Effects of molluscicide baits on field populations of house mice

Two trials were carried out to test the effects of field applications of snail baits on populations of house mice (Mus domesticus) inhabiting cereal-cropping fields during a mouse plague in South Australia. In the first trial, grain based pellets containing 2% w/w active ingredient methiocarb, were laid in trails across fields before crops were sown. The second tested the effect of whole wheat grains treated with 1% w/w methiocarb when broadcast across maturing barley crops. Treatment effects were estimated by comparison with untreated control plots. In the methiocarb-treated wheat trial, comparison was also made with 0.3% w/w strychnine-treated wheat treatments. Methiocarb baiting reduced estimated mouse numbers by 0–46%. Surviving mice did not accept the excess bait material available. In contrast, strychnine-treated wheat reduced estimated mouse numbers by 86–94%. These trials indicate that methiocarb is not likely to be a useful field rodenticide. Furthermore, the consumption of bait by mice is not likely to jeopardise snail control operations. However, methiocarb baits could cause sufficient mortality to pose a threat to rare or endangered granivorous rodents inhabiting agricultural fields.     

农田土壤产二甲基硫醚(DMS)细菌的筛选及其特性分析

从农田土壤中筛选到4株能在改性基础培养基上以甲硫氨酸为唯一碳源和氮源生长代谢的产DMS细菌,分别命名为AQ1、BB1、BB2和BB3.通过对其形态特征、生理生化特性及16S rRNA序列分析,确定4株产DMS细菌分别为硝基还原假单胞菌AQ1(Pseudomonas nitroreducens)、恶臭假单胞菌BB1(Pseudomonas putida)、恶臭假单胞菌BB3(Pseudomonas putida)和附着剑菌BB2(Ensifer adhaerens).研究结果表明,BB3菌株产DMS的能力显著高于其它菌株(p0.05),该菌株在温度为35℃,pH为7.0时,产DMS的能力最强;添加淀粉、硝酸钾和氯化铵显著提高了BB3菌株产DMS的能力,而添加葡萄糖和蔗糖显著抑制了该菌株产DMS的能力(p0.05).     

偶氮染料对斜生栅藻的毒性作用及结构活性相关性研究

为了揭示不同结构染料对水生生态系统的毒性作用,研究９种偶氮类及２种蒽醌类染料对斜生栅藻的生长抑菌作用,并通过剖析毒性一结构之间的相关关系,探讨了偶氮染料的毒作用机理,１１种染产对斜生栅藻的４８ｈＥＣ５０在１．０９－４１．２２ｍｇ．Ｌ＾－１之间,偶氮染料分子中所包含偶氮键的个数及芳香环上取代基的亲水性和电性均影响染料的毒性,进一步证实偶氮染料的毒同理为Ｎ－Ｎ键不宾为一ＮＨ２后,形成Ｎ＋离子活性民生物     

太湖蓝藻水华期间水体和底泥中产毒微囊藻与非产毒微囊藻种群丰度研究

运用实时荧光定量PCR(Quantitative real-time PCR,QPCR)技术研究了太湖蓝藻水华期间不同湖区水体和底泥中产毒微囊藻与总微囊藻种群丰度.结果表明,湖区间产毒微囊藻种群和总微囊藻种群丰度明显不同:在水体中,竺山湾(N5)和梅梁湾(N2)产毒微囊藻和总微囊藻种群丰度高于贡湖湾(N4)和湖心(S4...     

长白山红松和臭冷杉树轮密度变化特征及其气候响应

本研究建立了长白山红松和臭冷杉的全轮、早晚材密度年表,并分析了2个树种的树轮密度变化特征及其与平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和降水量的相关关系。结果表明：两树种树轮密度变化具有一致性。红松树轮密度对气候变化更加敏感,而臭冷杉树轮密度变化相对稳定。两树种树轮密度年表与平均气温和平均最低气温整体呈显著正相关,而与平均最高气温和降水量的相关性相对较弱。其中,生长季早期（4—5月）的平均最低气温可能是影响树轮密度变化的主要因素。响应面分析结果表明：随着生长季早期的平均最低气温上升,两树种早材密度与平均最低气温呈现先减弱后增强的响应趋势,而与生长季早期的降水呈现先增强后减弱的响应趋势。滑动相关分析显示：随着气候变暖,两树种树轮密度年表均对生长季晚期（9—10月）平均气温和生长季早晚期平均最低气温的正响应显著增强,而对生长季晚期平均最高气温的正相关减小,与降水的响应相对稳定。臭冷杉的树轮密度年表对上年12月平均最高气温和当年4月平均最低气温的响应出现显著的正负转换现象。     

Contrasting responses of seed yield to elevated carbon dioxide under field conditions within Phaseolus vulgaris

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide [CO₂] in the atmosphere represents an increase in a growth-limiting resource for C₃ crop species. Identification of lines or characteristics of lines which have superior yield at elevated [CO₂] could aid in adaptation to this global change. While intraspecific variation in responses to elevated [CO₂] has been found in several species, intraspecific differences in crop yield responses to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions have seldom been documented. In this 4-year study, the responses of photosynthesis, growth, pod number, seed number and size, and seed yield to the elevation of [CO₂] to 180 μmol mol⁻¹ above the current ambient concentration were examined in four varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris in the field, using open-top chambers. There was a significant variety by [CO₂] interaction for seed yield, with seed yield at elevated [CO₂] ranging from 0.89 to 1.39 times that at ambient [CO₂] (mean 1.17×) in the different varieties, when averaged over 4 years. The highest yielding variety at elevated [CO₂] was not the highest yielding variety at ambient [CO₂]. The varieties with the largest and smallest yield responses both had an indeterminate growth habit. Down-regulation of photosynthesis at elevated [CO₂] only occurred in the two indeterminate varieties, and there was no significant correlation between the response of single leaf photosynthetic rate and the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] among varieties, nor between the responses of stem mass and seed yield. The change in the number of pods at elevated [CO₂] was the primary determinant of the response of seed yield. These results indicate that significant variation in the response of seed yield to elevated [CO₂] under field conditions does exist among varieties of P. vulgaris, and that variation in the response of pod and seed number may be more important than variation in photosynthetic response.     

Density and nutritional condition of carabid beetles in wildflower areas of different age

Density and nutritional condition of the five carabid beetle species Agonum mülleri, Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, Pterostichus vernalis and Poecilus cupreus was studied. Carabids were caught in sixteen 1–4-year-old wildflower areas, identified and counted, their nutritional condition was calculated and calculations were related to habitat parameters (i.e. wildflower area age, vegetation cover, soil water content, habitat size, surrounding landscape composition) and sex.Whereas the number of Anisodactylus binotatus caught responded positively to succession in wildflower areas, A. mülleri numbers tended to decrease and the other three species were unaffected. In a stepwise multiple regression species affiliation, sex and age of wildflower area explained together 98.5% of the variance in the pooled nutritional condition of Anchomenus dorsalis, Anisodactylus binotatus, A. mülleri and P. vernalis. Age of wildflower area alone explained 61.7% of the variance and age increased the nutritional condition of carabids. Correspondingly, nutritional condition of Poecilus cupreus was positively correlated with the age of wildflower area. Overall, the nutritional condition of the carabid assemblage studied increased from the first to the second year and then remained stable. To keep the proportion of 1-year-old wildflower areas low, wildflower areas should therefore be maintained for several years to improve the life conditions of carabid beetles and to enhance their beneficial effects in agroecosystems.     

碳质纳米材料与枝孢菌KR14的相互影响研究

碳质纳米材料(Carbon Nanomaterials, CNMs)因具有独特的电学及光学等性质而引起了人们的广泛关注,从而被大量使用并释放到环境中,进而影响生态系统环境及生物化学过程,但目前有关CNMs与环境微生物相互作用的研究鲜见报道.因此,本文研究了枝孢菌KR14(Cladosporium sp.)与3种CNMs(单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)、石墨烯(Graphene)和氧化石墨烯(GO))的相互作用.结果表明,CNMs的加入促进了3种非特异性酶(漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶)活性增加,其中,对锰过氧化物酶(MnP)活性的促进作用最为显著,18 d最高增加26.1%.在3种类型的CNMs中,SWCNTs对MnP活性刺激最佳,GO最弱.木质素降解实验和电化学分析表明,CNMs可作为电子导体提高真菌胞外电子传递效率,进而提高KR14对木质素的降解.X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,除GO外,SWCNTs和石墨烯的氧碳比(O/C)均上升,二者表面发生变化.拉曼光谱(Raman)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明,SWCNTs的I_D/I_G显著提高,无序性增加;石墨烯出现2D峰,即与KR14相互作用后有一定程度堆叠;KR14可引起CNMs结构转变.本研究结果有助于深入理解和评价环境中CNMs与真菌之间的相互作用关系及CNMs对真菌降解木质素和环境碳循环的影响.     

栅藻对金属离子的异质敏感性与其细胞周期的关系

研究同一种群中不同状态的藻细胞对毒物的应答对理解生物体敏感性以及毒物的致毒机理十分重要.应用流式细胞技术研究了栅藻对重金属元素(Cd²⁺和Ni²⁺)的敏感性.将同一种群的栅藻细胞按其体积大小(FSC参数)分为不同组分,在暴露于毒物后分析不同组分细胞的酯酶活性.结果显示随着细胞体积的增加,其对2种金属离子的抗性逐渐增强.在分析各组分细胞的DNA量时发现栅藻的细胞大小与其所处的细胞周期具有一定关系:随着体积的增大,栅藻细胞逐渐从G₁期进入G₂/M期,其中,G₂/M期的藻细胞对金属离子具有较强的抗性.进一步表明处于不同的细胞周期可能是决定同一种群中栅藻细胞对金属离子具有不同敏感性的重要原因.     

Responses of activities, abundances and community structures of soil denitrifiers to short-term mercury stress

The responses of activities, abundances and community structures of soil denitrifiers to mercury (Hg) stress were investigated through a short-term incubation experiment. Four soil treatments with different concentrations of Hg (CK, Hg25, Hg50, and Hg100, denoted as 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg Hg/kg dry soil, respectively) were incubated for 28 days. Soil denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was measured at day 3, 7 and 28. The abundances and community structures of two denitrification concerning genes, nirS (cd₁-nitrite reductase gene) and nosZ (nitrous oxide reductase gene), were analyzed using real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Results showed that soil DEA was significantly stimulated in the treatments of Hg25 and Hg50 compared with others at day 7. Meanwhile, no difference in the abundances of soil nirS and nosZ was found between Hg spiked treatments and CK, except the lower abundance of nirS (P<0.05) in the Hg added treatments compared with that in the CK at day 28. The community structures of denitrifiers based on nirS gene presented obvious change at day 7 along with the Hg additions, however, no variation was found in all treatments based on the nosZ gene. The results indicated that Hg (Hg25 and Hg50) had a strongly short-term stimulation on soil DEA, and nirS gene is more sensitive than nosZ gene to Hg stress.     

两种沉水植物附着生物种群特征对水深的响应研究

选取浅水湖泊中两种常见沉水植物上的附着生物作为研究对象,通过显微观测和16S rRNA高通量测序的方法,探究原位实验条件下水深(分别以T1、T2、T3、T4代表0.6、1.2、1.8和2.4 m)对狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malainus)附着藻类和附着细菌种群组成及其多样性特征的影响.结果表明,沉水植物附着生物种群特征与水深和生物种类有关,试验组中所有水深梯度下的狐尾藻附着生物群落的自养指数(AI)均大于马来眼子菜,且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m的AI值较高,较大水深1.8~2.4 m的AI值较低.两种沉水植物表面附着藻类组成随水深变化差异显著(p0.05),绿藻门和硅藻门仍占种群绝对优势;附着细菌种群随水深梯度的变化差异也显著(p0.05),但主要包括有Proteobacteria、Firmicutes和Bacteroidetes等优势菌群,同种沉水植物或相似水层深度间的附着细菌组成和丰度有较高的相似性,并且试验组中较小水深0.6~1.2 m中拥有更多特有的细菌种类.研究发现,相同水深时狐尾藻附着藻类的多样性大于马来眼子菜,而马来眼子菜附着细菌多样性大于狐尾藻,且位于中等水深1.2~1.8 m时两种沉水植物附着藻类和附着细菌的多样性往往最高.通过水深对沉水植物附着生物种群特征影响的研究,可为揭示沉水植物表面微生态作用规律提供参考.     

凤眼莲对富营养化水体中氨氧化和反硝化微生物的影响

凤眼莲近年来广泛应用于富营养化淡水湖泊的生态修复中,但其对微生物的相互作用和对水体中氮素的去除鲜有报道.本研究在氮素去除过程中对比凤眼莲和细菌的相对重要性,并且检测浮游植物对硝化细菌和反硝化细菌相对丰度及多样性的影响.水体中氮素的去除率以及硝化和反硝化作用的潜在能力使用定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCRs)对硝化作用基因amoA和反硝化作用基因nirS/K进行检测,从微观角度研究富营养化水体中是否会受到凤眼莲存在的影响.结果表明,TN的减少在70d的实验周期中所有处理组表现较为一致,但凤眼莲存在的实验组在24h内TN和NH_4~+-N的去除上有显著的降低,并且amoA的丰度有所增加,nirS/K的丰度有所降低.T-RFLP结果表明亚硝化单胞菌在氨氧化微生物中占优势.凤眼莲的种植可以实现富营养化水体中NH_4~+-N的快速有效减少,且微生物的相互作用可以充分利用到淡水生态系统的修复中.     

Augmentation of tribenuron methyl removal from polluted soil with Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and indigenous earthworms

Tribenuron methyl (TBM) is a member of the sulfonylurea herbicide family and is widely used worldwide. In this study, TBM-degrading bacteria were enriched with TBM as potential carbon, nitrogen or sulfur source, and 44 bacterial isolates were obtained. These isolates were phylogenetically diverse, and were grouped into 25 operational taxonomic units and 14 currently known genera. Three representatives, Bacillus sp. strain BS2, Microbacterium sp. strain BS3, and Cellulosimicrobium sp. strain BS11, were selected, and their growth and TBM removal from culture broth were investigated. In addition, indigenous earthworms were collected and applied to augment TBM degradation in lab-scale soil column experiments. Results demonstrated that Bacillus sp. strain BS2 and earthworms significantly increased TBM removal during soil column experiments.     

绿狐尾藻对铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻的抑藻效应

分别将不同起始浓度(10~5、10~6、10~7、10~8和10~9ind.·L~(-1))的铜绿微囊藻和羊角月牙藻分组与绿狐尾藻进行共培养,连续10 d,每天测定各组铜绿微囊藻或羊角月牙藻的光密度值,用以确定绿狐尾藻对两种藻类不同浓度的生长抑制情况.结果表明,2. 5 g·(200 m L)~(-1)的绿狐尾藻对起始浓度为10~7ind.·L~(-1)和10~8ind.·L~(-1)的铜绿微囊藻具有明显的抑制作用;而对实验所设的所有起始浓度的羊角月牙藻生长均没有显著的抑制作用.并且,采用溶剂浸提与气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)测定的方法,分析了绿狐尾藻粉末浸提液和绿狐尾藻生长液中可能存在的化感物质,通过分析,确定棕榈酸是绿狐尾藻分泌的化感物质之一,并且发现了3种可能是绿狐尾藻分泌的新型化感物质:3-乙基-3-甲基庚烷、磷酸三乙酯和酞酸二丁酯.     

2000～2020年中国典型经济区PM2.5时空变化及其与植被景观格局的关系

探究典型经济区PM_2.5时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局的关系,对区域PM_2.5污染治理和大气环境保护具有重要意义.基于PM_2.5数据和MODIS NDVI数据集,采用像元二分模型、 Getis-Ord G^*_i分析、 Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、 Mann-Kendall检验、皮尔逊相关分析和复相关分析等方法,探究中国三大经济区PM_2.5空间聚集性、时空变化特征及其与植被景观格局指数的相关性.结果表明,2000～2020年环渤海地区PM_2.5主要表现为热点区扩张,冷点区缩减;长江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区面积占比无显著变化;珠江三角洲地区冷点区和热点区均发生扩张.2000～2020年三大经济区PM_2.5整体表现为下降趋势,改善程度由高到低依次是：珠江三角洲地区、长江三角洲地区和环渤海地区.2000～2020年三大经济区不同植被覆盖度等级下PM_2.5均表现为下降趋势,三大经济区PM<...     

北京地区SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5变化特征的城郊对比分析

2006-01-01～2006-12-31在北京上甸子区域大气本底站和城区宝联环境观测站连续观测了SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5的浓度,分析了北京城区和郊区的季节变化及日变化的差异,并结合风向讨论了城区污染对于大气本底的影响.结果表明,①NOx、SO2浓度在采暖季城郊差异最大,城区是本底的4～6倍,城郊O3有一致的浓度变化.本底站PM2.5在4、5月达到100μg/m3以上,是年平均的2～3倍;②NOx和SO2的日变化在城区表现为双峰型,在09:00前后和22:00前后形成高值,郊区表现为单峰型,在22:00前后出现高值.郊区O3的日变化峰值滞后于城区大约2 h.PM2.5日变化规律表现得较不规则;③西南风条件下本底各污染物浓度明显受城区输送影响而升高,东北风条件下干洁气团的影响比较明显.     

生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤N2O排放及硝化、反硝化微生物功能基因丰度的影响

通过室内培养试验和实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了田间施用生物炭和有机肥对菜地土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放、氨单加氧酶(amo A)和亚硝酸盐还原酶(nir S、nir K)、氧化亚氮还原酶(nos Z)基因丰度的影响,并探讨功能基因丰度对N_2O排放的影响.试验设置5个处理:CK(对照)、N(尿素)、N+BC(尿素和生物炭)、N+M(尿素和有机肥)和N+BC+M(尿素、生物炭和有机肥).结果表明,与CK处理相比,各施肥处理均降低了土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)丰度,增加了nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,并提高了培养期间N_2O累积排放量.与N处理相比,N+BC处理的土壤p H值提高了11.1%,并增加了AOB、AOA、nir S、nir K和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为105.8%、57.3%、22.0%、176.2%和204.9%,同时显著降低了培养期间N_2O累积排放量,降幅为58.1%;N+M处理增加了nir K和nir S基因丰度,增幅分别为58.8%和7.1%,对N_2O排放的影响不显著;N+BC+M处理增加了AOB、nir K、nir S和nos Z基因丰度,增幅分别为30.7%、68.7%、6.5%和84.5%,降低了N_2O累积排放量,降幅为14.4%.生物炭通过增加amo A、nir S和nir K基因丰度间接增加N_2O排放,同时通过增加nos Z基因丰度促进N_2O还原,综合效应表现为降低了菜地土壤N_2O排放.因此,通过施用生物炭改善土壤性质,增加功能基因丰度,降低土壤N_2O排放,是一种较好的N_2O减排措施.施用有机肥可以增加反硝化作用功能基因丰度,但对N_2O减排效果不显著.     

生物炭对华北农田土壤N2O通量及相关功能基因丰度的影响

为了探寻施用生物炭对农田土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)的减排效果和机制,于2015年3月27日至6月5日,利用盆栽实验研究了施用生物炭(CK,C1:5%,C2:10%,C3:15%,C4:30%)(质量分数)对华北农田土壤N_2O通量、氨单加氧酶(amo A)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(nir S、nir K)以及氧化亚氮还原酶(nos Z)基因丰度的影响.结果表明:(1)施用低量生物炭(5%)能够促进N_2O排放,施用中、高量生物炭可以起到抑制N_2O排放的效果,且生物炭用量为15%时减排效果最佳.(2)实验初期,施用生物炭对土壤硝化反硝化基因丰度影响较大,AOA和nir S基因丰度与生物炭施用量呈极显著正相关关系,nir K基因丰度与生物炭施用量呈显著正相关关系,AOB和nos Z基因丰度与生物炭施用量呈显著负相关关系;实验末期,AOA丰度与生物炭施用量表现为显著负相关关系,AOB丰度与生物炭施用量表现为显著正相关关系.(3)实验初期,N_2O排放通量与AOA、nir S基因呈现极显著的负相关关系,说明在土壤含水量较高的条件下,N_2O的产生受AOA、nir S基因丰度控制调节;实验末期,N_2O排放通量与nos Z基因呈现极显著正相关关系,说明在土壤含水量较低的条件下,N_2O的产生受nos Z基因丰度控制调节.本研究结果表明施用生物炭能够增加硝化反硝化功能基因丰度,并降低N_2O的排放,为华北农田合理施用生物炭提供了一定的理论依据.     

鸡粪好氧堆肥氨氧化霉菌的筛选及氮转化能力的研究

为明确鸡粪好氧堆肥过程氨氧化霉菌的存在情况及其氮转化能力,以鸡粪好氧堆肥中分离的10株霉菌为对象,采用氨氧化霉菌培养基筛选氨氧化菌株;对所选菌株进行生长量及氮转化指标的测定及相关分析,以明确菌体生长与氨氧化作用的关系;对确定的高效氨氧化菌株进行氮转化能力测定,并做回归堆肥的效果验证.结果表明,所试菌株均能氧化NH4+-N生成亚硝态氮和硝态氮,证明在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中存在氨氧化霉菌,且提示该环境的霉菌可能具有普遍的氨氧化能力;氨氧化霉菌生成的亚硝态氮和硝态氮总量、菌体干重、菌体凯氏氮量间均存在着显著的正相关;确定的2株高效氨氧化菌株M25-22(Penicilliumsp.)与M40-4(Aspergillussp.)在培养基中培养144h后,均能使NH4+-N降低0.3mg·mL-1以上,生成亚硝态氮和硝态氮总量约在1.1×10-3mg·mL-1和1.5×10-3mg·mL-1;2株菌回归堆肥后,均能使堆肥体系中NH4+-N含量明显降低,硝态氮及总氮含量明显增加,这对减少堆肥过程氮素损失具有实际意义.     

城市污水再生处理过程中病原性原虫的去除特性

通过定期监测北京市某城市污水再生处理过程各单元出水中的隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫(两虫)浓度,系统考察了污水再生处理系统对两虫的去除特性.结果表明,原污水、初沉池出水、二沉池出水、絮凝沉淀池出水和砂滤池出水中隐孢子虫的平均检出量分别为238、179、6、1、0.3个·L-1,贾第鞭毛虫的平均检出量分别为1 568、1048、22、4、0.6个·L-1.污水再生处理系统对隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫的总去除率分别为2.98log(99.895%)和3.46log(99.965%).一级处理工艺对污水中两虫的去除效果并不理想,去除率分别只有0.13log和0.18log.二级生物处理对两虫的去除贡献最大,去除率分别达1.50log和1.67log.污水深度处理工艺(絮凝-沉淀-砂滤)能有效提高两虫的去除效果.污水厂进水中的两虫检出量随季节变化,雨季较低,旱季较高.