移植肾穿刺病理组织中抗体介导的排斥反应

背景：体液性排斥以激素耐受和难治性为其显著的特点,常常发生在免疫高敏的受者身上。目的：对肾功能不全移植肾进行常规穿刺病理活检,根据病理诊断观察抗体介导性排斥反应的治疗效果,分析移植肾穿刺病理活检的安全性。方法：选取肾移植后有移植肾穿刺活检指征的患者84例,在B超引导下应用BARD（美国）活检穿刺针行移植肾穿刺活检,活检组织行常规苏木精-伊红染色,组织化学染色,同时常规行C4d免疫组织化学染色,依据Banff’05标准进行病理分型,根据病理状态明确诊断进行相应的临床治疗,观察治疗效果。结果与结论：84例患者除1例由于组织少难以诊断,其余病理诊断移植肾超急性排斥反应1例,急性抗体介导性排斥反应5例,慢性抗体介导性排斥反应2例,C4d免疫组织化学染色阳性16例。经过治疗8例抗体介导性排斥反应患者中4例移植肾功能得以恢复,3例未恢复,1例移植肾失功,移植肾切除。患者无不良反应发生。结果表明移植肾穿刺病理活检对移植肾无不良影响。     

移植肾穿刺病理组织中抗体介导的排斥反应

背景:体液性排斥以激素耐受和难治性为其显著的特点,常常发生在免疫高敏的受者身上。目的:对肾功能不全移植肾进行常规穿刺病理活检,根据病理诊断观察抗体介导性排斥反应的治疗效果,分析移植肾穿刺病理活检的安全性。方法:选取肾移植后有移植肾穿刺活检指征的患者84例,在B超引导下应用BARD(美国)活检穿刺针行移植肾穿刺活检,活检组织行常规苏木精-伊红染色,组织化学染色,同时常规行C4d免疫组织化学染色,依据Banff’05标准进行病理分型,根据病理状态明确诊断进行相应的临床治疗,观察治疗效果。结果与结论:84例患者除1例由于组织少难以诊断,其余病理诊断移植肾超急性排斥反应1例,急性抗体介导性排斥反应5例,慢性抗体介导性排斥反应2例,C4d免疫组织化学染色阳性16例。经过治疗8例抗体介导性排斥反应患者中4例移植肾功能得以恢复,3例未恢复,1例移植肾失功,移植肾切除。患者无不良反应发生。结果表明移植肾穿刺病理活检对移植肾无不良影响。     

移植肾穿刺活组织检查:72例的病理及临床分析

背景:肾移植后慢性排斥反应及各种移植肾病变是移植肾失功能的常见原因,但对移植肾予以准确评估往往非常困难,活检仍是目前的主要手段.目的:分析肾移植后出现合并症时移植肾穿刺活检的病理结果.方法:对72例移植肾进行肾穿刺活组织检查,并进行病理诊断及分类,结合移植后情况进行分析.结果与结论:72例中发生急性细胞介导性排斥反应35例,急性抗体介导性排斥反应12例,移植肾急性药物毒性损伤10例,慢性T细胞介导性排斥反应6例,慢性抗体介导性排斥反应2例,急性肾小管坏死4例,慢性移植肾肾病3例.移植肾组织活检的病理报告与穿刺前临床诊断的符合率在75%以上.移植肾穿刺活检未发生明显的不良反应.提示移植肾活检安全可靠,对肾移植后难以根据临床化验资料作出准确判断肾脏损害的并发症及治疗方案的选择有极为重要的指导意义.     

移植肾穿刺活组织检查：72例的病理及临床分析

背景：肾移植后慢性排斥反应及各种移植肾病变是移植肾失功能的常见原因,但对移植肾予以准确评估往往非常困难,活检仍是目前的主要手段。目的：分析肾移植后出现合并症时移植肾穿刺活检的病理结果。方法：对72例移植肾进行肾穿刺活组织检查,并进行病理诊断及分类,结合移植后情况进行分析。结果与结论：72例中发生急性细胞介导性排斥反应35例,急性抗体介导性排斥反应12例,移植肾急性药物毒性损伤10例,慢性T细胞介导性排斥反应6例,慢性抗体介导性排斥反应2例,急性肾小管坏死4例,慢性移植肾肾病3例。移植肾组织活检的病理报告与穿刺前临床诊断的符合率在75%以上。移植肾穿刺活检未发生明显的不良反应。提示移植肾活检安全可靠,对肾移植后难以根据临床化验资料作出准确判断肾脏损害的并发症及治疗方案的选择有极为重要的指导意义。     

移植肾急性抗体介导排斥反应中半乳糖凝集素7的表达

背景：半乳糖凝集素家族蛋白在移植免疫调节中的作用已被提出,目前尚未有半乳糖凝集素7检测对于肾移植后围手术期移植肾功能不全的辅助诊断,对肾移植受者而言,监测半乳糖凝集素7可能及早发现移植后肾功能异常,为临床治疗争取时间。
　　目的：检测半乳糖凝集素7在移植肾急性抗体介导性排斥反应中的表达。
　　方法：选取同种异体肾移植后行移植肾穿刺活检诊断为急性抗体介导性排斥反应的患者27例,同时选取同期移植后肾病理穿刺经诊断为正常的患者10例做对照。应用免疫组织化学染色法检测半乳糖凝集素7在组织中的表达情况、应用Western Blot法检测各组血清半乳糖凝集素7蛋白表达水平差异。
　　结果与结论：免疫组织化学正常组光镜下半乳糖凝集素7表达于近曲小管上皮细胞表面微绒毛,肾小球、远曲小管、集合管和静脉未见其表达;急性抗体介导的体液性排斥反应组光镜下肾小动脉内膜水肿,管壁纤维素样坏死,肾小球肾小管淋巴细胞和单核细胞浸润,半乳糖凝集素7仅见于近曲小管上皮细胞表面微绒毛,同时动脉平滑肌也有表达,阳性度较高。急性抗体介导的体液性排斥反应组半乳糖凝集素7阳性细胞计数显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。Western Blot检测结果,急性抗体介导的体液性排斥反应组血清半乳糖凝集素7的表达高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。结果说明,移植肾穿刺病理活检安全可靠,对患者及移植肾无不良影响,半乳糖凝集素7检测对于肾移植后围手术期移植肾功能不全的辅助诊断具有重要的指导意义。     

移植肾活检：病理及组织学的早期诊断价值

背景：移植肾活检病理学组织学早期诊断意义重大,单中心回顾性研究临床诊断与治疗较少。目的：通过对肾功能不全移植肾进行常规穿刺病理活检,根据病理诊断采取相应临床治疗方式,观察治疗效果,同时明确移植肾穿刺病理活检的安全性以及在临床诊治中的意义及其重要性。方法：选取解放军第309医院器官移植中心202例肾移植患者为研究对象,其中80例为肾移植后移植肾功能延迟恢复,122例肌酐不明原因升高。在B超引导下应用活检穿刺针行移植肾穿刺活检,对活检组织标本予以相应染色和病理组织学观察,并进行相应的临床治疗。结果与结论：穿刺组织中,除3例（1.5%）由于组织少难以诊断,其余病理诊断移植肾正常12例（5.9%）,缺血再灌注损伤合并（或）急性肾小管坏死28例（13.9%）,轻度钙调磷酸酶抑制剂类免疫抑制剂急性毒性损伤22例（10.9%）,轻度钙调磷酸酶抑制剂类免疫抑制剂慢性毒性损伤12例（5.9%）,超急性排斥反应1例（0.5%）,疑为急性排斥反应29例（14.4%）,急性T细胞性排斥反应34例（16.8%）,急性抗体介导性排斥反应19例（9.4%）,慢性T细胞介导排斥反应16例（7.9%）,慢性T细胞介导排斥反应伴急性T细胞介导性排斥反应12例（5.9%）,慢性抗体介导性排斥反应3例（1.5%）,高血压因素4例（2.0%）,间质纤维化和肾小管萎缩,未发现特定致病因素所致病变2例（1.0%）,缺血性坏死2例（1.0%）,移植后肾病复发3例（1.5%）,C4d免疫组化染色阳性23例（11.4%）,未发现患者及移植肾的不良反应。     

肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应的治疗

背景：肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应是一类人类白细胞抗原抗体介导的排斥反应,常导致移植物丧失功能。目前,强效免疫抑制剂和B淋巴细胞抑制剂的应用使急性体液性排斥反应的逆转率明显提高。目的：探讨肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应的治疗方案。方法：对20例发生急性体液性排斥反应的肾移植受者进行回顾性分析,患者给予抗胸腺球蛋白、蛋白A免疫吸附和大剂量丙种球蛋白联合治疗,所有患者均在蛋白A免疫吸附初次治疗前和末次治疗后留血标本测定群体反应性抗体和血清免疫球蛋白IgG,IgA,IgM。结果与结论：20例患者急性体液性排斥反应均有效逆转。随访48个月,1例患者在移植后5个月时因合并严重的肺部感染而停用免疫抑制剂,继而发生剧烈的急性排斥反应而行移植肾切除,恢复血液透析,其余患者移植肾功能良好,至随访终点时平均血肌酐浓度为（132.6±44.2）μmol/L。提示,抗胸细胞球蛋白联合蛋白A免疫吸附和大剂量丙种球蛋白能够有效逆转肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应,成功率高,并发症少,且完全逆转的急性体液性排斥反应并不影响移植肾的预后。     

肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应的治疗

背景:肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应是一类人类白细胞抗原抗体介导的排斥反应,常导致移植物丧失功能。目前,强效免疫抑制剂和B淋巴细胞抑制剂的应用使急性体液性排斥反应的逆转率明显提高。目的:探讨肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应的治疗方案。方法:对20例发生急性体液性排斥反应的肾移植受者进行回顾性分析,患者给予抗胸腺球蛋白、蛋白A免疫吸附和大剂量丙种球蛋白联合治疗,所有患者均在蛋白A免疫吸附初次治疗前和末次治疗后留血标本测定群体反应性抗体和血清免疫球蛋白IgG,IgA,IgM。结果与结论:20例患者急性体液性排斥反应均有效逆转。随访48个月,1例患者在移植后5个月时因合并严重的肺部感染而停用免疫抑制剂,继而发生剧烈的急性排斥反应而行移植肾切除,恢复血液透析,其余患者移植肾功能良好,至随访终点时平均血肌酐浓度为(132.6±44.2)μmol/L。提示,抗胸细胞球蛋白联合蛋白A免疫吸附和大剂量丙种球蛋白能够有效逆转肾移植后急性体液性排斥反应,成功率高,并发症少,且完全逆转的急性体液性排斥反应并不影响移植肾的预后。     

高度致敏受者脱敏治疗及肾移植术的护理

目的:探讨高度致敏受者行脱敏治疗及肾移植术的观察和护理。方法:回顾性分析35例高敏受者采用血浆置换和免疫球蛋白脱敏治疗后行肾移植术的临床及护理资料,总结观察和护理要点。结果:本组患者术后未发生超急性排斥反应。发生急性排斥反应10例,其中6例为早期严重的急性体液性排斥反应,4例为急性细胞性排斥反应。1例并发移植肾破裂,经抢救后行移植肾修补术。1例并发急性肾小管坏死,经血液透析7周后移植肾功能恢复。结论:做好术前脱敏治疗、术后监护及并发症的护理工作,能够促进脱敏治疗后肾移植成功和患者尽快康复。术后的护理重点是监测排斥反应和预防感染。     

62例移植肾穿刺活组织检查的病理及临床分析

目的：探讨肾移植后肾损害的病理及可能的相关因素，评价移植肾穿刺活组织检查(肾活检)的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析62例移植肾肾活检的病理及临床资料。结果：62例中发生总性排斥反应24例(39％)，慢性移植性肾病21例(34％)，加速排斥反应1例，IgA肾病5例(8％)，系膜增生性肾炎样改变3例(5％)，新月体肾炎2例，膜性肾病1例，环抱素中毒1例，肾结核1例，急性肾小管坏死1例，慢性排斥反应、慢性肾小球肾炎各1例。排斥反应病例肾移植术前的人类白细胞抗原配型和群体反应性抗体明显差于非排斥反应病例，巨细胞病毒感染发生率较高。移植肾穿刺活检未发生明显的不良反应。结论：移植肾肾活检安全可靠，对于肾移植术后发生肾损害的病因诊断具有很高的价值。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。