水产饲料微生物添加剂在水产养殖中的应用(下)

（3）营养作用 动物添加芽孢杆菌等有益微生物能产生水解酶、发酵酶和呼吸酶等酶类,利于饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和纤维素、半纤维素的分解;有些有益菌能够合成多种B族维生素和未知促生长因子,起到提高饲料转化率、促进生长的作用。     

新型绿色水产饲料添加剂——糖萜素

糖萜素是一种从山茶科饼粕中提取的由糖类、配糖体和有机酸组成的天然活性物质,它能提高动物机体神经内分泌免疫功能,具有抗病、抗应激作用,作为一种新型的抗生素替代物,其在水产养殖中已经取得了很好的应用效果.该文概述了糖萜素的性质、作用机理及其在水产养殖中的应用,并针对其应用中存在的问题,提出相关的对策,展望了糖萜素作为水产饲料添加剂的应用前景.     

功能性低聚糖--一种新型水产饲料添加剂

低聚糖又称寡聚糖、寡糖,是由2-10个单糖通过糖苷键连接形成直链或支链的一类糖分子。由于组成低聚糖的单糖分子的种类以及连接单糖分子的糖苷键的类型不同,所以在自然界中低聚糖的种类达数千种以上。各种低聚糖在生物体内的功能是不相同的,根据低聚糖     

一种新型水产饲料添加剂--酵母细胞壁

酵母细胞壁是一种新型的环保型饲料添加剂,在水产养殖中应用十分广泛。大量试验表明,它能影响肠道微生态平衡,增殖肠道有益菌,抑制有害菌,提高动物免疫机能,促进新陈代谢,从而提高动物的生产性能和经济效益。综述了酵母细胞壁的组成成分、免疫机理及其在水产养殖中的应用情况,并展望了酵母细胞壁作为水产饲料添加剂的应用前景。     

水产饲料中的免疫添加剂

鱼类免疫添加剂包括具有正调节功能的免疫增强剂和具有负调节功能的免疫抑制剂。免疫增强剂是指一些单独使用即能引起机体出现短暂免疫功能增强的物质，一般可分为：生物性免疫增强剂、细菌性免疫增强剂、化学性免疫增强剂、营养性免疫增强剂、中草药免疫增强剂等。免疫增强剂可用于治疗某些传染病如真菌感染、免疫性疾病及非免疫性疾病。     

螺旋藻在水产养殖中的应用

螺旋藻广泛分布在世界各海区及陆地淡、盐水湖中，是浮游自养的原核生物，属蓝藻门颤藻目颤藻科。藻体由于含藻蓝素而呈绿色，显微镜观察呈细丝状螺旋形。全世界已知存在３６个种，目前国际上工厂化生产的主要是钝顶螺旋藻和极大螺旋藻２个淡水种类。螺旋藻是目前常用微藻（小球藻、绿藻、螺旋藻）中蛋白质含量最高、营养全面、消化吸收及适口性最好的藻种，而且食用安全，至今未发现对动物有任何毒性或致病等副作用。１螺旋藻的营养特点１. １蛋白质含量高 螺旋藻含蛋白质高达５５％～７０％，相当于大豆蛋白质的２倍，鸡蛋蛋白质的４倍，…     

水产饲料添加剂的选择与应用

近年来，随着水产养殖业迅速发展，一批有较高效益的鱼类饲料添加剂相继研制和应用并取得了很好的效益。本文拟对最近五年来有关水产饲料添加剂的应用和研究成果及前景加以综合，介绍了甜菜碱、植酸酶、维生素、大蒜素、复合酶制剂、中草药、生物添加剂在水产养殖中的应用，以期促进水产饲料添加剂的研究及应用，并为我国加入WTO后，生产更多的优质、健康的出口创荡水产品提供一些实践的依据，让越来越多的水产养殖者关注、选择并应用绿色环保型水产饲料添加剂。     

新型绿色水产饲料添加剂——二氢吡啶

二氢吡啶作为我国农业部批准的新兽药类添加剂，因其促进畜禽生长繁育功效．受到普遍关注。但是在水产饲料中应用不多，近年来一些研究表明其对水产动物也具有促进生长；改善产品品质；提高免疫力等优点，且其代谢快，在动物体内几乎无残留，作为饲料添加剂，安全性极佳。该文概述二氢吡啶的理化性质、特点．以及对动物的营养免疫学作用机理．概述关于二氢吡啶在水产饲料中应用的现有研究资料，针对目前二氢吡啶在研究中存在的问题，提出对策。     

绿色水产饲料添加剂的研究进展及发展方向(上)

进入21世纪,人们关心较多的是环境与发展。环境的日益恶化,无孔不入地威胁着人们的健康,破坏人类赖以生存的空间。“人口”水产品的安全性,常常是人们首先关心的问题。某些抗生素药物、生物活性物质在水生动物机体中的残留,往往直接影响着人类的健康。要从根本上解决这一问题,还须树立环境保护观念,大力研制、开发和推广使用功能强、价格低、性能优、无毒副作用、利于环保的绿色水产饲料添加剂。     

海洋红酵母作为水产饲料添加剂的开发应用研究

<正>海洋红酵母(Rhodotorula benthica)是从海洋泥中分离出来的单细胞真核生物,其含有丰富的蛋白质、糖类、维生素、消化酶及生长因子等多种生理活性物质,是鱼、虾、贝、海参等经济动物良好的开口饵料,目前已作为饲料添加剂在水产养殖业中应用,并推广到     

胶原蛋白部分替代鱼粉饲养异育银鲫的试验

进行了两个试验以评价水产饲料中胶原蛋白替代鱼粉的效果。生长试验是在基础饲料(对照组,含鱼粉12%)中分别以2%、4%胶原蛋白等重量替代鱼粉饲养平均体重6.5g的异育银鲫(共315尾)35d,各组鱼体增重率分别为71.3%,70.9%,71.9%,各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05);消化试验是采用平均体重110g的异育银鲫,按套算法测定了异育银鲫对胶原蛋白的蛋白质消化率为97.3%。研究结果表明,胶原蛋白具有很高的消化吸收率,可部分替代鱼粉而对异育银鲫的增重无影响。     

龙凤呈祥锦鲤：“青出于蓝，却胜于蓝”的美妙诠释

概述霉变产生的原因;霉菌毒素的构成及其对水产动物的危害;并综述了我国目前防霉的对策和国内外防霉研究工作的一些新方向,以求抛砖引玉.     

Effect of Heated and Unheated Fish Silage as a Protein Source in Diets for Abalone Haliotis fulgens

Both unheated (US) and heated (HS) fish silage were evaluated as sole dietary protein sources in an artificial diet for the culture of juvenile abalone Haliotis fulgens . The fish silage was heated to reduce the level of hydrolysis and thereby increase the availability of nutrients. After 140 d of culture, growth rates of abalone fed the US- and HS-containing diets were 16.4 and 19.8 μm/d and were not significantly different despite greater leaching of protein and carbohydrate in the US-containing diet. Growth rates achieved with the US- and HS-containing diets were significantly lower than that achieved by feeding a commercially available diet used as a reference diet. Abalone that were fed the US- and HS-containing diets were then switched to a diet in which two-thirds of the total amount of silage was replaced with fishmeal. At the termination of the experiment, day 217, the abalone originally fed the US and HS diets had composite growth rates of 24.3 and 23.5 μm/d, while abalone that continued to be fed the commercial diet had a growth rate of 18.6 μm/d. Stability of the dry matter of the diets was not related to the level of protein leaching. Fish meal out performs fish silage as a dietary protein source for abalone. However, growth rates achieved still fall short of that needed to achieve a market size product within a 2-yr period of growth.     

Use of Dried Fermented Biomass as a Fish Meal Replacement in Practical Diets of Florida Pompano,Trachinotus carolinus

Substitution of fish meal (FM) as a protein source in aquaculture diets is required to reduce cost and promote a sustainable industry. Potential protein sources include a range of traditional products from agricultural production such as plant or animal proteins. However, there are also a number of manufacturing coproducts, including bacterial dried fermented biomass (DFB,) for which there is an increased interest. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate DFB as a replacement for FM in practical diets for Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus. Four diets were prepared in which different levels of FM (15%, 10%, 5%, and 0% of the diet) were replaced with DFB (0%, 4.27%, 8.54%, and 12.82%) on an iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipidic basis, to contain 40% crude protein and 10% lipid. A 10-week growth trial was conducted in a recirculating system consisting of 12 indoor 1.0 m³ tanks, stocked with 20 juvenile pompano (mean initial weight 8.1 g) per tank. There were no significant differences in final weight (64.5 g?79.5 g), survival (81.7%–96.7%), percent weight gain (711.6%–879.0%), FCR (2.1–2.0), or thermal-unit growth coefficient (0.1013?0.1149), regardless of the levels of dietary FM or DFB tested. Based on these results, it is recommended that DFB can be included up to 12.8% in practical diets for Florida pompano without significantly reducing growth performance. The response to higher levels of DFB inclusion should be evaluated.     

Growth Rate of Pacu,Piaractus mesopotamicus,Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Co-Dried Fish Silage as Replacement of Fish Meal

Abstract

Fish meal has been the most common animal protein source used to feed fish, even though it is fairly expensive and seasonally available. The objective of this work was to investigate co-dried fish silage as an alternative animal protein source for diets of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus.The diets did not differ significantly (P >0.05) with respect to average weight gain, ration consumption, apparent feed conversion, protein efficiency and specific growth rates. However, apparent protein digestibility and protein productive values were significantly different (P <0.01). Diets containing fish silage, co-dried with agricultural by-products (soybean meal or broken rice), showed better results than the control diet, which contained fish meal as the only animal protein source. The results showed that alternative ingredients can be used effectively to replace fish meal in pacu diets. Co-dried silages are economically and environmentally advantageous, since they use residues generated in the farm.     

不同大豆产品替代鱼粉饲养南美白对虾的试验

分别采用脱皮豆粕、大豆蛋白、发酵豆粕等大豆产品,等氮替代饲料中10%的鱼粉(对照组鱼粉35%,替代组鱼粉25%),饲养体重为0.06 g南美白对虾(Penaeus vannam eiBoone)一个月,结果表明,对照组(35%鱼粉)幼虾的增重率、成活率均最大,为1316%、97.5%;脱皮豆粕组幼虾的增重率为最低,仅783%;哈姆雷特大豆蛋白、比多福大豆蛋白、富肽蛋白(发酵豆粕)组幼虾增重率为1033%、983%、1050%,均显著高于脱皮豆粕组(P<0.05),但低于对照组(P<0.05);对虾体肌肉成分的分析显示,各组幼虾肌肉在水分、蛋白质含量方面没有显著差异。上述结果表明,大豆蛋白和发酵豆粕均为优于脱皮豆粕的鱼粉替代品。     

Use of a Compound Protein Source as a Replacement for Fish Meal in Diets of Large Yellow Croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R.

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the potential of a compound protein source (CPS) as a replacement of fish meal (FM) in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. The CPS was made of soybean meal, meat and bone meal, peanut meal, and rapeseed meal (4:3:2:1 in weight) by adding crystalline l ‐methionine (0.77%), l ‐lysine (0.95%), and l ‐isoleucine (0.44%) to ensure the essential amino acid (EAA) contents of CPS diets to reach or exceed those of FM diet. Six isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (Diets 1–6) were formulated to contain 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, and 45% CPS replacing 0, 13, 26, 39, 52, and 65% FM protein, respectively. Triplicate groups of 180 fish (initial average 1.88 ± 0.01 g) were fed diets to apparent satiation by hand twice daily for 8 wk in floating sea cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m). The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 29.5 C, the salinity from 25 to 28‰, and the dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg/L during the experimental period. The results showed that specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) of fish fed Diets 2 and 3 were not significantly different from those of fish fed control diet (Diet 1). However, SGR and FER of fish fed Diets 4–6 were significantly lower compared with control group (P < 0.05). The whole‐body proximate analysis showed that protein significantly decreased with increasing dietary CPS levels (P < 0.05), while the whole‐body lipid, ash, and moisture showed no significant differences among dietary treatments. Methionine, cystine, and lysine contents of the whole body were significantly influenced by dietary CPS level (P < 0.05), while other EAA contents showed no significant differences. Results of the present study indicated that CPS could replace about 26% FM protein in diets for the large yellow croaker on crude protein basis without adverse effect on growth.     

关于在饲料中利用淡水鱼内脏油的研究

用淡水鱼内脏油作配合饲料脂肪源是行之有效的。采用进口酪蛋白、糊精、纤维素、矿物剂及维生素为基础原料,配制四组不同的等量单一脂肪源饲料及四组不等量的相同脂肪源饲料,通过６０ｄ的团头鲂喂养试验,以鱼体增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率为试验评定指标,得出：（１）精制鱼油较粗制鱼油为好,添加效果均优于豆油,淡水鱼内脏油是一种理想的饲料脂肪源;（２）精制淡水鱼内脏油与海水鱼油饲养效果相当,淡水鱼内脏油可以部分或全部取代海水鱼油;（３）配合饲料中添加４％～６％的淡水鱼内脏油,不仅可加快鱼体的生长,而且能降低饲料成本,提高蛋白质利用率。     

基因工程在海水鱼类养殖中的应用前景

综述了鱼类基因转移的研究现状、研究方向及在海水鱼养殖中的应用前景，着重介绍了利用生长激素基因、生长激素释放因子基因、抗冻蛋白基因、金属硫蛋白基因、珠蛋白基因以及其它基因的转移培育海水鱼新产品的可能性。     

辽宁集约化养鱼的现状、问题及展望

1 现状 集约化养鱼系指利用工厂余热、地热和冷泉水进行的流水、微流水、高密度养殖的一种方式.初步统计,全省约有60余处,其中:工厂余热养殖场18处,历史最长、规模最大的是辽宁发电厂渔场,拥有水泥池及钢板焊接水槽等养鱼水体6 600 m3,年产商品鱼150 t,1991年曾创下每667 m2水面年产莫桑比克罗非鱼92 869 kg的全国最高纪录.