廉租住房居民的时空间行为特征——以福州市橘园洲社区为例

基于2020年12月福州市橘园洲社区居民的问卷调查结果与48 h活动日志,结合时间地理学理论,采用GIS 95%标准置信椭圆、点密度与叠置分析方法,从微观个体角度研究保障性住房居民工作日与休息日的工作、购物、休闲3类活动的空间特征及其对附近空间的利用情况,并使用多元线性回归分析其影响因素。结果表明：1）案例社区居民在工作日与休息日的活动空间差异较大,休息日居民内部差异大于工作日。2）从不同活动类型看,工作日活动内部差异性较小,整体呈现通勤距离短、依赖社区周边的特性;购物与休闲活动在工作日依赖社区周边,而在休息日均具有明显的空间拓展,且出行人数呈距离衰减。3）居民工作日活动受通勤距离、年龄与收入的显著影响,休息日活动受收入、家庭结构与文化程度的显著影响。4）与一线城市保障性住房选址在城市边缘集中的趋势不同,福州市仍有足够的空间使保障性住房的选址相对均衡。     

基于地理加权回归的中心城区共享单车出行特征及影响因素研究——以广州为例

移动信息通讯技术的发展和全面渗透融入社会生活,导致高度压缩的时间、空间和距离,重塑了城市居民行为活动模式。共享单车作为"互联网+共享"的新型出行方式改善了居民的出行方式。但既有成果对共享单车的研究尚不充分。使用摩拜单车1周的骑行数据,剖析广州中心城区共享单车出行轨迹的时空间分布特征,基于地理加权回归方法进一步探究建成环境的功能密度因素对共享单车出行的影响及程度。研究发现,共享单车在工作日和休息日的出行均具有明显的早晚高峰特征。公共交通站点POI密度、功能混合度、机动车道密度等因素的边际作用表现出显著的空间不稳定性。研究能为共享单车企业提升运营水平和政府优化慢行交通环境提供参考。     

城市建成环境对共享单车出行影响的时空特征——以深圳市为例

以深圳市为例,利用共享单车OD等多源数据,从工作日、休息日多时段分析共享单车出行时空特征,并构建基于客观物质空间、主观感知体验的建成环境“5Ds”指标,运用多尺度地理加权回归模型（MGWR）解析不同建成环境对共享单车出行流量影响的时空异质效应。研究表明：1）时间上,工作日和休息日早、晚高峰的共享单车出行流量较其他时段整体显著,且休息日较工作日的峰值时段具有滞后性;空间上,各峰值时段的出行流量高值区域呈“多核集聚、带状延伸”的分异格局;2）各建成环境要素对共享单车出行流量影响的时段差异显著。就业设施密度、围合度及人口密度在各时段均具有高解释度,其影响力整体呈全局显著特征,其余变量则在不同时段存在局部显著效应;3）各时段影响较为显著的变量在空间作用尺度上存在分异。就业设施密度与围合度的影响力在各时段的空间变化最为稳定,街道绿视率与人口密度在不同时段呈现差异化的空间分布特征。     

基于地理加权回归的中心城区共享单车出行特征及影响因素研究

移动信息通讯技术的发展和全面渗透融入社会生活,导致高度压缩的时间、空间和距离,重塑了城市居民行为活动模式。共享单车作为“互联网+共享”的新型出行方式改善了居民的出行方式。但既有成果对共享单车的研究尚不充分。使用摩拜单车1周的骑行数据,剖析广州中心城区共享单车出行轨迹的时空间分布特征,基于地理加权回归方法进一步探究建成环境的功能密度因素对共享单车出行的影响及程度。研究发现,共享单车在工作日和休息日的出行均具有明显的早晚高峰特征。公共交通站点POI密度、功能混合度、机动车道密度等因素的边际作用表现出显著的空间不稳定性。研究能为共享单车企业提升运营水平和政府优化慢行交通环境提供参考。     

乌鲁木齐市居民购物行为特征研究

通过分析乌鲁木齐市居民购物行为问卷调查资料,从不同类型商品的角度对居民购物的时间特征、空间特征、居民出行的目的特征与方式特征进行了初步研究。得出了以下结论：（1）工作日下午下班以后是工作日选购各类商品的首选时段;休息日无固定时段是休息日选购各类商品的首选时段（除蔬菜类商品）。（2）夜间购物出行的频率最低。（3）新市区居民在购买不同类型商品时出行的距离较远,天山区居民购买不同类型商品时出行的距离较近。（4）在工作日主要以工作购物类型为主;在休息日主要以多重目的购物类型为主。（5）购买低等级商品主要是步行;购买中间等级商品和高等级商品主要是乘坐公交车。     

北京郊区女性居民一周时空间行为的日间差异研究

伴随城市空间向郊区急剧扩张,郊区已成为快速城市化过程中疏解城市人口和功能的重要空间。作为兼顾工作与家庭的双重工作者,郊区女性居民的日常生活面临着新的挑战。基于2012年北京居民日常活动与交通出行调查的第一手资料,采用时间地理学研究框架,以一周的活动日志数据为基础,从时间节奏和时间分配的角度分析郊区女性的时间利用特征,并通过标准置信椭圆对GPS轨迹数据进行了活动空间刻画,探讨不同活动在城市不同空间中的发生日间差异。结果表明,在时间上,郊区女性的日常生活具有规律性、丰富性和细碎性的特点;工作日的时间分配以工作活动为中心,从周一到周四的差异性不显著;休息日的时间分配以家务和休闲活动为主,并且在休息日内部出现周日出行时间相对较少的差异。在空间上,大部分郊区女性居民选择在郊区附近就业,日常生活中的购物、休闲活动也主要在郊区空间发生;在休息日,购物活动向城区空间内延伸,休闲活动的空间范围虽然相比于工作日有所扩大但仍主要在郊区空间内部完成。     

基于GPS数据的北京市郊区巨型社区居民日常活动空间

在城市快速郊区化的过程中,北京市兴建了大规模的郊区经济适用房居住区和郊区新城,形成了特有的郊区居住和日常生活空间。由于这些郊区巨型社区周边配套设施和就业岗位的不足,造成了社区居民的长距离通勤,激化了北京市交通拥堵、职住空间错位等城市问题,也降低了居民的生活质量。伴随着人文地理学中的行为转向,时空间行为已成为透视城市空间的重要视角,行为论方法中的活动空间作为城市社会空间研究的重要测度,受到国内外学者的关注,而国内已有的活动空间研究往往基于传统问卷调查数据利用密度插值法从汇总的角度进行分析,忽略了居民的个体差异性。本研究利用2010 年基于GPS的北京市活动与出行调查数据,以天通苑和亦庄两个郊区巨型社区为例,采用GIS 空间分析和标准置信椭圆法,从非汇总角度对郊区居民的整日活动空间进行测度,并在居民活动空间叠加分析的基础上,研究北京市郊区巨型社区居民工作日和休息日的日常活动空间及其对城区空间和案例社区附近空间的利用情况,挖掘工作日居民对城区空间利用的影响因素,从而透视中国大城市郊区化存在的问题。     

场所视角下的城市空间交互态势特征分析——以北京市六环为例

城市中场所在空间区位用地功能的差异决定了不同场所中的交互模式具有特定的规律性。该文从场所视角,利用大众点评POI数据及出租车上下车点对(OD)数据,构建"场所(O)-场所(D)-时间(T)"时空立方体,运用非负张量分解方法对时空立方体进行分解,从一阶静态维度与二阶动态维度综合提取城市场所间交互模式,并分析其态势特征。结果表明:静态特征侧重展现上下车活动的强度变化特点,工作日与休息日分别呈现6种模式,工作日交互具有明显的规律性,休息日无明显模式特征的场所较多;动态特征重点展示空间交互流时空分布特点,工作日与休息日分别呈现3种模式,工作日场所间交互流量大,呈现出明显的集聚特征,休息日交互流夜间分布比重较大,呈现出深夜娱乐的特点。研究结果对于理解城市空间异质性以及辅助城市规划、交通管理等具有参考价值。     

转型期深圳居民日常活动的时空特征及其变化

基于2007年深圳居民活动日志调查的一手资料,结合时间地理学方法与GIS三维可视化技术,对深圳居民日常活动的时空间特征进行描述,将近期数据与历史数据进行对比,以揭示近年来居民行为发生的变化。研究发现:工作在居民的日常活动中仍占有不可替代的地位,男性的工作强度大于女性;工作日出行以单次多目的为主,休息日出行以多次多目的为主,休息日出行比工作日活跃;近年来,居民在时间利用及出行特征方面都发生了显著变化,工作、移动、购物活动时间增加,工作日出行频度下降,休息日出行频度上升,出行的多目的率显著增加。     

广州市中产阶层外出购物行为的时空特征及决策因素

基于广州市中产阶层活动日志问卷调查,借鉴社会分层、行为地理学和时间地理学等理论方法,采用ArcGIS空间分析和多元Logit模型对中产阶层外出购物行为的时空特征与决策因素进行分析。结果表明:中产阶层外出购物行为呈现多样化时空特征。工作日购物时间双峰陡峭,休息日双峰平缓;工作日购物空间范围比休息日小,工作日购物活动集中在晚间近圈层(0~1 km),休息日集中在白天中圈层(1~5 km)。无论工作日还是休息日,商业设施密度是影响中产阶层外出购物行为时空决策的主要因素,工作日性别因素影响较大,休息日出行方式因素作用显著。中产阶层购物时间节奏与一般居民相差不大,但空间距离较远,其时空决策受商业设施密度影响程度更高。     

居住自选择视角下的广州出行碳排放影响机理

国内外已有不少研究从国家、城市和社区层面探讨了交通出行碳排放的影响因素,然而,很少研究考虑到居住自选择的影响。若忽略该影响,将很可能会错误地估计建成环境的作用,以至于相关规划与政策制定有所偏离。中国城市是否与西方国家一样也具有居住自选择效应?在考虑了居住自选择后,建成环境是否对出行碳排放具有显著的影响,如何产生影响?为了回答以上科学问题,基于2015年广州15个社区1239份问卷数据和出行O-D点智能查询系统（TIQS）的开发与应用,对居民出行碳排放进行了测度,并通过构建结构方程模型（SEM）探究了不同类型出行碳排放的影响机理。研究发现：中国城市同样存在居住自选择效应,转变居民出行方式选择偏好有利于减少出行碳排放。在控制居住自选择效应后,建成环境仍然对居民出行碳排放产生显著的影响。这些影响有的属于直接影响,有的则是通过影响其他中介变量,例如小汽车拥有或出行距离,进而再对出行碳排放造成间接影响。对于不同类型出行,其碳排放的影响机理并不一样。     

智慧社会下的远程通勤：基于全天和非全天在家办公选择及影响因素的分析

智慧社会下,信息与通信技术的快速发展降低工作的时空限制,丰富居民工作的时空间组织形式。从时间维度,划分全天和非全天在家办公2种在家办公形式,并以南京608位有互联网办公经历的全职就业者为研究对象,分析全天和非全天在家办公的实际选择和影响因素。研究发现: ① 虽然56.1%的受访者表示能够在家完成部分工作任务,但仅13.5%和30.4%的受访者表示在半个月内有全天和非全天在家办公经历,非全天在家办公相较于全天在家办公相对普遍。② 全天和非全天在家办公选择受到个人/家庭社会经济属性、互联网使用经历、工作主观态度、以及居住地建成环境的不同影响;不控制自选择因素（工作主观态度）的模型夸大建成环境对在家办公选择的影响。③ 在298次非全天办公经历中,有4.0%和71.1%的通勤发生上班和下班时间调整,非全天在家办公为缓解晚高峰交通拥堵提供有效的交通需求管理对策。     

基于出行链的建成环境对居民小汽车通勤出行的影响

城市建成环境对居民出行,尤其是小汽车通勤出行的影响是交通需求预测的基础性命题,长期受到关注.已有研究大多以单次出行作为研究对象,较少关注出行链影响下的出行协同决策问题.论文基于2017年广州市居民活动日志调查数据,采用Logistic模型检验了出行链视角下城市建成环境对工作日选择小汽车通勤出行的影响.研究发现,出行链中...     

Analyzing Changes in Urban Form and Commuting Time*

Urban work trips have changed in important ways during the last decades. In Québec City, a medium‐sized Canadian metropolitan area, commuting distances increased for both male and female workers between 1977 and 1996, while durations increased for male workers and decreased for female workers. This article seeks to identify spatial and social factors responsible for these changes. We develop a disaggregate model of trip duration estimated on the basis of large samples derived from travel surveys comparable through time. Using categorical variables to specify change, we are able to separate change effects from level effects attributable to various dimensions of urban form. Our analysis clearly indicates that, once travel mode and key social factors are controlled for, the shift from a monocentric to a dispersed city form is responsible, in the Québec metropolitan area, for increasing commuting time. This is contrary to findings in larger metropolitan areas, where, it has been argued, the suburbanization of jobs maintains stability in commuting duration.     

THE COMMUTING OF EXURBAN HOME BUYERS

The commuting times of exurbanites are explored using data from a survey of recent home purchasers in the Portland, Oregon region. Despite the suburbanization of jobs, most exurbanites spend more time commuting than their suburban counterparts. Household dynamics strongly influence exurban travel times with working spouses shortening the commutes of primary earners and children shortening the trips of secondary earners. In exchange for longer trips to work, exurban households obtain more space, a rural environment, lower housing prices, and/or better places for raising their children. The diversity of exurban households is captured in four exurban household types—Economy-Minded, Family-Oriented, Affluent, and Long-Distance Commuters—each of which has different commuting and socioeconomic characteristics.     

Race,Gender, and Spatial Segmentation in the Twin Cities*

This study analyzes commuting trends in a relatively vibrant setting during the 1980s to determine (a) how labor market segmentation correlates with differences in the spatial dimensions of local labor markets, and (b) whether this link represents a direct spatial effect, independent of earnings, travel mode, and part-time work. I use 1980 and 1990 PUMS data to analyze changes in racial and gender divisions in the workforce, and I develop an estimate of work trip distance to adjust for different travel modes. For all groups except white men, employment in a job “typical” of one's gender and racial group is associated with more localized commutes, but this effect is strongly mediated by variations in earnings and part-time work. Using a covariance structure model to control for these effects, I find no independent link between segmentation and longer commutes among African Americans. Earnings and commute distances remained unchanged over the decade for African Americans, providing no evidence of a purely spatial mismatch manifest in lengthening work trips without corresponding wage gains. The spatial dimensions of an employment mismatch for inner-city minorities are concealed through the replacement of production jobs by poorly paid service work in the expanding downtown economy of a vibrant regional center.     

Analyzing Changes in Urban Form and Commuting Time*

Abstract

Urban work trips have changed in important ways during the last decades. In Québec City, a medium-sized Canadian metropolitan area, commuting distances increased for both male and female workers between 1977 and 1996, while durations increased for male workers and decreased for female workers. This article seeks to identify spatial and social factors responsible for these changes. We develop a disaggregate model of trip duration estimated on the basis of large samples derived from travel surveys comparable through time. Using categorical variables to specify change, we are able to separate change effects from level effects attributable to various dimensions of urban form. Our analysis clearly indicates that, once travel mode and key social factors are controlled for, the shift from a monocentric to a dispersed city form is responsible, in the Québec metropolitan area, for increasing commuting time. This is contrary to findings in larger metropolitan areas, where, it has been argued, the suburbanization of jobs maintains stability in commuting duration.     

Do suburban residents prefer the fastest or low-carbon travel modes? Combining public participation GIS and multimodal travel time analysis for daily mobility research

Sustainability of urban transportation and residents' daily mobility is increasingly important for the future of urban regions. In this paper, we present a novel methodology combining mapped survey responses (gathered using public participation GIS) and sophisticated multimodal routing analysis to understand patterns of suburban residents' daily mobility. Our particular focus is on residents' mode choices and their optimality in terms of travel time. We also examine the carbon-intensity of potential mode choice mismatches where a comparatively slower travel mode is chosen for a particular trip. This paper shows how the combination of the two data sources create new possibilities for analysing daily mobility by enabling the comparison of self-reported, geographically referenced mobility patterns and modelled, objectively “optimal” patterns. Our case study results from a rapidly growing metropolitan area, Greater Helsinki in Finland, indicate that people have rather sustainable daily mobility practices. Their daily trips are typically short (median 1.8 km), and non-motorised travel modes are the most popular. Also the share of car travel is significant. While public transport clearly has the lowest modal share, it is frequently used on longer trips to destinations where public transport connections are good (particularly the city centre). In 44% of trips, the respondents choose the fastest travel mode. When a comparatively slower travel mode is chosen, it most often produces less CO₂ emissions than the fastest mode. However, particularly on shopping trips – the most commonly reported type of trip – car driving dominates as the fastest means of transportation. When a slower mode is chosen on a shopping trip, it is typically more carbon-intensive than the fastest mode would have been in that case. The methodology presented here can be used to support local decision making, particularly when daily services and transport infrastructure are planned or reorganised.     

Elderly co-residence and the household responsibilities hypothesis: evidence from Nanjing,China

In this paper, we analyze the effects of co-residence with elderly parents on gender differences in travel. The Household Responsibility Hypothesis (HRH) explains differences in the role of women regarding household responsibilities. However, research so far has studied “Western” household types while excluding households with co-residing elderly parents. Furthermore, research has paid exclusive attention to gender differences in commuting trips, and has neglected the effects of built environment characteristics. In view of these shortcomings, we pose the following research questions: what are the determinants of gendered differences in travel behavior, and specifically, what are the effects of elderly co-residence in households and land use on gender differences in trip frequency and travel distance? In addition to the HRH, we introduce the Elderly Co-residence Hypothesis, which suggests that co-residing elderly parents take over household responsibilities from adult women, resulting in diminishing gender differences in working-age travel patterns. We present the results of empirical research in Nanjing, China, that support this hypothesis.     

Longer distance commuting as a substitute for migration in Britain: a review of trends,issues and implications

"Drawing on analyses of commuting data from secondary sources as well as on selected results from a research project on long-distance commuting in Britain, this article investigates the extent to which, and why, households may choose to substitute longer distance commuting for migration. Reasons for long-distance weekly commuting, and associated advantages and disadvantages from individual, household and employer perspectives, are outlined. The evidence points to increasing complexity in home and working lives, with important implications for housing, transport and human resource management policies, as well as for family life."