Substantiation of the feasibility of using fuel rods with tungsten spraying in power fast reactors of new generation

The contemporary development of nuclear power technologies in Russia made it possible to create projects of economic and safe fast reactors of new generation. These reactors will be a basis of the large-scale nuclear power engineering in the middle and end of the 21st century. Fast reactors of inherent safety (BREST), in which heavy emergencies are deterministically excluded [1,2], are of most interest among such projects. However, the limits of domestic power engineering implemented in BREST projects are not completely reached; there are reserves for further bettering of the safety and, probably, efficiency of new generation reactors. There are 1 to 2 decades left for improving technologies of fast reactors of inherent safety. One of the BREST concept reserves—the usage of fuel-rod shells with tungsten spraying—is the idea unattractive and unrealistic at first sight due to the tungsten’s high cost and the large cross section of fast-neutron absorption. However, the performed analysis and the calculation studies make it possible to draw a conclusion on the potential possibility of using the tungsten coatings of fuel rods for further improvement of reliability and safety of BREST-type reactors without deterioration (and probably with improvement) of economical characteristics of nuclear power plants with these reactors.     

The alternative strategies of the development of the nuclear power industry in the 21st century

This paper emphasizes the urgency of scientific-and-technical and sociopolitical problems of the modern nuclear power industry without solving of which the transition from local nuclear power systems now in operation to a large-scale nuclear power industry would be impossible. The existing concepts of the longterm strategy of the development of the nuclear power industry have been analyzed. On the basis of the scenarios having been developed it was shown that the most promising alternative is the orientation towards the closed nuclear fuel cycle with fast neutron reactors (hereinafter referred to as fast reactors) that would meet the requirements on the acceptable safety. It was concluded that the main provisions of “The Strategy of the Development of the Nuclear Power Industry of Russia for the First Half of the 21st Century” approved by the Government of the Russian Federation in the year 2000 remain the same at present as well, although they require to be elaborated with due regard for new realities in the market for fossil fuels, the state of both the Russian and the world economy, as well as tightening of requirements related to safe operation of nuclear power stations (NPSs) (for example, after the severe accident at the Fukushima nuclear power station, Japan) and nonproliferation of nuclear weapons.     

基于瞬时对称分量的三相逆变器特性分析

在三相逆变器中,出于体积和成本的考虑,滤波电感和输出变压器通常都采用三磁柱结构,但其三相磁路的相互耦合使得三相逆变器的动态分析非常地困难.该文基于瞬时值对称分量变换建立了带三磁柱电感和变压器的三相逆变器数学模型,该模型简单实用,并实现了三相的解耦.该文基于该模型分析了三相逆变器的动态特性,发现逆变桥输出电压的零序分量对三相逆变器的运行有着很大的影响.仿真与实验验证了上述结论.     

Assessing the impact of nuclear retirements on the U.S. power sector

This work utilizes the Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model to analyze the impacts of four nuclear retirement scenarios of the U.S. electricity sector, from nuclear plant lifetimes of 50 to 80 years. The analysis finds that longer nuclear lifetimes decrease the amount of renewable and natural gas capacity. Longer nuclear lifetimes also resulted in lower cumulative and annual carbon emissions, lower transmission builds, and higher energy curtailment and water usage.     

考虑电-气-热需求响应和阶梯式碳交易的综合能源系统低碳经济调度

为提高综合能源系统的能源利用率,进一步限制碳排放,使其实现低碳经济运行,提出一种基于需求侧响应和阶梯式碳交易机制的综合能源系统优化调度模型。首先,在需求侧考虑多元负荷灵活的响应能力构建含有电-气-热负荷的需求响应模型。其次,运用生命周期评估方法分析综合能源系统中不同能源链的碳轨迹,精确计算系统的总碳排量。最后,在综合能源系统中引入基于生命周期评估的阶梯式碳交易机制,构建以购能成本、碳交易成本、弃风成本最小为目标的优化调度模型,并调用CPLEX工具箱对4种典型场景下的总成本进行优化计算。结果表明,在阶梯式碳交易机制下,优化目标中考虑碳交易成本,引入需求响应使总成本减少了2.58%,碳排量下降了15.71%,在提高系统运行经济性的同时大幅度降低了碳排放量。     

泛在电力物联网环境下考虑碳排放权约束的VPP理性调峰模型

建设泛在电力物联网的目标之一是促进清洁能源的消纳,应对能源消费清洁低碳转型的需求。泛在电力物联网环境下,以虚拟电厂(Virtual Power Plant,VPP)作为分布式可再生能源管理的手段,提出一种考虑碳排放权约束的VPP理性调峰模型。依据碳排放权配额制原则,建立三种不同碳排放权约束场景,并利用基于分布估计的膜算法分析三种场景下系统的调峰成本和环境效益。结果表明,碳排放权约束会导致调峰系统出力变化来减少碳排放量,但在一定范围内系统的碳排放量不随约束的变动而改变,具有一定的自由碳排放权约束空间。碳排放权约束水平会影响VPP调峰系统的经济成本,碳排放权的分配应遵循公平性和效率性原则。     

区域电力结构优化模型及温室气体减排潜力

如何实现电力行业温室气体的有效减排是当前亟待解决的问题.基于碳捕集技术分析,以区域发电成本最小化为目标,以碳排放量为约束条件,构建区域电力结构优化模型;分析在不同减排水平的场景下,区域电力行业不同发电方式的分配结果,论述碳捕集技术在火力发电中的应用前景.研究结果表明,在全年排放总量不变的前提下,基于电力需求动态调整逐月碳排放额度将有效降低发电总成本,降低碳捕集成本及太阳能发电成本将成为节能减排的下一个目标.此研究成果可供电力行业节能减排工作参考.     

计及全生命周期碳成本的园区综合能源系统优化规划方法

建立综合能源系统是实现“双碳”目标的有效途径之一,其规划、建设及运行需要兼顾经济成本与低碳效益。为了全面评估综合能源系统的综合效益,提出一种将能源和设备在生产制造、运输、运行等全生命周期过程中的碳排放成本纳入优化目标的规划方法。对某园区综合能源系统进行逐时仿真优化,通过分析不同碳成本情景对综合能源系统综合效益的最优配置和运行方案的影响,为综合能源系统的设计规划提供一定参考。     

The results of the development of technology for using sodium as coolant for fast-neutron reactors

The main results obtained from research activities on the technology of sodium coolant as applied to nuclear power installations built around fast-neutron reactors are briefly described. Abnormal situations involving considerable contamination of sodium coolant that were observed in fast-neutron reactors are considered. Further investigations in this field are aimed at extending the service life of the BN-600 nuclear power installation and developing advanced nuclear power plants on the basis of fast-neutron reactors with increased parameters. Problems that have to be urgently solved for further development of the sodium usage technology are formulated.     

The SVBR-75/100 reactor installation. An assessment of the possibility of using it in projects for refurbishing power units of nuclear power stations equipped with VVER reactors

It is shown that use in the nuclear power industry of Russia of a nuclear technology employing modular multipurpose fast-neutron small-capacity reactors with lead-bismuth coolant will make it possible to considerably speed up a comprehensive solution to the problems faced by the industry, including those related to decommissioning the power units of nuclear power stations with VVER reactors after the reactor installation has worked through its service life.     

New Technological Platform for the National Nuclear Energy Strategy Development

The paper considers the need to update the development strategy of Russia’s nuclear power industry and various approaches to the large-scale nuclear power development. Problems of making decisions on fast neutron reactors and closed nuclear fuel cycle (NFC) arrangement are discussed. The current state of the development of fast neutron reactors and closed NFC technologies in Russia is considered and major problems are highlighted.     

The influence of nuclear generation on CO2 emissions and on the cost of the Spanish system in long-term generation planning

This paper presents the influence of a nuclear generation option on CO₂ emissions and on the cost of the Spanish long-term generation system by means of the development of a stochastic linear model, based on the software GAMS, where multiple aspects have been contemplated: the uncertainty regards fossil fuel and CO₂ emission allowance prices by analysing different scenarios, the stability and supply security of the system by considering different restrictions, the maximum grade of penetration of the different technologies by means of commissioning plans, etc. Only two of the conclusions drawn are focused on here. First, it is possible to get a clean system without nuclear power generation but the cost would be higher than in the case where the existing nuclear power plants continue to operate. Second, the development of clean coal technologies could be affected negatively by the development of nuclear generation.     

考虑电热气耦合特性的低碳园区综合能源系统氢储能优化配置

氢储能具有零碳排放、电热气联供等诸多优点,有望成为实现碳中和目标的重要支撑技术.针对工业园区综合能源系统的电热气负荷需求特点以及低碳化发展的总体需要,提出了一种以氢储能作为多种能量形式转换枢纽的低碳园区综合能源系统架构,在分析氢储能单元电热气多能特性的基础上,建立了氢储能多能联储联供模型;进一步地,以投资运行成本以及碳排放为优化目标,提出了园区综合能源系统氢储能单元优化配置模型.基于实际算例分析了清洁能源发电及热电负荷特性、碳减排政策、氢储能投资成本等关键因素对综合成本及碳减排目标的影响,验证了通过配置氢储能降低园区综合能源系统供能成本和碳排放的可行性,并指出了其典型的适用场景.     

逆变器并机用三相电抗器设计

针对可再生能源逆变器需要并机运行以实现大功率电能输出的特点,通过分析现用逆变器的并网用滤波电抗器,提出了一种新型的兼具有共模电流抑制效果的三相五柱电抗器方案,在保证各相电路的差模感量的同时,通过解耦磁集成的方法,使三相电抗器的零序电抗大大增加。应用在逆变器并机系统中,可减小电路中的滤波电抗器的数量,改善系统的电路结构,减少逆变器的成本,具有较大的实际应用价值。     

考虑碳交易的定、变频空调负荷降碳能力研究

在“双碳”目标的驱动下,为进一步提高负荷侧定、变频空调负荷和基础柔性负荷在需求响应的作用并分析其降碳能力,文中提出一种考虑碳交易的定、变频空调负荷及柔性负荷参与需求响应的电力系统优化运行策略。首先建立定、变频空调单体模型并推导其功率聚合模型;在此基础上结合多种影响空调用户参与需求响应的主要因素计算定、变频空调负荷最大降载能力;进而在传统需求响应调度模型中加入对定、变频空调负荷的考虑,并引入碳交易机制,基于此构建以机组发电成本、碳排放成本、负荷调度成本等综合运行成本最小为目标的电力系统优化运行策略;最后,以某配网系统进行验证分析,通过设置多种运行场景对比验证了所提策略在经济最优和节能减排方面的有效性。     

基于可再生能源的碳捕集-电转气协同运行方法

针对传统碳捕集电厂存在的强电碳耦合问题,提出基于可再生能源的碳捕集-电转气协同运行方法。首先,按照碳捕集设备供能来源的不同对各方式下碳捕集电厂的出力进行建模;其次,考虑风光和负荷的不确定性和相关性生成典型源荷场景;最后,根据碳捕集和电转气协同运行方式的不同划分6种运行模式,并以系统综合运行成本最小为目标对系统进行优化调度。算例分析表明,所提运行方法实现了碳捕集与碳捕集电厂产能之间解耦并提升了系统经济性。     

Preparations for shifting the power units of nuclear power stations equipped with RBMK-1000 reactors for operation with a 2 year interval between repairs

A general approach for carrying out works on justifying the shifting of power units used at nuclear power stations equipped with RBMK-1000 reactors for operation with an increased interval between repairs is formulated. The technical and organizational measures ensuring reliable operation of equipment and pipelines and acceptable safety of power units at nuclear power stations equipped with RBMK-1000 reactors in the new schedule of operation are described.     

计及碳配额的混合储能综合微能源网优化运行研究

综合微能源网系统是利用电、热、冷、气等多种能源构建的,可实现多类能量供应的小型可再生供能系统。然而,由于光伏、风电等可再生能源存在随机性和波动性等问题,该系统在负荷波动时可能会导致系统崩溃 。同时,国内的碳排放权交易市场已启动,综合能源系统中的碳排放成本不可忽视。为此,本文提出一种计及碳排放成本的混合储能微能源网优化运行模型。该模型首先结合源-荷-储及能源转换装置进行综合微能源网配置,根据碳排放配额分配实施方案建立考虑碳配额的目标优化函数,以某地区三种典型日场景下的数据为基础进行仿真,利用Gurobi求解得到满足碳排放成本最小时的系统优化运行结果。算例结果表明,碳排放免费配额能够降低综合能源系统运行成本,影响系统运行策略,本文所提模型能够反映碳排放成本因素对能源消费结构的影响,验证了储能装置可提高综合微能源网系统经济性、安全性与可靠性,为综合能源系统能源结构配置与运行提供参考和依据。     

考虑气网掺氢与低碳奖赏的气电耦合系统优化调度

针对气电耦合系统的优化调度问题,建立含气网掺氢的气电耦合系统模型,并考虑电制氢的精细化模型、掺氢气网的运行状态变化和严格的掺氢安全限制;同时在阶梯型碳交易机制的基础上,提出赏罚阶梯型碳交易机制,在碳配额出现剩余时设置阶梯型奖赏;进一步地综合考虑碳交易成本和运行成本,建立气电耦合系统低碳优化调度模型。最后,基于改进的IEEE 39节点电网模型和比利时20节点气网模型组成的系统进行仿真,采用CPLEX求解器对调度模型进行求解。通过分析对比4种调度场景的结果,验证了所提模型在降低碳排放、控制总成本和消纳弃风方面的有效性,分析了掺氢气网中不同热值计算方式和奖赏基准价格对调度结果的影响,并进行了奖赏基准价格的参考定价分析。     

含碳捕集装置的电气综合能源系统低碳经济运行

面对当前电气综合能源系统在新能源消纳、低碳性方面存在不足的问题,在系统中引入碳捕集装置进行优化.首先通过弃风惩罚因子将弃风量转化为弃风成本,以系统运行成本与碳排放量为多目标建立一种含碳捕集的电气综合能源系统低碳经济运行模型,使用法线边界交叉法构造多目标问题的Pareto前沿,并利用模糊隶属度函数选择出综合满意度最大的解作为折中解,其次通过算例对比了三种场景下的优化结果,分析了系统弃风量受电转气原料成本的影响情况,验证了将捕集的CO2作为产气原料能够有效提升电转气的运行效益,增强系统的风电利用率与运行经济性;最后对多目标下碳捕集的运行造成系统经济性与低碳性产生的矛盾关系进行了研究,证明了碳捕集能够有效提升综合能源系统的碳减排能力.