黄土高原平凉地区中全新世以来的植硅体记录与古气候研究

通过黄土高原西部平凉剖面的植硅体分析,对黄土高原西部全新世中晚期气候进行研究,将研究时期的气候分为5个阶段:8.43～7.78 KaB.P.,气候凉湿;7.78～7.17 KaB.P.,气候暖湿;7.17～6.27 KaB.P.,气候总体仍为暖湿,但较上带有变冷趋势;6.27～5.55 KaB.P.,气候特征为凉湿;5.55～0 KaB P.,气候特征仍为凉湿,但具有偏凉干趋势.明显的气候波动与全新世中晚期全球变化可以对比,与相邻区域的孢粉、粒度、磁化率等研究工作结果较为一致.     

黄土高原不同气候区裸地水、热特征对比

为了更好地理解陆地表面水、热通量的空间差异,利用2009年和2010年1月黄土高原陆面过程观测试验（LOPEX）的陆面过程资料,对比分析了不同气候区主要地表水、热通量特征。结果表明：半干旱区的定西在近地层气象要素、土壤湿度、动量通量、地表能量及CO2通量等主要陆面特征物理量与半湿润区的平凉、庆阳差异明显;气候背景相接近的平凉、庆阳的主要陆面特征量比较接近。虽然地形、地势、海拔、下垫面影响因子也是影响陆面特征的重要因素,但是气候背景差异愈明显,陆面特征差异也愈大,即一个地区的气候背景是陆面过程特征的主要决定因子,对陆面特征产生综合影响,而地形、地貌只对一个或几个陆面物理量有影响。     

不同植被类型的土壤水分对黄土高原的影响

Water stored in deep loess soil is one of the most important resources regulating vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of the Loess Plateau, but planted shrub and forest often disrupt the natural water cycle and in turn influence plant growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of main vegetation types on soil moisture and its inter-annual change. Soil moisture in 0–10 m depth of six vegetation types, i.e., crop, grass, planted shrub of caragana, planted forests of arborvitae, pine and the mixture of pine and arborvitae were measured in 2001, 2005 and 2006. Soil moisture in about 0–3 m of cropland and about 0–2 m of other vegetation types varied inter-annually dependent on annual precipitation, but was stable inter-annually below these depths. In 0–2 m, soil moisture of cropland was significantly greater than those of all other vegetation types, and there were no significant differences among other vegetation types. In 2–10 m, there was no significant moisture difference between cropland and grassland, but the soil moistures under both of them were significantly higher than those of planted shrub and forests. The planted shrub and forests had depleted soil moisture below 2 m to or near permanent wilting point, and there were no significant moisture differences among forest types. The soil moisture of caragana shrub was significantly lower than those of forests, but the absolute difference was very small. The results of this study implicated that the planted shrub and forests had depleted deep soil moisture to the lowest limits to which they could extract and they lived mainly on present year precipitation for transpiration.     

论古代黄土高原植被*

充分发掘历史文献中的有关信息予以辨析考证,并吸收其它研究方法所取得的成果综合分析,笔者对黄土高原古代植被提出新见解:距今3000—2300年前的西周早期至战国时期,在六盘山以东、吕梁山以西、长城以南、渭河以北的黄土高原显域生境上,植被为疏林(稀树)灌丛草原,离石、延安、庆阳一线又将其分为南北有差异的两部分。     

晚更新世以来的季风变化对晋陕蒙接壤区现代侵蚀的影响

黄土高原晚更新世末次冰期时期,冬季风强盛,马兰黄土堆积;全新世以来的间冰期时期,夏季风强盛,降水较丰,侵蚀强烈。晚更新世以来的中国东部海岸线40°N 一带变化最大,同纬度晋陕蒙接壤区是黄土高原季风气候变化最剧烈的地区,致使该区成为黄土高原沙黄土区中现代降水最多的地区。沙黄土和较多降水的组合,使晋陕蒙接壤区成为黄土高原现代侵蚀最剧烈的地区。     

黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土古土壤与气候变迁

本文对黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土地层作了详细划分。根据武功、洛川黄土剖面构地层结构、地球化学和孢粉分析，确定了形成的黄土荒漠草原和平草原寒冷干旱环境，形成的古土壤落叶阔叶林或森林草原温暖湿润环境。阐明晚更新世黄土高原南部有六个土壤、植被和气候演他阶段，并将其归纳为约四万年为周期的三个暖湿—冷干气候变化旋回，与地层剖面上交替出现的三层古土壤与三层黄土相对应。通过与我国东部和北半球各地不同类型古气候记录的对比，证明黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土记录的气候变化规律在北半球具有普遍性。     

全新世中期以来黄土高原中部生物多样性研究

根据孢粉分析、古文献记载、生物地名考证以及对现今物种群多样性等方面的研究资料,结合气候变迁,论述了全新世以来,在自然和人为因素影响下,黄土高原中部地区景观和生物多样性的演变过程及其恢复和保护措施。     

黄土高原地区沙尘暴高发带的跃变现象

对黄土高原地区沙尘暴日数与年降水量关系的分析表明,在黄土高原地区存在着一个原生沙尘暴带和一个次生沙尘暴带,后者是人类破坏植被、改变土地覆盖状况的结果。发现原生沙尘暴带与次生沙尘暴带之间存在着跃变现象,这一现象发生在年降水量为300 mm左右的地区。这表明,对于沙尘暴带的演化而言,年降水量为300 mm左右的地区是一个超常不稳定带。     

陆面过程模型CoLM与BATS1e的模拟精度比较——以东北玉米农田为例

利用2008年锦州玉米农田生态系统野外观测站资料对CoLM与BATS1e模型模拟能力进行定量评价。比较发现： 两模型对净辐射和表层土壤温度的模拟精度都较高且差异不大,CoLM模型对感热、潜热、土壤热通量、次表层土壤温度模拟能力都不同程度高于BATS1e模型,模拟值对实测值解释能力分别偏高3%、22%、1%、10%,NS (Nash-sutcliffe效率系数)分别偏高1.042、0.266、0.023、0.138。从各月情况看,两模型在7月对感热、潜热模拟能力都较高,而在其它月份CoLM模型模拟精度明显高于BATS1e模型,土壤热通量和次表层土壤温度在5~8月前者模拟精度高于后者。由于CoLM模型对潜热更高精度的模拟可证明其对表层土壤湿度模拟精度高于BATS1e模型。     

黄土高原黄土稳定同位素与古季风研究进展

黄土高原黄土-古土壤完好地记录了过去环境信息,进入90年代以来,在利用碳、氧同位素作为气候替代指标研究古植被、降雨量、古环境温度及古季风演化方面取得了长足的进展,文章就这方面的主要研究成果作了综合分析与评述。     

基于TVDI的黄土高原地表干燥度与土地利用的关系研究

基于地表温度和植被指数的经验关系构建地表干燥度指数。该指数对Ts/NDVI特征空间的生态特征的解释,对土壤和作物的水分含量具有一定的指示意义。通过对地表干燥度进行分级,分析陕北黄土高原区地表含水状况的空间差异,进而结合该地区的主要土地利用类型,探讨各类型的干燥度情况,并对不同地表干燥度条件下各土地利用类型对地表水分的保持能力差异进行分析,结果表明,在该区相对湿润环境中,林地以及疏林地的水分保持能力优于农地和草地,但在干旱的环境下,草地则好于林地及疏林地。建议根据不同土地利用类型的保水能力,在湿润区域增加林地的面积比例,在偏湿润区域增加疏林地的面积,在干旱区域增加草地的比例,减少农地开垦。     

CoLM模型在高原多年冻土区的单点模拟适用性

使用CoLM模型,以青藏高原冰冻圈观测研究站设在唐古拉综合观测场的气象资料作为驱动资料,在青藏高原多年冻土区的唐古拉地区开展了单点模拟试验.通过和该站点同期实测资料对比发现:CoLM模型对高原多年冻土区的辐射通量各分量的模拟效果较好;对潜热通量的模拟误差较大,感热和地表热通量的模拟相对较好;模型能够很好地模拟活动层浅层土壤温度,但随着深度加深,模拟的温度较观测值有所低估.研究表明CoLM模型能较好地模拟多年冻土区地表与大气的能水交换过程,对其进行一些适应性改进后将能得到更好地应用.改进模型的土壤水热参数化过程尤其是添加未冻水参数化方案是将其应用到冻土区首先要解决的问题;再者扩展模型的模拟深度也十分必要.     

晚更新世以来黄土高原地区古季风的时空演化

通过对黄土高原不同地区黄土-古土壤序列、磁化率、粒度、同位素等的对比,认为黄土高原在末次间冰期有3次东亚季风环境效应突出的时期,分别距今130~116ka、116~94ka和84~74ka。季风锋面深入到榆林以北的地区。末次冰期有3次西北季风环境效应突出的时期,分别距今75~60ka,45~30ka和20~10ka,季风锋面推到长江流域,沙漠边界南移到定边与榆林之间。期间西北季风效应减弱,东亚季风锋面推进到吴堡与定边-米脂之间。全新世以来,东亚季风环境效应不断增强,在全新世中期达到最强,季风锋面推进到榆林以北地区。     

不同分辨率DEM提取地面坡度的不确定性模拟:以在黄土高原的试验为例

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning,especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas,but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as (0.0015S2+0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S+0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.     

黄土高原粮食生产潜势与高产技术研究

从黄土高原地区粮食发展历史经济和十多年来科技攻关实践及生产潜力的调查和试验证明,该区域在资源潜力的技术潜力上有能力达到粮食自给。据中科院水土保持研究所在长武站试验。１９９３年在正常降水的情况下,小麦产量４９４４ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,玉米产量９４７８．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,两料产量达１４４２２．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２（９６１．５ｋｇ／亩）,创区历史最高记录。通过多方面的努力,黄土高原粮食生产连续上了几个台阶,其中选     

风力侵蚀对无定河流域产沙作用定量分析

本文利用无定河的水文泥沙观测日值资料和该流域内及周围气象站气象观测月值资料,通过流域的水沙关系与各年风蚀气候因子,估计了风力作用对无定河流域产沙的贡献量。结果揭示出:在风沙区,由于水力的搬运作用仍然决定了流域输沙量的大小,所以风力作用产生的输沙模数很小,在总输沙量中只占约1/4;风力作用增加输沙量比例最大的地区是穿过风沙区和丘陵沟壑区交界区,既有活跃的风沙活动又有强烈的黄土水蚀,风力和水力形成强耦合侵蚀搬运作用的干流上游,占输沙量的1/3以上;位于靠近风沙区并有片沙分布的黄土丘陵沟壑区的流域,风蚀产沙占流域输沙量的比例约为1/10;在黄土丘陵沟壑区,相对强烈的水力侵蚀,风力作用对产沙影响较小。整个无定河流域风力作用产生的输沙量包括入河风沙、降尘以及风力与水力的耦合侵蚀搬运作用可能增加的泥沙,接近流域总输沙量的1/6。     

Simulation on slope uncertainty derived from DEMs at different resolution levels： a case study in the Loess Plateau

Slope is one of the crucial terrain variables in spatial analysis and land use planning, especially in the Loess Plateau area of China which is suffering from serious soil erosion. DEM based slope extracting method has been widely accepted and applied in practice. However slope accuracy derived from this method usually does not match with its popularity. A quantitative simulation to slope data uncertainty is important not only theoretically but also necessarily to applications. This paper focuses on how resolution and terrain complexity impact on the accuracy of mean slope extracted from DEMs of different resolutions in the Loess Plateau of China. Six typical geomorphologic areas are selected as test areas, representing different terrain types from smooth to rough. Their DEMs are produced from digitizing contours of 1:10,000 scale topographic maps. Field survey results show that 5 m should be the most suitable grid size for representing slope in the Loess Plateau area. Comparative and math-simulation methodology was employed for data processing and analysis. A linear correlativity between mean slope and DEM resolution was found at all test areas, but their regression coefficients related closely with the terrain complexity of the test areas. If taking stream channel density to represent terrain complexity, mean slope error could be regressed against DEM resolution (X) and stream channel density (S) at 8 resolution levels and expressed as(0.0015S2 0.031S-0.0325)X-0.0045S2-0.155S 0.1625, with a R2 value of over 0.98. Practical tests also show an effective result of this model in applications. The new development methodology applied in this study should be helpful to similar researches in spatial data uncertainty investigation.