去卵巢、去松果体对β-淀粉样蛋白诱导的大鼠海马神经损害的影响

目的　探讨去卵巢 (OVX)、去松果体 (PX)对 β淀粉样蛋白 (beta amyloid ,Aβ)注入海马齿状回 (dentategyrus,DG)诱导的神经损害的影响。方法　将雌性大鼠随机分为假手术、生理盐水 (NS)注射、正常 +Aβ、假OVX +Aβ、OVX +Aβ、假PX +Aβ、PX +Aβ、假OVX +假PX +Aβ、OVX +PX +Aβ9组 ,术后 6 0d将体外孵育的Aβ1 40 注入海马DG分子层 ,7d后用Nissl、HE、TUNEL染色观察海马DG神经病理损害情况。结果　假手术组无海马DG损害 ,NS组无DG损害、针道处海马CA1锥体细胞带略有紊乱、中断、胶质细胞少量 ,两组偶有细胞凋亡 (PCD) ,但部位不恒定、数量无显著差别。假OVX+Aβ、假PX +Aβ、假OVX +假PX +Aβ、正常 +Aβ各组在各项检测指标上无显著差异 ,合并为B组。海马DG神经细胞的损害、胶质细胞增生及PCD在NS、B、OVX +Aβ、PX +Aβ、PX +OVX +Aβ各组间依次显著增加 (P <0 0 1)。前两变量之间线性相关系数 (r1) =0 975 (P <0 0 1) ,后两变量之间r2 =0 977(P <0 0 1)。结论　Aβ注入海马DG可导致神经毒性 ,PCD参与神经毒性过程 ,其神经毒性与胶质细胞增生成正相关。OVX、PX可加重Aβ神经毒性 ,其影响与OVX、PX可加重胶质细胞增生有关 ,而且PX +OVX >PX >OVX。     

去卵巢、去松果体对β—淀粉产蛋白诱导的大鼠海马神经损害的影响

目的：探讨去卵巢（OVX）、去松果体（PX）对β－淀粉产蛋白（beta-amyloid,Aβ）注入海马齿状回（dentate gyrus,DG)诱导的神经损害的影响。方法：将雌性大鼠随机分为假手术，生理盐水（NS）注射、正常＋Aβ、假OVX＋Aβ、OX＋Aβ、假PX＋Aβ、PX＋Aβ、假OVS＋假PX＋Aβ、OVX＋PX＋Aβ9组，术后60d将体外孵育的Aβ1－40注入海马DG分子层，7d后用Nissl,HE`TUNEL染色观察海马DG神经病理损害情况。结果：假手术组无海马DG损害，NS组无DG损害，针道处海马CA1锥体细胞带略有紊乱，中断，胶质细胞少量，两组偶有细胞凋亡（PCD），但部位不恒定，数量无显著差别。假VOX＋Aβ、假PX＋Aβ、假OVX＋假PX＋Aβ，正常＋Aβ各组在各项检测指标上无显著差异，合并为B组。海马DG神经细胞的损害，胶质细胞增生及PCD在NS、B、OVX＋Aβ、PX＋Aβ，PX＋OVX＋Aβ各组间依次显著增加（P＜0．01）。前两变量这间线性相关系数（r1)=0．975（P＜0．01），后两变量之间r2＝0．977（P＜0．01）。结论：Aβ注入海马DG可导致神经毒性，PCD参数神经毒性过程，其神经毒性与胶质细胞增生成正相关。OVX、PX可加重Aβ神经毒性，其影响与OVX、PX可加重胶质细胞增生有关， PX＋OVX＞PX＋OVX。     

雌激素、褪黑素对Aβ诱导的大鼠海马的神经损害的影响

目的:探讨雌激素(Estrogen,E)、褪黑素(Melatonin,MT)对β淀粉样蛋白(Beta-amyloid,Aβ)注入海马齿状回(Dentate gyrus,DG)诱导的神经损害的影响。方法:将老年动物随机分为假手术、生理盐水(NS)对照、正常+Aβ、雌二醇(E_2)+Aβ、MT+Aβ、E_2+MT+Aβ组,将体外孵育的Aβ_(1-40)注入海马DG分子层后,E_2、MT注射组立即分别皮下、腹腔注射E_2 10μg、MT 0.5 mg·100 mg~(-1)体重,持续7 d,观察海马DG神经病理损害情况。结果:假手术组无海马DG损害,NS组仅针道处海马CA1锥体细胞带略有紊乱、中断、胶质细胞少量,两组偶有细胞凋亡。Aβ诱导的海马DG细胞带的受损长度、胶质细胞增生数及细胞凋亡,在正常+Aβ、E_2+Aβ、MT+Aβ、E_2+MT+Aβ各组依次显著减少(P<0.01),前两变量之间线性相关系数(r_1)=0.914(P<0.01),后两变量之间r_2=0.956(P<0.01)。结论:Aβ注入海马DG可导致神经毒性,细胞凋亡参与了神经毒性过程,其神经毒性与胶质细胞增生成正相关;E_2、MT可显著减轻Aβ神经毒性,而且E_2+MT>MT>E_2,其影响与E_2、MT可减轻胶质细胞增生有关。     

雌激素对大鼠脑缺血-再灌注损伤的保护作用的研究

目的　研究外源性雌激素替代对大鼠局灶性脑缺血 再灌注损伤的神经保护作用。方法　将12 0只大鼠分为对照组、双侧卵巢切除 (OVX)组、OVX +雌二醇 (E2 )组 (E2 2 0 0 μg/kg ,皮下注射每周 1次 ,连续 4周 )。 4周后用线栓法建立脑缺血再灌注模型 ,在缺血再灌注不同时间观察大鼠脑梗死体积、病理改变、凋亡细胞数及检测血浆雌激素水平。结果　缺血再灌注不同时间均以OVX +E2 组脑梗死体积最小 ,OVX组最大 ,两组比较有显著差异 (均P <0 0 1)。凋亡细胞数OVX组明显多于OVX +E2 组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　雌激素对缺血 再灌注后脑损伤具有明显的保护作用     

雌激素对MPP+诱导的PC12细胞损伤的防护作用

目的　探讨在离体的细胞培养物中 ,雌激素 (estrogen ,E)对 1 甲基 4 苯基吡啶离子(MPP+ )诱导的帕金森模型是否具有保护作用。方法　以PC12细胞为多巴胺能神经元的细胞模型 ,将MPP+ 或E加入培养的PC12细胞 ,四甲基偶氮唑盐 (MTT)法检测细胞活性及代谢状态 ,SABC法检测酪氨酸羟化酶 (TH)的含量 ,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率 ,比较各组的差异。结果　随MPP+ 浓度增加 ,细胞活性下降 ,MPP+ 浓度为 2 5 0 μmol/L时 ,吸光度A570 值为 0 30± 0 0 7,符合帕金森病细胞模型 ;随E浓度增加 ,细胞活性升高 ,呈量效依赖关系 ;当雌激素浓度 >10nmol/L ,细胞活性无明显增加。单纯用E组A570 值为 0 6 1± 0 17,比空白对照组 (0 4 9± 0 11)、MPP+ 组 (0 30± 0 0 7)、E +MPP+ 组 (0 5 6± 0 16 )细胞活性高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;TH阳性细胞平均吸光度E组 (0 4 6± 0 0 6 )比空白对照组 (0 2 2± 0 0 7)、MPP+ 组 (0 10± 0 0 3)、E +MPP+ 组 (0 2 4± 0 0 4 )高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;凋亡率E组(11 5 % )比对照组 (31 3% )、MPP+ 组 (6 3 5 % )、E +MPP+ 组 (33 6 % )低 (P <0 0 5 ) ,每组细胞数为 2× 10 5个 /ml。E +MPP+ 组比MPP+ 组细胞活性高 ,TH含量高 ,凋亡率低 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　雌激素对PC12细胞可     

学习记忆能力下降大鼠神经细胞增殖的研究

目的　观察学习记忆能力减退老年大鼠海马齿状回神经细胞的增殖。方法　Morris水迷宫筛选出学习记忆能力减退大鼠 (痴呆组 )与正常大鼠 (对照组 )。BrdU标记海马齿状回增殖细胞。TUNEL法标记DNA片段原位检测凋亡细胞。计数海马颗粒细胞层与海马门的BrdU阳性细胞与凋亡细胞数。结果　痴呆组与对照组大鼠相比 ,海马颗粒细胞层BrdU阳性细胞显著增加 (P <0 0 1) ,而凋亡细胞数无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。海马门BrdU阳性细胞数及凋亡细胞数均无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　学习记忆能力减退的老年大鼠海马齿状回神经细胞增殖能力减低。     

ＥＧb７６１对星形胶质细胞抗凋亡作用的研究

研究无糖对星形胶质细胞的影响和ＥＧb７６１（Ｇinkgobiloba Extract 761)对细胞损伤后的有效保护浓度及其抗凋亡作用。实验选用２４h后分组：无糖组、ＥＧb７６１药物组和正常组,继续培养72h后,①测定LDH,药物组的LDH释放量低于无糖组和正常组,经样本均数间的两两比较q检验有显著性差异（P＜0.01)。②二倍体细胞比例测定,药物组的凋亡峰明显低于无糖组和正常组,三组间的t检验P＜0.01。③光镜下免疫学观察：体外无糖培养20d的星形胶质细胞的胸体比正常组细胞胞体明显增大,突起断裂,细胞胞浆内出现空泡状物,细胞增殖速度减慢。药物组细胞形态与正常组相比无明显变化。结果提示：一定浓度的ＥＧb７６１对无糖损伤的星形胶质细胞具有保护作用,对正常条件下体外培养的星形胶质细胞有抗凋亡作用。     

去骨瓣减压术对大鼠局灶性脑缺血细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨去骨瓣减压术对局灶性脑缺血细胞凋亡的影响。方法:改良Koizumi法制作脑缺血动物模型,6 h后在缺血侧行去骨瓣减压术,采用 TUNEL法测定减压术后4、8、16、24 h皮质和纹状体区细胞凋亡变化,并采用流式细胞仪测定术后4和 24 h细胞凋亡的改变。结果:在术后第24小时,去骨瓣减压组皮质区凋亡细胞比例与对照组相比显著减少(P<0.05和P<0.01),而两组纹状体区凋亡细胞比例在各时间点均无显著性差异(均P>0.05)。结论:皮质区细胞凋亡的减少可能是去骨瓣减压术对局灶性脑缺血保护作用的重要机制之一。     

骨髓基质干细胞与受损PC12细胞的共育体系减少PC12的凋亡

目的 建立体外骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)与Aβ1-40损伤PC12的共育体系,探讨共育体系抑制Aβ1-40致PC12凋亡的效应与可能机制.方法 分别培养MSCs与PC12,以Aβ1-40刺激PC12后,用转移筛网转移PC12.实验分A组正常培养的PC12+MSCs共育;B组Aβ1-40刺激的PC12+MSCs共育;C组正常PC12的培养上清+MSCs;D组受损PC12上清+MSCs;E组普通1640培养的MSCs.用PI和Annexin-V进行细胞的双染凋亡检测及电镜检测PC12凋亡,以ELISA方法检测各组中上清液的TGF-β、NGF、BDNF、bFGF含量.结果 骨髓基质干细胞与Aβ1-40损伤PC12共育组即B组凋亡细胞数最少(B组46.17%±8.28%,对照组86.39%±9.34%,F=61.637,P＜0.01),ELISA结果显示各组均能检测到bFGF,B组上清中bFGF分泌最高[B组(598.76±41.32)pg/ml,对照组(296.43±47.86)pg/ml,F=24.15,P＜0.01)],各组均检测到TGF-β、NGF和BDNF分泌,但差异无统计学意义.结论 MSCs与Aβ1-40刺激的PC12的共育体系能减少受损PC12的凋亡.     

PINK1介导缺氧损伤时星形胶质细胞对神经元的保护作用

目的探究星形胶质细胞内PTEN诱导假定激酶1(PINK1)缺失对缺血时神经保护作用的影响及其作用机制。方法离体培养原代星形胶质细胞,使用小干扰RNA(si RNA)沉默PINK1表达,氧糖剥夺(OGD)建立细胞缺氧模型,分为4组:PINK1沉默组(si RNA+转染剂)、空质粒组(空质粒+转染剂)、转染剂组(只加转染剂)和对照组(星形胶质细胞),各组均与神经元共培养;另设立神经元单独培养组。免疫荧光染色观察神经元凋亡情况。定量PCR及ELISA检测星形胶质细胞促红细胞生成素(EPO)及血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达量;Western blot检测星形胶质细胞内缺血诱导因子(HIF)及核因子κB(NF-κB)通路相关蛋白水平。结果 OGD损伤后神经元凋亡率较高,与星形胶质细胞共培养后神经元凋亡率显著降低(P0.05)。PINK1基因沉默后共培养神经元凋亡增加,星形胶质细胞EPO及VEGF分泌量减少、胞内EPO及VEGF转录水平降低(P0.05);HIF-1、HIF-2与NF-κB通路活化水平均显著降低(P0.05)。结论星形胶质细胞对OGD损伤神经元有保护作用,其作用通过EPO及VEGF实现;PINK1基因沉默后星形胶质细胞对缺血神经元保护作用减弱,可能与NF-κB通路活化水平降低、HIF激活受损进而下调EPO和VEGF表达量有关。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。