性的提升对乡村性呈负向影响且波动增强,低可达性-高乡村性类型主要分布在西北的青海、甘肃、宁夏境内,高可达性-低乡村性类型主要分布在东部经济发展水平较高的地级市周边县市。③乡村性的空间溢出效应显著,表现出显著的空间滞后和空间误差溢出效应,区域乡村性会受到周边地区乡村性的显著影响;可达性的提升会使得乡村人口变化率、一产产...