肿瘤来源外泌体在诱导肿瘤相关成纤维细胞生成中作用的研究进展

在肿瘤微环境（TME）中,肿瘤来源外泌体（TDE）可被成纤维细胞摄取,并诱导后者分化为肿瘤相关成纤维细胞（CAF）,而CAF又可通过多种机制促进肿瘤的发展。了解TDE诱导CAF形成的作用机制,对基于TME理念的靶向治疗具有重要意义。目前,绝大多数研究均是采用超速离心或试剂盒提取等方法从人源性肿瘤细胞中提取TDE,将其与成纤维细胞进行共培养,再通过检测α-平滑肌肌动蛋白和成纤维细胞活化蛋白等特征蛋白的表达以鉴定CAF。进一步机制研究发现,TDE所携带的某些蛋白或miRNA可通过转化生长因子-β/SMAD、肿瘤坏死因子-α/核因子-κB、细胞外调节蛋白激酶1/2/血管细胞黏附蛋白-1和Ras超家族三磷酸鸟苷激酶-35/MMP1/MMP3等多条通路促进CAF的生成,其结果是促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和迁移、破坏细胞外基质成分、促进微血管生成,以及提高小鼠体内的成瘤能力。     

外泌体环状RNA在肿瘤微环境中的潜在应用研究进展

外泌体是细胞间通信的多功能调节剂,通过携带各种信息在肿瘤患者的生理和病理状态下起作用。越来越多的研究已经确定了环状RNA(circRNA)在多种细胞中具有关键的调节作用,来自供体细胞的外泌体circRNA可以局部或远程调节受体细胞,以促进肿瘤的发展和传播,并在肿瘤微环境（TME）中发挥关键作用,从而显著增强肿瘤免疫、代谢、血管生成、耐药性、上皮-间充质转化（EMT）、侵袭和转移。本文主要综述了外泌体circRNA在TME中的潜在作用,强调了外泌体circRNA是肿瘤的生物标志物和潜在治疗靶点,为今后肿瘤的诊断和治疗提供帮助。     

癌相关成纤维细胞来源的外泌体在肺恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)是分布在肿瘤细胞周围的动态网络,癌相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)作为肿瘤微环境中的一部分,不但与正常成纤维细胞密切相关,而且可以分泌多种物质(包括外泌体)参与肿瘤微环境的调控.外泌体不仅与肺恶性肿瘤...     

肿瘤微环境中外泌体功能研究进展

细胞外囊泡是一种十分重要的细胞间通讯的方式,尤其是外泌体在生理、病理过程中的调控作用越来越受到研究人员的关注。而在肿瘤微环境中,肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞、基质细胞都是外泌体的主要来源,外泌体中包裹的大量生物活性分子,对下游靶细胞的表型分化、生理功能、代谢状态有着重要的作用。探究肿瘤微环境中外泌体的调控作用,对进一步认识肿瘤发生、进展、转移、耐药、免疫逃逸等过程有着十分重要的意义,并且可作为肿瘤患者早期诊断和预后评价的重要指标。本文将主要介绍外泌体在肿瘤微环境中的作用。     

外泌体源lncRNA在肿瘤及其微环境中的作用

[摘要] 外泌体是一种纳米级别的生物膜结构,由机体的多种细胞分泌,广泛分布于唾液、血浆、乳汁等体液中。外泌体中含有蛋白质、mRNA、miRNA、lncRNA、细胞因子、转录因子受体等多种生物活性物质。肿瘤细胞或肿瘤旁细胞分泌的外泌体可将一些肿瘤特有的生物信息转移到邻近细胞,甚至远处细胞,并且通过这种细胞间通信传递肿瘤的特性,从而促进肿瘤的发生发展。本综述旨在着重讨论肿瘤细胞及癌旁细胞分泌的含lncRNA的外泌体对肿瘤微环境,肿瘤的生物学特性的影响,为肿瘤的基础研究及临床诊断治疗提出新的思路。     

外泌体在肿瘤转移前微环境形成中的作用

肿瘤的转移前微环境（pre-metastatic niche，PMN）特指原发肿瘤灶为肿瘤细胞远处播散和定植准备的微环境，此微环境的六个特征包括炎症、免疫抑制、血管生成/血管通透性、亲器官性、重编程和淋巴管生成。PMN形成的关键成分包括肿瘤源性分泌因子、细胞外囊泡（含外泌体）、骨髓源性细胞、免疫抑制细胞和宿主基质细胞等，其中，外泌体作为细胞间重要的信使，在肿瘤PMN的形成中具有重要作用。本综述就外泌体在肿瘤PMN形成中的作用进行探讨。     

外泌体在血液肿瘤微环境中的作用及其诊治意义

外泌体是细胞外囊泡的一类主要成分,是正常生理情况下组织细胞间信号传递的重要介质;在多种血液肿瘤研究中发现外泌体是骨髓微环境各成分间相互作用的关键载体,由于其广泛存在并含有特定的核酸、蛋白等分子,外泌体被作为潜在的生物标志物和治疗靶点/载体,在血液肿瘤诊治中的重要性近年正逐步受到关注.     

外泌体在癌相关成纤维细胞与肿瘤细胞交互作用中的研究进展

癌相关成纤维细胞（cancer associated fibroblasts, CAF）在肿瘤微环境中起着重要作用,其不仅能影响正常细胞的恶性转化,还促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、侵袭及远处转移。CAF通过物理吸引作用促进癌细胞转移、促进肿瘤血管生成,影响肿瘤细胞的代谢,从而促进恶性侵袭。外泌体在微环境中能够从供体细胞向受体细胞传递分子和遗传物质,是分子在细胞间转移的载体,在CAF与恶性肿瘤细胞沟通中发挥重要作用。CAF分泌外泌体促进肿瘤的发展,肿瘤细胞源性外泌体能激活CAF。外泌体具有作为靶向药物递送载体的潜在作用,外泌体作为生物特异性标志物也可用于癌症的早期检测、诊断和预后,具有较好的临床应用前景。     

白血病微环境中外泌体的研究进展

外泌体是由多种活细胞分泌的广泛分布于多种体液中的微囊泡结构,携带有亲本细胞来源的核酸、蛋白质和脂质等生物信息分子,是细胞间的通讯载体。外泌体在肿瘤进展中起重要作用,参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、免疫逃逸及血管生成等。在血液系统中,外泌体涉及白血病细胞及周围环境之间的串扰,促进白血病微环境的形成并充当免疫调节剂,是其治疗研究的潜在方向。文章就外泌体的生物学特性及其在白血病肿瘤微环境和免疫调节中的作用进行综述。     

卵巢癌肿瘤微环境中长链非编码RNA的研究进展

卵巢癌是死亡率最高的妇科恶性肿瘤,其微环境是由多种细胞和非细胞成分共同组成的。肿瘤细胞和微环境的相互作用影响肿瘤的进展。因此,寻找新的肿瘤标志物及治疗靶点有着重要意义。长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）是长度超过200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,在多种肿瘤的发生、发展和耐药中发挥着重要的作用。在本篇综述中,研究证明lncRNA在卵巢癌肿瘤微环境中细胞成分和非细胞成分交流的过程中发挥重要作用。此外,本文总结了以lncRNA作为靶向卵巢癌肿瘤微环境或细胞成分潜在靶点的治疗方式。     

结直肠癌肿瘤微环境中M1型巨噬细胞的研究进展

结直肠癌的肿瘤微环境中存在多种类型免疫细胞,其中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞作为重要组成成分,可极化成M1、M2两种不同亚型。M1型巨噬细胞在肿瘤发展过程中主要发挥抑癌作用,M2型巨噬细胞则起促癌作用。高微卫星不稳定（high microsatellite instability,MSI-H）结直肠癌肿瘤微环境中M1型巨噬细胞明显高于微卫星稳定（microsatellite stabilization,MSS）结直肠癌,免疫治疗效果较好。本文主要就M1型巨噬细胞在结直肠癌中的研究进展进行综述,以期为MSI-H结直肠癌免疫治疗提供能多的理论依据和新思路。     

CAFs在胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中作用的研究进展

胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中癌相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts, CAFs)具有促进胰腺癌组织增殖、侵袭、转移、血管生成、免疫抑制及耐药等作用,在胰腺癌的演变和进展中发挥了重要作用。由于CAFs的起源较多且具有表型和功能异质性,给靶向CAFs的抗肿瘤治疗带来了巨大挑战,但是探究CAFs与胰腺癌细胞的相互作用可以为日后靶向CAFs治疗胰腺癌提供帮助。本文将探究胰腺癌肿瘤微环境中CAFs的作用机制并对近些年来国内外有关CAFs对胰腺癌作用的相关文献进行综述。     

Role of tumor microenvironment in triple-negative breast cancer and its prognostic significance

Breast cancer has been shown to live in the tumor microenvironment,which consists of not only breast cancer cells themselves but also a significant amount of pathophysiologically altered surrounding stroma and cells.Diverse components of the breast cancer microenvironment,such as suppressive immune cells,re-programmed fibroblast cells,altered extracellular matrix (ECM) and certain soluble factors,synergistically impede an effective anti-tumor response and promote breast cancer progression and metastasis.Among these components,stromal cells in the breast cancer microenvironment are characterized by molecular alterations and aberrant signaling pathways,whereas the ECM features biochemical and biomechanical changes.However,triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC),the most aggressive subtype of this disease that lacks effective therapies available for other subtypes,is considered to feature a unique microenvironment distinct from that of other subtypes,especially compared to Luminal A subtype.Because these changes are now considered to significantly impact breast cancer development and progression,these unique alterations may serve as promising prognostic factors of clinical outcome or potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of TNBC.In this review,we focus on the composition of the TNBC microenvironment,concomitant distinct biological alteration,specific interplay between various cell types and TNBC cells,and the prognostic implications of these findings.     

miRNAs在三阴性乳腺癌多药耐药性中的研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌作为乳腺恶性肿瘤中最具侵袭性的类型,化学治疗是其主要而有效的治疗手段,但多药耐药性的产生仍是影响疗效的主要障碍。miRNAs是一种内生型的、非编码小RNAs,它作为一种潜在的致瘤因子或抑制因子,能靶向调节其目的基因从而参与肿瘤的耐药。因此,在开拓新的三阴性乳腺癌基因治疗的策略中,miRNAs具有潜在的治疗价值。本文总结了miRNAs在三阴性乳腺癌多药耐药中的作用机制及其在治疗中的应用前景。     

Exosomes: Mediators in microenvironment of colorectal cancer

Tumor microenvironment, the soil where tumor thrives, plays a critical role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Various cell signaling molecules in the environment promote tumor angiogenesis, immune tolerance and facilitate immune escape. Exosomes, as messengers between tumor and host cells, are considered key mediators involved in the tumor-accelerating environment. However, the exosome-mediated communication networks in the CRC microenvironment are still largely unclear. In this review, we summarized the relationship between TME and CRC based on recent literature. Then, we revealed the unique impacts and signal molecules of exosomes on account of their regulatory role in the flora, hypoxia, inflammatory and immunological microenvironment of CRC. Finally, we summarized the therapeutically effective of exosomes in CRC microenvironment and discussed their current status and prospects, aiming to provide new molecular targets and a theoretical basis for the CRC treatment.     

Calsequestrin 2 overexpression in breast cancer increases tumorigenesis and metastasis by modulating the tumor microenvironment

The spatial tumor shape is determined by the complex interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Here, we investigated the role of a newly identified breast cancer‐related gene, calsequestrin 2 (CASQ2), in tumor–microenvironment interactions during tumor growth and metastasis. We analyzed gene expression and three‐dimensional tumor shape data from the breast cancer dataset of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identified CASQ2 as a potential regulator of tumor–microenvironment interaction. In TCGA breast cancer cases containing information of three‐dimensional tumor shapes, CASQ2 mRNA showed the highest correlation with the spatial tumor shapes. Furthermore, we investigated the expression pattern of CASQ2 in human breast cancer tissues. CASQ2 was not detected in breast cancer cell lines in vitro but was induced in the xenograft tumors and human breast cancer tissues. To evaluate the role of CASQ2, we established CASQ2‐overexpressing breast cancer cell lines for in vitro and in vivo experiments. CASQ2 overexpression in breast cancer cells resulted in a more aggressive phenotype and altered epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in vitro. CASQ2 overexpression induced cancer‐associated fibroblast characteristics along with increased hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) expression in stromal fibroblasts. CASQ2 overexpression accelerated tumorigenesis, induced collagen structure remodeling, and increased distant metastasis in vivo. CASQ2 conferred more metaplastic features to triple‐negative breast cancer cells. Our data suggest that CASQ2 is a key regulator of breast cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis by modulating diverse aspects of tumor–microenvironment interactions.     

Role of exosomes in cellular communication between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment

Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by almost all types of cells. They contain RNAs, microRNAs, proteins and other bioactive substances, and can be used as carriers and for communication between cells. They regulate numerous biological processes, such as tumor development, cell proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy. Exosome-mediated communication between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial in the initiation and progression of tumor development. The present review aims to summarize the role of exosomes in mediating the communication between tumor cells and the TME and to suggest the potential use of exosomes as targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against cancer.     

循环肿瘤细胞的异质性在转移性乳腺癌中的作用研究进展

循环肿瘤细胞（CTC）的计数可以预测转移性乳腺癌的预后,但其改善患者预后的能力在临床试验中尚未得到证实。目前研究专注于CTC的分子表征,作为肿瘤组织的“替代物”以非侵入性地方式评估癌症基因组表达及其在治疗过程中的演变。CTC中存在上皮-间质转化过程（EMT）,其特点为上皮标志物的缺失。EMT过程可以存在于侵袭性及耐药性较强的细胞,其计数和表征,能够引起肿瘤的复发和进展,具有较高的临床价值。本文深入探讨循环肿瘤细胞的异质性及在转移性乳腺癌上皮-间质转化过程中的作用。使其成为乳腺癌患者监测转移和预后的常规的检测指标,并有助于明确转移的机制,更有望发现乳腺癌转移治疗的新靶点。