水产饲料微生物添加剂在水产养殖中的应用(下)

（3）营养作用 动物添加芽孢杆菌等有益微生物能产生水解酶、发酵酶和呼吸酶等酶类,利于饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和纤维素、半纤维素的分解;有些有益菌能够合成多种B族维生素和未知促生长因子,起到提高饲料转化率、促进生长的作用。     

新型绿色水产饲料添加剂——糖萜素

糖萜素是一种从山茶科饼粕中提取的由糖类、配糖体和有机酸组成的天然活性物质,它能提高动物机体神经内分泌免疫功能,具有抗病、抗应激作用,作为一种新型的抗生素替代物,其在水产养殖中已经取得了很好的应用效果.该文概述了糖萜素的性质、作用机理及其在水产养殖中的应用,并针对其应用中存在的问题,提出相关的对策,展望了糖萜素作为水产饲料添加剂的应用前景.     

一种新型水产饲料添加剂--酵母细胞壁

酵母细胞壁是一种新型的环保型饲料添加剂,在水产养殖中应用十分广泛。大量试验表明,它能影响肠道微生态平衡,增殖肠道有益菌,抑制有害菌,提高动物免疫机能,促进新陈代谢,从而提高动物的生产性能和经济效益。综述了酵母细胞壁的组成成分、免疫机理及其在水产养殖中的应用情况,并展望了酵母细胞壁作为水产饲料添加剂的应用前景。     

功能性低聚糖--一种新型水产饲料添加剂

低聚糖又称寡聚糖、寡糖,是由2-10个单糖通过糖苷键连接形成直链或支链的一类糖分子。由于组成低聚糖的单糖分子的种类以及连接单糖分子的糖苷键的类型不同,所以在自然界中低聚糖的种类达数千种以上。各种低聚糖在生物体内的功能是不相同的,根据低聚糖     

水产饲料中的免疫添加剂

鱼类免疫添加剂包括具有正调节功能的免疫增强剂和具有负调节功能的免疫抑制剂。免疫增强剂是指一些单独使用即能引起机体出现短暂免疫功能增强的物质，一般可分为：生物性免疫增强剂、细菌性免疫增强剂、化学性免疫增强剂、营养性免疫增强剂、中草药免疫增强剂等。免疫增强剂可用于治疗某些传染病如真菌感染、免疫性疾病及非免疫性疾病。     

螺旋藻在水产养殖中的应用

螺旋藻广泛分布在世界各海区及陆地淡、盐水湖中,是浮游自养的原核生物,属蓝藻门颤藻目颤藻科。藻体由于含藻蓝素而呈绿色,显微镜观察呈细丝状螺旋形。全世界已知存在３６个种,目前国际上工厂化生产的主要是钝顶螺旋藻和极大螺旋藻２个淡水种类。螺旋藻是目前常用微藻（小球藻、绿藻、螺旋藻）中蛋白质含量最高、营养全面、消化吸收及适口性最好的藻种,而且食用安全,至今未发现对动物有任何毒性或致病等副作用。１螺旋藻的营养特点１. １蛋白质含量高 螺旋藻含蛋白质高达５５％～７０％,相当于大豆蛋白质的２倍,鸡蛋蛋白质的４倍,…     

新型绿色水产饲料添加剂——二氢吡啶

二氢吡啶作为我国农业部批准的新兽药类添加剂，因其促进畜禽生长繁育功效．受到普遍关注。但是在水产饲料中应用不多，近年来一些研究表明其对水产动物也具有促进生长；改善产品品质；提高免疫力等优点，且其代谢快，在动物体内几乎无残留，作为饲料添加剂，安全性极佳。该文概述二氢吡啶的理化性质、特点．以及对动物的营养免疫学作用机理．概述关于二氢吡啶在水产饲料中应用的现有研究资料，针对目前二氢吡啶在研究中存在的问题，提出对策。     

海洋红酵母作为水产饲料添加剂的开发应用研究

<正>海洋红酵母(Rhodotorula benthica)是从海洋泥中分离出来的单细胞真核生物,其含有丰富的蛋白质、糖类、维生素、消化酶及生长因子等多种生理活性物质,是鱼、虾、贝、海参等经济动物良好的开口饵料,目前已作为饲料添加剂在水产养殖业中应用,并推广到     

绿色水产饲料添加剂的最新研究进展

某些抗生素药物、生物活性物质在水生动物机体中的残留,往往直接影响着人类的健康.要从根本上解决这一问题,必须树立环境保护观念,大力研制、开发和推广使用功能强、价格低、性能优、无毒副作用、利于环保的绿色水产饲料添加剂.本丈综述了绿色水产饲料添加剂的最新研究进展.     

绿色水产饲料添加剂的研究进展及发展方向(上)

进入21世纪,人们关心较多的是环境与发展。环境的日益恶化,无孔不入地威胁着人们的健康,破坏人类赖以生存的空间。“人口”水产品的安全性,常常是人们首先关心的问题。某些抗生素药物、生物活性物质在水生动物机体中的残留,往往直接影响着人类的健康。要从根本上解决这一问题,还须树立环境保护观念,大力研制、开发和推广使用功能强、价格低、性能优、无毒副作用、利于环保的绿色水产饲料添加剂。     

胶原蛋白部分替代鱼粉饲养异育银鲫的试验

进行了两个试验以评价水产饲料中胶原蛋白替代鱼粉的效果。生长试验是在基础饲料(对照组,含鱼粉12%)中分别以2%、4%胶原蛋白等重量替代鱼粉饲养平均体重6.5g的异育银鲫(共315尾)35d,各组鱼体增重率分别为71.3%,70.9%,71.9%,各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);消化试验是采用平均体重110g的异育银鲫,按套算法测定了异育银鲫对胶原蛋白的蛋白质消化率为97.3%。研究结果表明,胶原蛋白具有很高的消化吸收率,可部分替代鱼粉而对异育银鲫的增重无影响。     

Growth Rate of Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus,Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Co-Dried Fish Silage as Replacement of Fish Meal

Abstract

Fish meal has been the most common animal protein source used to feed fish, even though it is fairly expensive and seasonally available. The objective of this work was to investigate co-dried fish silage as an alternative animal protein source for diets of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus.The diets did not differ significantly (P >0.05) with respect to average weight gain, ration consumption, apparent feed conversion, protein efficiency and specific growth rates. However, apparent protein digestibility and protein productive values were significantly different (P <0.01). Diets containing fish silage, co-dried with agricultural by-products (soybean meal or broken rice), showed better results than the control diet, which contained fish meal as the only animal protein source. The results showed that alternative ingredients can be used effectively to replace fish meal in pacu diets. Co-dried silages are economically and environmentally advantageous, since they use residues generated in the farm.     

Use of a Compound Protein Source as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Diets of Large Yellow Croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of a compound protein source (CPS) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. The CPS was made of soybean meal, meat and bone meal, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal (4:3:2:1 in weight) by adding crystalline l ‐methionine (0.77%), l ‐lysine (0.95%), and l ‐isoleucine (0.44%) to ensure the essential amino acid (EAA) contents of CPS diets to reach or exceed those of FM diet. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets 1–6) were formulated to contain 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45% CPS replacing 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65% FM protein, respectively. Triplicate groups of 180 fish (initial average 1.88 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets to apparent satiation by hand twice daily for 8 wk in floating sea cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m). The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 29.5 C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰, and the dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg/L during the experimental period. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed Diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed control diet (Diet 1). However, SGR and FER of fish fed Diets 4–6 were significantly lower compared with control group (P < 0.05). The whole‐body proximate analysis showed that protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary CPS levels (P < 0.05), while the whole‐body lipid, ash, and moisture showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Methionine, cystine, and lysine contents of the whole body were significantly influenced by dietary CPS level (P < 0.05), while other EAA contents showed no significant differences. Results of the present study indicated that CPS could replace about 26% FM protein in diets for the large yellow croaker on crude protein basis without adverse effect on growth.     

基因工程在海水鱼类养殖中的应用前景

综述了鱼类基因转移的研究现状、研究方向及在海水鱼养殖中的应用前景，着重介绍了利用生长激素基因、生长激素释放因子基因、抗冻蛋白基因、金属硫蛋白基因、珠蛋白基因以及其它基因的转移培育海水鱼新产品的可能性。     

Evaluation of Soybean Proteins as Replacements for Menhaden Fish Meal in Practical Diets for the Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus

A series of growth trials was conducted to evaluate the use of soy protein as a replacement for fish protein in isonitrogenous practical diets for juvenile red drum Sciacnops ocellatus. Feeds were offered at or in excess of satiation to juvenile red drum maintained at 26–28 C and a salinity of 25–35 ppt. In the first growth trial, red drum were offered one of four diets containing graded levels of menhaden fish meal, replacing solvent-extracted soybean meal and soy-protein isolates. Differences in weight gain, survival and feed efficiency ratios of the fish corresponded to increases in fish meal content of the diets. Due to poor performance of the fish maintained on the low (15%) fish meal diet, a methionine supplement was introduced into this diet at the midpoint of the growth trial. A positive increase in growth indicated a dietary deficiency of methionine and/or total sulfur amino acids in the unsupplemented diet. A positive response to dietary fish meal also occurred in the second growth trial despite the supplementation of L-methionine in the test diets. In low fish meal diets the utilization of solvent extracted soybean meal or a soy-protein isolate resulted in similar growth responses. Hence, the presence of an antinutrient did not likely cause reduced growth rates. In the third feeding trial, weight gain also increased with increasing fish meal content of the diet despite the equalization of digestible protein and selected amino acids. There were no significant differences in whole-body compositions which indicated similar biological value of the diets (protein digestibility, amino acid balance and energy availability). The singular deletion of fish-solubles, glycine, lysine and methionine from the diet containing the lowest level of fish meal (10 g/100 g diet) did not result in significant changes in weight gain. This indicated that these components did not add to the nutritive value and/or palatability of this formulation. The final experiment was designed to evaluate the response of red drum to a control diet (high fish meal) as compared to a low fish meal diet with and without potential attractants/palatability enhancers. Weight gain and feed efficiency ratios of fish offered the low fish meal diet supplemented with seafood flavor or fish flavor #2 were not significantly different from the control (high fish meal diet). Based on the results of this study, with suitable formulation restrictions, soy protein is acceptable for inclusion in practical diet formulations for red drum. However, soy protein itself does not appear replete in sulfur-containing amino acids and does not have acceptable palatability properties. Consequently, feeds containing reduced levels of marine proteins could require suitable attractants and/or amino acid supplements.     

The Effects of Substituting Selected Oilseed Protein Concentrates for Fish Meal in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Diets

Three oilseed protein concentrates (soybean, canola, and sunflower) were evaluated to determine their potential, when supplemented with deficient essential amino acids, to partially or completely replace fish meal in diets fed to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss . Triplicate aquaria of juvenile trout (average weight of 12 g) were fed the experimental diets for 10 wk, at which time the average weight of the fish was approximately sixfold higher than the initial weight. Average fish weight gains on diets in which the protein component was 100% fish meal; 75% fish meal, 25% soybean protein concentrate; 50% fish meal, 50% soybean protein concentrate; and 75% fish meal, 25% sunflowerseed protein concentrate were not significantly different ( P < 0.05). The average weight of fish fed a commercial feed was significantly lower than that of fish fed the 100% fish meal diet, but not significantly different from fish fed the three other formulations mentioned above. Fish fed diets containing 50% fish meal, 50% canola protein concentrate; and 25% fish meal, 75% sunflowerseed protein concentrate had significantly lower average final weights than those of fish fed the other diets. Feed conversion ratio patterns among the dietary treatment groups reflected those of weight gain. Fish survival exceeded 95% on all diets. Apparent protein digestibility coefficients ranged from 79.5% (75% soybean protein concentrate, 25% canola protein concentrate) to 90.6% (100% soybean protein concentrate). The results of this study demonstrated that certain oilseed protein concentrates have good potential as protein sources in rainbow trout feeds when properly supplemented with essential amino acids.     

Use of Fermented Fisheries By-products and Soybean Curd Residues Mixture as a Fish Meal Replacer in Diets of Juvenile Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

A 10‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential use of fermented fisheries by‐products and soybean curd residues mixture (FFSM) as a partial replacement for fish meal (FM) in the diet of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five experimental diets were formulated with FFSM replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60% of the FM protein (FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, FFSM₄₅, and FFSM₆₀, respectively). Juvenile olive flounder averaging 5.99 ± 0.08 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into aquaria at 15 fish/aquarium, with three replicate aquaria for each experimental diet. Weight gain (WG) of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₄₅ and FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). Also, WG of fish fed FFSM₄₅ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in WG among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ (P > 0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed FFSM₁₅ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₄₅ and FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). Also, SGR of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in SGR among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ and among those fed FFSM₀, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed FFSM₆₀ were significantly lower than those of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences in FE and PER among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅. Hepatosomatic index of fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, and FFSM₃₀ was significantly higher than that of fish fed FFSM₆₀ (P < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences among fish fed FFSM₀, FFSM₁₅, FFSM₃₀, and FFSM₄₅ and among those fed FFSM₄₅ and FFSM₆₀. No significant differences were observed in condition factor and survival rate among all dietary groups tested. The whole‐body proximate composition averaged 75.0 (% dry matter basis [DM]), 8.66 (% DM), 16.38 (% DM), and 76.1%, for crude protein, crude lipid, ash, and moisture, respectively. Based on growth performance, the FFSM could replace up to 30% FM protein by the ANOVA test; however, broken‐line model analysis indicated 28.7% as an optimum replacement level in juvenile olive flounder diets.     

Performance of Juvenile Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch Fed Diets Containing Meals from Fish Wastes, Deboned Fish Wastes, or Skin-and-Bone By-Product as the Protein Ingredient

The suitability of meals derived from fish processing wastes as the protein fraction in practical diets for hatchery-reared coho salmon was investigated. The study compared the performance of coho salmon fed diets containing three products: a skin-and-bone meal (SB), a deboned meal (DM), and a whole-fish meal (WM) made directly from the fish wastes. A commercial trout diet (CO) was fed to a fourth treatment group. Diets were fed at 3% of body weight per day to juvenile coho salmon for 12 wk. Survival (> 94%) was not significantly different among treatment groups. Average fish weight, feed conversion ratio, whole body proximate and mineral composition, and protein and phosphorus retention were compared. There were no significant differences after 12 wk of feeding in fish weight between WM, DM, and CO, but SB had significantly lower weight and whole body lipid, and significantly higher ash. Compared to WM, DM had a significantly lower feed conversion ratio and higher retention of protein and phosphorus, but these indices were not significantly different from CO. It is concluded that DM is a potentially superior protein ingredient compared to WM, while specific characteristics of SB will limit its use as a protein source in feeds for salmonids. However, SB may prove to be a suitable mineral supplement when added at a low level. Utilization of fish processing wastes in salmonid diets could be a commercially viable alternative to direct disposal of processing wastes.     

Winter Feeding and Growth of Channel Catfish Fed Diets Containing Varying Percentages of Distillers Grains with Solubles as a Total Replacement of Fish Meal

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, with an average initial weight of 515g, were fed four experimental pelleted diets (1-4) with increasing percentages (0, 35, 55, or 90%) of distillers grains with solubles (DGS) during the winter. A fifth diet was formulated identical to diet 4 except that 0.6% supplemental lysine was added to meet the published requirement. Yield, individual weight, individual length, survival, and weight gain of fish were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Average individual fish weight at harvest was 542 g and represented a weight gain of 5.4%. Percentage moisture, protein, and fat of waste, (skin, head, and viscera) were not significantly different (P . 0.05) among treatments. Percentage protein of the dressed carcass of fish fed diet 4 (90%) DGS without lysine) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in fish fed diet 3 (55% DGS), and percentage fat was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in fish fed diet 5 (90% DGS + 0.6% lysine). These data indicate that DGS is a suitable diet ingredient and can be used at levels up to 90% inclusion in winter diets for channel catfish without addition of supplemental amino acids. Use of DGS in diets may be economical, especially if prices of fish meal and soybean meal increase dramatically or if DGS is locally available.     

青藏高原淡水鱼类的研究现状

青藏高原地区海拔高、水温低、水流急,大陆性气候强,水中含氧量低,有丰富的山区冷水性耐低氧的底层鱼类。该地区的鱼类区系、地理分布、独有的生理特性及其成因与自然环境的演变有深刻的、密切的关系。简要综述了近70年来各国学者对青藏高原地区在鱼类区系、鱼类地理、新物种发现、解剖学、细胞学、遗传学、鱼病学、分子生物学以及经济生长性能等方面的研究现状。