人星状病毒非结构蛋白nsP1a／1表达纯化及多克隆抗体的制备

目的：表达纯化人星状体病毒（ human astrovirus, HAstV）非结构蛋白nsP1a／1,免疫动物制备多克隆抗体。方法利用PCR技术扩增nsP1a／1基因序列,构建到大肠埃希菌原核表达系统中表达重组nsP1a／1蛋白,使用镍柱亲和层析法对重组蛋白进行纯化,十二烷基磺酸钠?聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（ SDS?PAGE）和二噻啉甲酸（BCA）实验对重组蛋白的纯度与浓度进行分析,以重组的nsP1a／1蛋白为抗原,免疫雄性SPF级SD 大鼠获得多抗血清,用 ELISA 测定抗体效价、 Western 印迹检测抗体特异性。结果nsP1a／1?pET28a原核表达载体构建成功,将其转化至大肠埃希菌BL21（DE3）细菌中诱导表达了重组蛋白,免疫大鼠获得的多抗血清几何平均效价达到1∶406374。结论本实验成功地运用原核表达系统表达并鉴定了人星状体病毒非结构蛋白nsP1a／1,为进一步研究人星状病毒的复制及病毒感染的临床诊断奠定基础。     

与人巨细胞病毒UL128两种不同结构蛋白相互作用蛋白的筛选与分析

目的 利用酵母双杂交系统从人胎脑cDNA文库中筛选与两种不同转录结构的人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)UL128编码蛋白相互作用的蛋白,比较两者相互作用蛋白之间的异同点.方法 通过3'RACE和5'RACE技术扩增出两种HCMV UL128片段,其大小分别为519 bp和642 bp,并将其成功构建到酵母诱饵表达载体pGBKT7中.将以上两种酵母表达载体分别转化到酵母菌AH109中,再将文库DNA转化到已含有酵母表达载体的AH109中,筛选与两种片段大小不同的UL128编码蛋白相互作用的人胎脑蛋白,并对筛选得到的阳性克隆进行测序和生物信息学分析.结果 筛出EFEMP2与UL128-519 bp编码蛋白相互作用,THY-1与UL128-642 bp编码蛋白相互作用.结论 成功构建pGBKT7 UL128-519 bp和pGBKT7 UL128-642 bp,并应用酵母双杂交系统分别筛选出EFEMP2和THY-1与UL128-519 bp和UL128-642 bp编码蛋白相互作用,在所筛选得到的相互作用蛋白之间未发现有相同的蛋白,UL128-519 bp和UL128-642 bp所编码的蛋白在HCMV感染致病过程中可能发挥不同的作用.     

人巨细胞病毒pUS28分子结构及其对宿主细胞的作用

人巨细胞病毒活化过程中编码产生pUS28等G蛋白偶联受体,该受体表现出吞没趋化因子和改变宿主细胞信号转导途径等多种生物学功能,从而使病毒自身及其所处微环境的多个行为环节向有利于病毒复制的方向进行.本文对pUS28分子结构及其对宿主细胞的作用研究进展作一综述.     

新城疫病毒感染活化的人肝星状细胞系LX-2

目的探讨新城疫病毒(NDV)在活化肝星状细胞(HSC)中的复制情况。方法用转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)刺激人肝星状细胞LX-2,MTT法检测细胞的增殖率,RT-PCR检测活化相关基因的mRNA表达。用NDFLtag-EGFP感染不同传代的LX-2细胞和原代分离培养以及TGF-β1刺激活化的HSC,荧光显微镜观察NDV在细胞中的复制。用流式细胞术(FACS)检测NDFLtag-EGFP和NDV-Italien在LX-2细胞中的复制。结果 TGF-β1能够刺激LX-2细胞的活化。NDV随着LX-2细胞的连续传代活化以及TGF-β1刺激活化,其在细胞中的复制率也逐渐增加,分别从(15.65±0.92)%增加到(23.05±1.5)%、从(12.8±1.4)%增加到(22.7±1.7)%(P<0.05)。原代分离培养的小鼠HSC,随着细胞的传代次数增加和TGF-β1的刺激,NDV也表现出较高的复制效率。结论 NDV能在活化的HSC中高效复制,LX-2的活化易化了NDV在其中的复制。     

人巨细胞病毒皮层蛋白pUL23与宿主蛋白IGFBP4相互作用的鉴定

目的:利用蛋白质相互作用的技术筛选与pUL23相互作用宿主蛋白,为研究pUL23蛋白对人巨细胞病毒繁殖的影响提供线索。方法:通过酵母双杂交系统从人胚肾cDNA文库筛选与pUL23相互作用的宿主蛋白;通过GST-pu ll-down技术研究二者体外物理性相互作用;免疫共沉淀技术进一步研究二者在胞内相互作用。结果:Pu ll-down技术、免疫共沉淀技术确定了宿主蛋白IGFBP4与pUL23具有相互作用。结论:上述结果为研究pUL23蛋白调节病毒自身繁殖功能提供重要依据。     

抗人T细胞白血病1型病毒(HTLV1)的人源单克隆抗体

本文报告了用EBV-杂交瘤技术产生人单克隆抗体。从多发性硬化症病人外周血获得B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化,建立了永久性的B细胞系并与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞(P_3×63Ag8.653)或Spatz-4(人与鼠细胞杂交的瘤细胞系)融合,用ELISA方法筛选阳性杂交瘤,再经亚克隆培养,筛选出抗HTLV1特异性抗体,通过SDS-PAGE,western blot及FACS分析,证明这些抗体只与HTLV1的24kDa蛋白反应,并全部分泌IgM类型免疫球蛋白。     

白藜芦醇增强TRAIL对人髓系白血病KG-1a细胞的细胞毒作用

目的:观察白藜芦醇作用前后TRAIL对人髓系白血病KG-1a细胞的细胞毒作用的变化。方法:流式细胞仪检测KG-1a细胞表面CD34和CD38的表达,二甲氧唑黄(XTT)细胞增殖及细胞毒性检测试剂盒检测白藜芦醇作用前后TRAIL对KG-1a细胞增殖的影响,AnnexinV-FITC/PI染色流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡变化。流式细胞仪检测白藜芦醇作用前后KG-1a细胞表面TRAIL死亡受体表达变化。结果:人髓系白血病KG-1a细胞CD34+CD38-占(58.67±2.87)%,10~1 000 ng/ml的TRAIL对KG-1a细胞增殖无明显影响,但对白藜芦醇作用后的KG-1a细胞的增殖有明显抑制作用,白藜芦醇能促进TRAIL诱导KG-1a细胞凋亡,并能上调KG-1a细胞表面TRAIL死亡受体DR5的表达。结论:白藜芦醇能增强TRAIL对人髓系白血病KG-1a细胞的细胞毒作用,其机制可能与白藜芦醇上调KG-1a细胞表面TRAIL死亡受体DR5的表达有关。     

人星状病毒1型衣壳蛋白原核表达、纯化及多克隆抗体制备的研究

目的表达纯化人星状病毒1型(HAstV-1)衣壳蛋白VP26片段,制备多克隆抗体,初步建立夹心酶联免疫吸附分析(ELISA)检测病毒抗原方法,为进一步大量表达VP26片段、构建基因工程疫苗和临床检测奠定基础。方法利用原核表达系统在大肠杆菌中克隆、表达重组VP26蛋白,并以Ni2+-NTA亲和层析法纯化重组蛋白,运用十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)、二噻啉甲酸法(BCA)实验、Western blot等方法对重组蛋白纯度、浓度、抗原性进行评价鉴定。以重组VP26蛋白作为抗原,免疫新西兰大耳兔获得多抗血清并对其效价、特异性用ELISA鉴定。结果原核表达载体pET30a(+)-VP26构建成功,重组VP26蛋白可在大肠杆菌Rosetta 2宿主菌中大量表达。免疫兔所得多抗血清效价达到1∶8 000,可以满足夹心法ELISA实验的需要。结论HAstV-1衣壳蛋白原核表达系统建立和多克隆抗体制备可以作为今后相关研究的基础,有助于对HAstV-1感染致病机制、免疫诊断和疫苗研制的更深入研究。     

ATPase 抑制因子1是与HCMV pUL23蛋白相作用的宿主蛋白分子-酵母双杂交技术筛选与鉴定

目的： 利用酵母双杂交技术筛选与人巨细胞病毒相互作用的宿主蛋白分子,为探讨人巨细胞病毒pUL23蛋白在HCMV生活周期中的作用机制提供依据。方法: 利用GAL4酵母双杂交系统筛选人胚肾cDNA文库,以获得与人巨细胞病毒pUL23蛋白相互作用的宿主蛋白分子,再通过回交试验和体外GST-pulldown试验验证两者之间的相互作用。结果: 酵母双杂交筛选得到宿主蛋白分子ATPase inhibitory factor 1（ATIF1）,回交试验和体外GST-pulldown试验再次确认ATIF1能够与人巨细胞病毒pUL23蛋白相互作用。结论: pUL23确实能够与ATIF1相互作用,它们之间的相互作用可能为研究pUL23在病毒生活周期发挥的功能提供依据。     

酵母双杂交技术筛选小鼠脑cDNA文库中鼠巨细胞病毒即刻早期蛋白M122相互作用蛋白的研究

目的 应用酵母双杂交技术筛选小鼠脑cDNA文库中与鼠巨细胞病毒即刻早期蛋白M122相互作用的宿主因子,为进一步研究巨细胞病毒的致病机制奠定实验基础.方法将诱饵质粒pGBKT7-M122转化酵母菌AH109,Western blot检测诱饵蛋白在酵母细胞中的表达.阳性重组AH109菌株与小鼠脑cDNA文库进行配合,在色氨酸、亮氨酸、组氨酸和腺嘌呤缺陷培养基(SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade)和铺有Ⅹ-α-gal的SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade平板上进行筛选,提取阳性酵母菌质粒,转化大肠杆菌后提取质粒测序,对测序结果进行序列比对和分析.将阳性文库质粒与诱饵质粒共同转化酵母AH109感受态细胞,重新验证其在酵母中的相互作用,同时阳性文库质粒与空载体pGBKT7亦被用同样的方法转入AH109感受态细胞,以排除阳性文库质粒的自激活作用.结果筛选出与M122蛋白相互作用的21种已知基因编码的蛋白质和3种未知基因编码的蛋白,其中21种已知蛋白分别为:突触融合蛋白8(syntaxin 8,Stx8)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶2(phosphoglucomutase 2,Pgm2)、Shaker型电压依赖性钾通道的β1亚单位(potassium voltage-gated channel,shaker-related subfamily,beta member 1,Kcnab1)、19型胶原蛋白(collagen,type ⅪⅩ,alpha 1,Col19a1)、古蛋白1(archain 1,Arcn1)、胞嘧啶核苷酸激酶(cytidylate kinase,Cmpk)、热休克蛋白DnaJ同系物A亚家族成员1[DnaJ(Hsp40)homolog,subfamily A,member 1,Dnaja1]、Na+、K+ATP转运酶β3亚单位(ATPase,Na+/K+ transporting,beta 3 polypeptide,Atp1b3)、SH3结构域GRB2样相互作用蛋白1[SH3-domain GRB2-like(endophilin)interacting protein 1,Sgip1]、锚蛋白重复域17(ankyrin repeat domain 17,Ankrd17)、无义介导的mRNA 降解因子Smg-7同系物(Smg-7 homolog,nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor,Smg7)、精子相关抗原9(sperm associated antigen 9,Spag9)、FK506结合蛋白1A(FK506 binding protein 1a,Fkbp1a)、MYST组蛋白乙酰转移酶4[MYST histone acetyltransferase(monocytic leukemia)4,Myst4]、透明质酸和蛋白多糖连接蛋白1(hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1,Hapln1)、自噬相关蛋白3(autophagy-related 3,Atg3)、精氨酸/色氨酸富集的剪切因子5(splicing factor,arginine/serine-rich 5,Sfrs5)、C3HC型锌指蛋白(zinc finger,C3HC-type containing 1,Zc3hc1)、硫氧还蛋白相关的跨膜蛋白1(thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1,Txndc1)、接头蛋白复合物AP-1亚单位(adaptor protein complex AP-1,gamma 1 subunit,Aplg1)和Cul1蛋白(cullin 1,Cul1).回返验证实验进一步证实这些蛋白与M122蛋白能够在酵母细胞AH109发生相互作用,但Aplg1和Cul1被证实具有自激活作用.结论 筛选到的其中19种已知基因编码的蛋白可能与巨细胞病毒的致病机制相关,但仍需进一步的验证.     

Lineage replacement accompanying duplication and rapid fixation of an RNA element in the nsP3 gene in a species of alphavirus

A sequence of thirty-six nucleotides in the nsP3 gene of Ross River virus (RRV), coding for the amino acid sequence HADTVSLDSTVS, was duplicated some time between 1969 and 1979 coinciding with the appearance of a new lineage of this virus and with a major outbreak of Epidemic Polyarthritis among residents of the Pacific Islands. This lineage of RRV continues to circulate throughout Australia and both earlier lineages, which lacked the duplicated element, now are extinct. Multiple copies of several other elements also were observed in this region of the nsP3 gene in all lineages of RRV. Multiple copies of one of these, coding for the amino acid sequence P*P*PR, were detected in the C-terminal region of the nsP3 protein of all alphaviruses except those of African origin. The fixation of duplications and insertions in 3′ region of nsP3 genes from all lineages of alphaviruses, suggests they provide some fitness advantage.     

Genetic analysis of the hypervariable region of the human astrovirus nsP1a coding region: design of a new RFLP typing method

Human astroviruses (HAstV) are causative agents of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. A hypervariable region (HVR) is located close to the C-terminus of the nsP1a, and recent data support the involvement of the HVR-containing nonstructural protein in viral RNA replication processes, suggesting a correlation between variability in this region and pathogenic properties. The HVR of the C-terminal nsP1a coding region of 104 wild-type and reference isolates of HAstV was sequenced. A phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify different genotypes, and a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was designed. An extensive nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence variability was observed, as well as many insertions and deletions that retained the reading frame. The resultant phylogenetic tree supported the subdivision of HAstV into the two previously described major genetic groups, genogroup A and B, and the identification of 12 genotypes (9 within genogroup A, and 3 within genogroup B), which could be identified by RFLP. A correlation analysis was performed between genotype information and viral load using information from 35 clinical samples. Significant differences were observed between the viral load in clinical samples and certain HAstV genotypes that belonged to the same serotype, confirming the influence of C-terminal nsP1a variability on the viral replication phenotype. The use of the new RFLP typing method based on the HVR of the C-terminal nsP1a coding region by diagnosticians would help to understand the relationship between different genotypes and the severity of the gastroenteritis.     

MicroRNA-29a对大鼠心肌细胞Bcl-2和Mcl-1表达的调控作用及其机制

 目的：探讨microRNA-29a（miR-29a）对大鼠心肌细胞(CM细胞)B细胞白血病/淋巴瘤-2（Bcl-2） 和髓样细胞白血病-1（Mcl-1）表达的调控机制。方法：体外培养新生Sprague-Dawley大鼠CM细胞和人胚肾细胞株293T。合成大鼠miR-29a的拟似物（mimic）和抑制剂（inhibitor）。用脂质体Lipofectamine RNAiMAX转染miR-29a mimic进入CM细胞,转染 48 h后分别用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting检测Bcl-2和Mcl-1 mRNA和蛋白的表达变化。构建Bcl-2 和Mcl-1 的萤光素酶报告基因载体（DNA质粒）,转染293T 细胞(DNA质粒和miRNA共转染)和CM细胞（miRNA和 DNA 质粒先后转染）,双萤光素酶报告基因系统检测萤光素酶的表达变化。结果：CM细胞转染miR-29a mimic 48 h后,Bcl-2 和Mcl-1 mRNA和蛋白的水平均下调（P<0.05）。双萤光素酶报告基因系统显示,在293T细胞中,miR-29a可特异抑制带有 bcl-2和mcl-1 3’UTR上野生型识别元件的报告基因表达（P<0.05）,在CM细胞中,抑制内源性的miR-29a水平能促进bcl-2和mcl-1 3’UTR上野生型识别元件的报告基因表达。结论：抗凋亡基因bcl-2和mcl-1是miR-29a的靶基因。miR-29a可能通过作用于Bcl-2和Mcl-1实现对心肌细胞凋亡的调控作用,具体效应仍待进一步阐明。     

Intranasal immunization with a plant virus expressing a peptide from HIV-1 gp41 stimulates better mucosal and systemic HIV-1-specific IgA and IgG than oral immunization

Control of pandemic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection ideally requires specific mucosal immunity to protect the genital regions through which transmission more often occurs. Thus a vaccine that stimulates a disseminated mucosal and systemic protective immune response would be extremely useful. Here we have investigated the ability of a chimeric plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), expressing a 22 amino acid peptide (residues 731–752) of the transmembrane gp41 protein of HIV-1 IIIB (CPMV-HIV/1), to stimulate HIV-1-specific and CPMV-specific mucosal and serum antibody following intranasal or oral immunization together with the widely used mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin. CPMV-HIV/1 has been shown previously to stimulate HIV-1-specific serum antibody in mice by parenteral immunization. All mice immunized intranasally with two doses of 10 μg of CPMV-HIV/1 produced both HIV-1-specific IgA in faeces as well as higher levels of specific, predominantly IgG2a, serum antibody. Thus there was a predominantly T helper 1 cell response. All mice also responded strongly to CPMV epitopes. Oral immunization of the chimeric cowpea mosaic virus was less effective, even at doses of 500 μg or greater, and stimulated HIV-1-specific serum antibody in only a minority of mice, and no faecal HIV-1 specific IgA.     

噬菌体抗体库中筛选特异结合新甲型H1N1病毒scFv分子的研究

目的从人源化噬菌体抗体库中筛选到能高亲和性、特异结合新甲型H1N1流感病毒的单链抗体。为分析H1N1病毒抗原中和表位的活性位点和人源化治疗单抗奠定基础。方法将细胞培养的新型H1N1病毒毒株,经超速离心浓缩纯化后,获得纯的新甲型H1N1病毒,以新甲型H1N1病毒为靶蛋白,以亲和结合为原理,筛选噬菌体scFv抗体文库,经过3轮筛选富集后,随机挑选了96个噬菌体克隆扩增培养,ELISA法挑选能特异性、高亲和性结合目的蛋白的噬菌体克隆。结果经过3轮富集性的亲和筛选．分别从96个噬菌体克隆中挑选到了4株能特异结合新甲型H1N1病毒,而不结合季节性H1N1病毒的单链抗体分子,且PCR扩增都得到了长为368、527和935bp的轻链、重链和轻链一连接片段一重链的基因片段。结论从噬菌体抗体库中筛选到的特异结合新甲型H1N1病毒的单链抗体片段．可为进一步研发新甲流的H1N1快速筛选试剂和人源性治疗抗体奠定基础,也可为鉴定新甲型H1N1病毒中的抗原决定簇提供结构信息。     

Screening of anti‐HPA‐1a antibodies in HPA‐1a‐negative mothers

Results from a study of more than 100 000 pregnant women show that the pathophysiology of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) and haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) has many equalities [ 1 ]. It has been reported that NAIT is more than three times more frequent compared with HDN. This makes it tempting to consider a design for screening for HPA 1a negativity and follow up in/after the pregnancy based on the same principles as for RhD‐negative pregnant women. Even without available vaccination, it is strongly indicated that screening and Caesarean section 2–4 weeks prior to term in mothers with the HPA‐1a‐negative platelet type, reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality due to NAIT.     

抗KGla细胞噬菌体展示ScFv的筛选及鉴定

目的 应用ＫＧ１ａ细胞（髓系白血病细胞系）筛选噬菌体抗体库,获得能以一定特异性结合ＫＧ１ａ细胞的单链抗体（ＳｃＦｖ）,克隆重其基因并研究其对应抗原在不同细胞表面的分布。方法 用完整的ＫＧ１ａ细胞筛选一个经ＫＧ１ａ细胞免疫小鼠脾细胞的ＳｃＦｖ噬菌体抗体库,重复筛选４轮;细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ鉴定了其中９６个克隆重与ＫＧ１ａ细胞的结合反应;从２６个ＫＧ１ａ细胞ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性克隆中挑选了３个克隆重,进一步用免疫     

Hepatitis C virus/human T lymphotropic virus 1/2 co-infection: Regional burden and virological outcomes in people who inject drugs

This review analyses current data concerning co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1/2 in people who inject drugs (PWID), with a particular focus on disease burden and global implications for virological outcome. In addition, the available treatment options for HTLV-1/2 are summarized and the ongoing and likely future research challenges are discussed. The data in this review was obtained from 34 articles on HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in PWID retrieved from the PubMed literature database and published between 1997 and 2015. Despite unavailable estimates of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infection in general, the epidemiologic constellation of HTLV-1/2 shows high incidence in PWID with history of migration, incarceration, and other blood-borne infectious diseases such as HCV or human immunodeficiency virus. The most recent research data strongly suggest that HTLV-1 co-infection can influence HCV viral load, HCV sustained virological response to α-interferon treatment, and HCV-related liver disease progression. In short, outcome of HCV infection is worse in the context of HTLV-1 co-infection, yet more studies are needed to gain accurate estimations of the burden of HCV/HTLV-1/2 co-infections. Moreover, in the current era of new direct-acting antiviral treatments for HCV and proven HTLV-1/2 treatment options, prospective clinical and treatment studies should be carried out, with particular focus on the PWID patient population, with the aim of improving virological outcomes.