金属泡沫填充管换热性能的实验研究

本文通过搭建流动与换热实验平台,对10 PPI,30 PPI,70 PPI三种不同孔密度的不锈钢金属泡沫填充管的换热性能进行了实验研究,分析了管内入口雷诺数、入口温度以及孔密度对管外壁Nu数的影响。研究结果表明,金属泡沫填充管的换热强度较光管条件下提高,且30 PPI和70 PPI的换热强度都大于10 PPI填充管的换热强度;在本文的研究工况下,金属泡沫填充管的管外壁Ⅳu数随管内雷诺数的增大变化不明显,随管内入口温度的增加而增大;三种金属泡沫填充管的换热综合评价因子都大于1,且基本不随雷诺数的变化而变化。     

非平衡条件下金属泡沫管内的流动与传热分析

本文采用热局部非平衡模型对完全填充金属泡沫的水平圆管内的流场、温度场进行了数值模拟,研究了金属泡沫的关键结构参数如孔径d_p和孔隙率ε等对管内流动与换热特性的影响。研究结果表明,填充金属泡沫后,管内流场变得比较均匀,金属泡沫圆管壁面处的速度梯度远高于光管,壁面边界层明显变薄;孔径对压降的影响大于孔隙率的影响,当孔径越大,孔隙率越高时,压降越小;反之,当孔径越小,孔隙率越低,换热越强;综合考虑金属泡沫参数对换热和压降的影响,在本文的研究工况下,最佳的孔径范围是1~2 mm。     

金属泡沫中填充石蜡的相变换热特性实验研究

本文对金属铜泡沫填充石蜡的相变换热特征进行了实验研究,通过测试试件加热面及内部的温度响应曲线,分析了金属泡沫填充及自然对流对石蜡非稳态相变换热过程的影响。研究结果表明,采用顶部加热方式时,石蜡内部的换热以纯导热为主,而采用底部加热时,液态石蜡内的自然对流作用使相界面移动速度更快,试件内部温度一致性更好,同时在相变对流区可实现对加热面的温度控制。金属泡沫的填充可强化石蜡内的导热但抑制液态石蜡的自然对流,前者使得试件加热面温升减缓,相界面移动加快,后者则导致底部加热时石蜡的相变区分为相变导热区和相变对流区。金属泡沫的导热强化能力在试件换热中占据主导作用。     

金属泡沫内纳米流体强化传热研究

金属泡沫集优良的力学、声学、电磁学和传热学性能于一体,易于集成换热器和散热器。本文基于局部非热平衡模型对纳米流体在金属泡沫内的双强化换热效果进行了数值研究,分析了泡沫形态参数和纳米颗粒浓度对其流动和换热的影响。研究了以水作为基本介质的纳米流体在金属泡沫内流动时的二次项效应、热弥散效应以及局部非热平衡效应,比较了不同模型对强化换热效果的影响。结果表明,换热随孔隙率减小或孔密度增加而逐渐增强,纳米颗粒使流体压降和换热性能都增加;对于含纳米颗粒的水,在金属泡沫内对流换热的惯性效应和热弥散效应在流速较大时更明显;局部非热平衡特性在固体导热系数较大时比较明显。     

部分填充金属泡沫水平管内沸腾实验研究

本文对金属泡沫部分填充的水平管内R134a流动沸腾换热进行了实验研究,研究了质量流速、蒸汽干度和操作压力对压降和换热系数的影响,并将实验数据与传统的光管进行了对比。结果发现,与低质量流速的情况相比,由于在不同质量流速下管内流型不同,导致高质量流速下增加干度更能增强换热,并通过壁面温度分布对沸腾换热流型进行预测。     

充满金属泡沫的方腔自然对流数值模拟

本文使用格子-Boltzmann方法模拟了充满金属泡沫的封闭方腔自然对流.通过构建适用于上下边界绝热,左右边界恒定温度的封闭方腔自然对流的双分布函数热模型,模拟了充满不同孔隙率和不同孔密度的金属泡沫,在不同Ra数下的封闭方腔自然对流,结果表明金属泡沫具有强化传热的作用,并随着Ra数和孔密度的增大,换热增强.     

超临界CO_2在三叶管内换热特性研究

建立了内径为2 mm的三叶管三维模型,使用ANSYS Fluent软件对超临界二氧化碳在三叶管内的对流换热特性进行了研究,分析了流动方向、进口雷诺数、壁面热流密度和冷却压力等因素对局部换热系数的影响,结果表明:在本文研究的范围内,流动方向对超临界二氧化碳在三叶管内局部换热系数的影响较小,可以忽略,进口雷诺数、壁面热流密度和冷却压力对局部换热系数的影响较大;二氧化碳进口雷诺数越高,对应的局部对流换热系数也越高,壁面热流密度的大小对局部换热系数出现峰值位置有较大影响,对其大小影响不大;超临界二氧化碳冷却压力越高,对应的局部对流换热系数的峰值也越大;局部对流换热系数峰值所对应的温度只与冷却压力下的临界温度有关。     

泡沫金属与板翅结构强化换热研究

本文对空气流过镍、铜材料泡沫金属结构和2种板翅结构的对流换热进行了实验研究.结果表明:在本文实验参数范围内,与空槽道相比,两种板翅结构分别使空气的对流换热系数增加了3～5倍和7～9倍;相同的实验条件下镍、铜材料的泡沫金属结构分别使空气的对流换热系数增加了9～11倍和10～12倍;与相近孔隙率的板翅结构相比,泡沫金属结构的流动阻力更大些.本文还对泡沫金属与板翅结构内的对流换热进行了数值模拟,得到较好的模拟结果.     

垂直上升管内液体横掠流动传热特性研究

本文对单相水和单相油横掠流动时的平均换热特性进行了实验研究,对试验的结果进行了分析和讨论,并对实验数据进行关联,得到了垂直上升管内单相水和单相油横掠流动时的换热准则关系式。结果表明,狭窄空间条件下的液体横掠柱体时的流动换热对液相Re数的依赖,较大空间条件下的流动换热相比明显减小,并对单相水和单相油横掠流动时的换热性能进行了比较。     

两种拓展达西模型对金属泡沫填充管中流动与传热的影响

本文就恒热流条件下金属泡沫填充管中的流动与传热进行了数值模拟,其中采用局部非热平衡的两方程模型作为能量方程,分别采用Brinkman拓展达西模型和Brinkman-Forchlheimer拓展达两模型作为动量方程,并把两者进行比较和分析.数值模拟结果表明:在两种拓展达西模型下解得的速度场不同,但是解得的温度场差异不大,因而其Nu数差异也很小.金属泡沫填充管的Nu数高达数百甚至数千,表明其换热性能很强,但同时却有着较高的压降.     

伴随水力空化现象的对流换热数值研究

以水为介质,建立了液体流动的混合物多相流模型及空化模型,运用CFD方法对水平圆管内伴随有水力空化现象的受迫对流换热过程进行了数值研究,详细分析了管道入口压力、入口温度和限流孔与管道直径比等因素对水力空化及对流换热过程的影响规律。数值模拟结果表明,空化现象出现在圆管喉部(限流孔)壁面附近区域;与相同流量下无空化时的传热相比,在发生空化现象的区域,传热壁面被蒸汽所覆盖导致传热急剧恶化,而在远离空化发生区域的下游位置,由于空化的扰流作用使得加热壁面与流体之间的传热得到明显改善。     

Application of X-ray radioscopic methods for characterization of two-phase phenomena and solidification processes in metallic melts

X-ray attenuation techniques are an important diagnostic tool for investigating liquid metal two-phase flows or solidification studies in metallic alloys. X-ray visualization enables a general, intuitive understanding of flow phenomena or pattern formation in opaque liquid metal systems. Real-time and in-situ observations of the density distribution within thin solidifying samples achieve a spatial resolution of a few microns and contribute significantly to an improved understanding of dendritic growth processes. Moreover, X-ray radioscopy is a useful tool for a non-invasive, in-situ visualization and characterization of gas bubbles in nontransparent melts or for observations of the formation of metal foams. In this paper we consider three different fields of application which are under intensive investigation at HZDR and TUD: the bottom-up solidification of Ga-In alloys under the influence of buoyancy-driven and electromagnetically driven convection, the injection of Ar gas into liquid GaInSn, the study of Al foams with respect to foam formation and the characterization of their internal structure.     

单层元胞结构金属泡沫的透射特性

本文构建了开孔泡沫铝的简化几何模型,并利用有限积分法模拟了具有单层元胞结构的金属泡沫材料在线性极化平面波垂直入射情况下的透射率。基于菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论分析了孔隙率、孔径尺寸、材料厚度和骨架结构对金属泡沫材料辐射特性的影响。当尺度参数较大时,金属泡沫材料的固相支架结构满足良导体条件,宏观电磁屏蔽效应显著,金属泡沫材料呈现"非透明"性质。随着入射电磁波波长逐渐接近于孔径尺寸,散射效应越来越显著,金属泡沫材料的"半透明"性质开始显现,不同孔隙率的金属泡沫材料的透射率以相近的规律随波长变化。随着波长的进一步减小,衍射效应对于金属泡沫材料透射特性的影响逐渐占据主导地位,采用菲涅耳-基尔霍夫衍射理论可以较好地描述透射能流在孔隙结构内的分布。当衍射效应占据主导地位时,对于相同孔隙率金属泡沫材料,孔径尺寸对衍射光学行为影响不大,而材料厚度、孔隙率和骨架结构会显著影响金属泡沫材料的透射率。     

软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的低温热导率

讨论了软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料对流判据的低温传热机理.根据软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料结构简图,将各种参数和低温数据带入对流判据公式,得到对流判据L的计算结果.计算了软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的低温热导率.为了与计算的低温热导率比较,采用测试硬质泡沫塑料热导率的稳态热流双试样保护热板装置,测试了软质聚氨酯泡沫塑料的低温热导率,最后给出了低温热导率与温度关系曲线.根据试验,讨论了低温热导率的影响因素如温度、密度、吸水率等.     

Cryogenic fluid dynamics

Ultrahigh Reynolds (Re) and Rayleigh (Ra) number flow can be produced and studied under controlled laboratory conditions using cryogenic liquid and gaseous He. Recent results on Rayleigh–Benard convection, pipe flow and towed grid turbulence are discussed together with some aspects of the future development.     

Strain rate effects on compressive behavior of covalently bonded CNT networks

In this study, strain rate effects on the compressive mechanical properties of randomly structured carbon nanotube (CNT) networks were examined. For this purpose, three-dimensional atomistic models of CNT networks with covalently-bonded junctions were generated. After that, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of compressive loading were performed at five different strain rates to investigate the basic deformation characteristic mechanisms of CNT networks and determine the effect of strain rate on stress–strain curves. The simulation results showed that the strain rate of compressive loading increases, so that a higher resistance of specimens to deformation is observed. Furthermore, the local deformation characteristics of CNT segments, which are mainly driven by bending and buckling modes, and their prevalence are strongly affected by the deformation rate. It was also observed that CNT networks have superior features to metal foams such as metal matrix syntactic foams (MMSFs) and porous sintered fiber metals (PSFMs) in terms of energy absorbing capabilities.     

Effect of Heating Position on Thermal Energy Storage in Cavity With/Without Open-cell Metallic Foams

Thermal energy storage systems inherently store heat at different heating positions. In other words, the heat storage performance changes depending on the heating positions. In this study, the effects of the heating surface position and reinforcement of the open-cell metal foam on the phase change material melting fraction were experimentally investigated. For this purpose, a small-scale rectangular cube was made of plexiglass having a volume of 274 cm³. One of the surfaces of the cube was heated with a constant heat flux, whereas other surfaces were isolated from the room temperature in the environment. Three different constant heat fluxes were applied on the bottom, top, and side surfaces of the cube in the experiments. Paraffin (n-heptacosane), with a phase change point at 59°C–61°C and as phase change material with a rapid heat charge/discharge, was used in the thermal energy storage system. Depending on the heating position and surface heat flux, it was observed that the effect of natural convection significantly increased within the liquid phase change material. Additionally, the results indicate that the presence of metal foams can enhance the heat transfer rate of phase change materials. According to the sensitivity analysis, the effect of independent parameters on the melting ratio of the phase change material was listed in order of importance as time, surface heat flux, heating position, and metallic foam.     

Stochastic metallic-glass cellular structures exhibiting benchmark strength

By identifying the key characteristic "structural scales" that dictate the resistance of a porous metallic glass against buckling and fracture, stochastic highly porous metallic-glass structures are designed capable of yielding plastically and inheriting the high plastic yield strength of the amorphous metal. The strengths attainable by the present foams appear to equal or exceed those by highly engineered metal foams such as Ti-6Al-4V or ferrous-metal foams at comparable levels of porosity, placing the present metallic-glass foams among the strongest foams known to date.     

超短激光打孔中快速相变的格子玻尔兹曼模拟

采用双重分布函数的格子玻尔兹曼模型，对单脉冲激光金属打孔过程中的快速相变传热进行研究.模型考虑了金属材料熔化后熔体的流动换热，并采用浸没移动边界方案对过程中的固液界面进行追踪.采用纯导热模型和考虑对流的换热模型计算，将结果和试验进行对比，结果表明：在激光打孔过程中熔体的流动对相变传热产生较大影响，采用考虑流动换热模型的结果与实验更接近.进而对熔化速度、熔化深度以及温度场的变化进行分析，并探讨不同激光工艺参数对相变过程的影响.模拟发现一个脉冲结束后，激光的脉宽越大，孔深越小，孔径越大，且最高温度较短脉冲激光越低.     

Rayleigh-Bénard热对流中non-Boussinesq效应的数值研究

采用变物性格子Boltzmann通量求解器（VPLBFS）研究了Rayleigh-Bénard热对流.以超临界流体为例,采用VPLBFS的简化形式和标准形式分别得到了通常关注的基于Boussinesq假设的常物性解,只考虑部分物性变化的基于partial Boussinesq假设的PBA解,以及考虑流体全部物性变化的变物性解,分析了non-Boussinesq效应对Rayleigh-Bénard热对流的影响,讨论了不同温差条件下的non-Boussinesq效应.研究结果表明:non-Boussinesq效应对超临界流体的Rayleigh-Bénard热对流有非常显著的抑制作用,论证了在研究热对流时考虑流体全部物性变化的必要性.