电解提取定量分析不锈钢析出相进展

简要介绍了不锈钢中析出相对不锈钢性能的影响,物理化学定量相分析的特点及析出相电解提取的原理,综述了近年来国内外关于物理化学定量分析不锈钢中析出相的不同的电解制度及析出相的二次分离,并初步探讨了析出相分离提取与定量分析对不锈钢产品开发及制备工艺选择的重要作用。     

时效对超级双相不锈钢析出相演变的影响

通过在850℃时效处理研究了S32750超级双相不锈钢析出相的析出行为。采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件预测析出相及相组成,采用OM,FE-SEM和EDS对S32750超级双相不锈钢铸坯不同时效状态下的样品进行全面分析,利用K-J-M-A模型进行σ相析出动力学拟合。实验结果表明：850℃时效过程中,σ相优先在铁素体内部和双相晶界处析出,直至铁素体相耗尽;σ相的析出动力学控速环节主要是：初始阶段形核控速和时效40 min后的元素扩散控速;除σ相外,时效过程中还会析出χ相和Cr2N相。其中χ相属于亚稳定相,主要在时效前期析出,随着时效时间的延长最终转化成σ相。     

对750℃不同热处理时间2205双相不锈钢析出相的定性定量分析

经过等温热处理,双相不锈钢中铁素体在向奥氏体转变的过程中通常会形成碳化物相、金属间相、氮化物析出相等。这些析出相在合金中形成将导致不锈钢的脆化,显著降低钢的塑性、韧性和耐蚀性。为了对750℃不同热处理时间双相不锈钢析出相做定性定量分析,本实验首先研究了不同电解体系下双相不锈钢的电解效果,在选择好合适的电解液后,利用电解分离方法将析出相从基体中分离。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)定性研究了提取后析出相的形貌以及结构特性的变化过程;此外,利用氧氮分析仪测定了析出相的氮含量;利用碳硫分析仪测定了残渣经酸处理后的碳含量。最后,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)检测化学分离后溶液中合金元素的含量,并结合氮和碳含量的数据,计算不同析出相的元素组成及含量,最后讨论了750℃下不同热处理时间对析出相的影响,在时效开始时先形成金属间相χ相,随着时间的延长,χ相减少,而σ相逐渐形成并最终占主量。     

时效条件下2205双相不锈钢中的析出相分析及其对冲击性能的影响

研究采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和透射电镜(TEM)等试验技术,分别对2205双相不锈钢在700、750℃时效处理0.5、12、h后组织中的析出相进行分析。结果表明:在700℃时效处理的条件下,2205双相不锈钢的析出相主要是Cr2N和χ相;750℃时效处理的条件下,析出相主要由Cr2N、χ相以及σ相组成。结合室温冲击功的测量结果,随着时效时间的延长,该钢的冲击功明显降低;在相同时效时间条件下,与700℃时效处理相比,经750℃时效处理后的2205双相不锈钢冲击功较低,这主要是由于组织中σ相的析出造成的。     

超级双相不锈钢00Cr25Ni7Mo4N中χ相时效析出的研究

 研究了00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢在600～1000℃不同温度时效以及920℃和830℃等温时效过程中的χ相析出规律,利用扫描电镜的背散射电子探测器观察了χ相的析出数量和分布,采用透射电镜和X射线能谱仪分析了χ相的结构和成分。结果表明,χ相的析出温度范围在750～920℃之间,其峰值温度约为830℃。相比σ相,χ相析出数量较少,主要分布在α/γ相界和α/α晶界。从等温时效过程看,00Cr25Ni7Mo4N钢中χ相的析出经历了孕育、快速析出、达到饱和以及逐渐转变为σ相的系列过程,表明χ相是一种亚稳相,随着时效时间的延长,χ相会转变为σ相。     

无标样粉末电极浸蚀定量法测定高温合金中的γ′和η相

在物理化学相分析中,高温合金中的γ′和η相的化学和电化学性质很相似,一般方法不能将它们定量分离,因而不能进行各自的定量分析。 本文根据动电位浸蚀定量相分析原理,采用无标样法对电解提取的阳极粉末中γ′+η相体系进行了定量分析方法研究,提出一种测定γ′和η相相对含量的浸蚀定量方法。     

采用提取-浸蚀联合法分别测定不锈钢中的σ与M_(23)C_6相

本文采用提取-浸蚀联合法实现了化学上难以分离的σ相与M_(23)C_6相的分别测定。采用电解提取法可以测定σ M_(23)C_6的含量。采用扫描电位浸蚀电量法可以测定M_(23)C_的含量。于是,σ相的含量可由两者之差计算。这种方法简单、迅速,它可以给出有关析出物的含量、成分和形貌的情报。本文还从一种新的电极过程的模型导出了扫描电位浸蚀电量法的定量分析公式:该公式表明,在其它参数不变时,浸蚀电量与钢中活性相的含量C_1~°成正比。该式与实验结果吻合。     

S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢析出相演变及微观表征

利用热力学计算了S31254超级奥氏体不锈钢在500~1 200 ℃温度范围内的平衡态析出相,并结合热模拟试验、扫描电镜、透射电镜等方法,对不同析出物的析出行为进行了表征和分析。结果表明,S31254不锈钢奥氏体基体中可存在的第二相包括σ、χ、Laves等金属间相,Cr₂N、π型氮化物相以及M₂₃C₆型碳化物相,高Mo、高N、高Cr含量是该钢析出相种类复杂的主要原因;试验钢具有高的第二相析出倾向,σ相开始析出温度约为1 150 ℃,而在900~800 ℃区间可发现χ相和σ相的转变,χ相更易作为一种稳定相存在;析出相的析出位置和形貌呈现不同特点,晶界析出主要为σ相、χ相和Laves相,而晶内主要有呈针状和块状分布的χ相和呈棒状析出的Cr₂N相。     

冷却速率对00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相 不锈钢析出相的影响

 利用热膨胀仪测定了00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢的CCT曲线,结合金相法、显微硬度法、X射线衍射法分析了冷却速率对00Cr25Ni7Mo4N超级双相不锈钢σ析出相的影响。结果表明,00Cr25Ni7Mo4N双相不锈钢热处理或热加工温度应控制在1050 ℃以上;冷却速率越小,σ相析出量越多,显微硬度也越高;钢在冷却过程中要以大于4800 ℃/h的冷却速率通过600～1000 ℃区域,从而避免σ脆性相的析出。     

Cr、Mo对超低碳双相不锈钢的σ-相析出行为和耐点蚀性能的影响

通过Thermo-Calc热力学计算、金相和电化学方法分析和研究了1 050~1120℃固溶的00Cr21Ni2Mn5N、00Cr22Ni5Mo3N、00Cr25Ni7Mo3N、00Cr27Ni7Mo5N四种典型超低碳双相不锈钢在5001~100℃时效后σ相的析出规律和σ相含量对四种双相不锈钢点蚀电位的影响。结果表明,σ相析出量随着时效温度的升高呈现先增加后减小的趋势,并且随着双相不锈钢中铬-钼含量（/%）依次20.98-0.03,22.41-3.16,25.30-3.46,26.69-4.74递增时,σ相析出量峰值递增,依次为4.9%,22.5%,27.0%,40.5%,同时σ相完全溶解温度提高,依次为660,950,1 060,1100℃;σ相析出量越大超低碳双相不锈钢耐点蚀性能越低,4种钢的σ相析出峰值对应的E_b100值依次为-94.0,100.1,260.2,117.7 mV。     

Sonoclot analysis

Assessment of perioperative bleeding disorders, especially those related to platelet dysfunction, remains a clinical challenge. The management of the bleeding patient in the operating theatre or on the postoperative ward is often empirical with little scientific basis. Much of the reason for this is that conventional clotting studies are not immediately available and there is a perceived urgency, particularly among trainee doctors, to treat bleeding disorders without first establishing the exact nature of the coagulopathy. SCT provides useful information on platelet function, particularly in patients after cardiopulmonary bypass, and has enabled practitioners to rationalize the management of bleeding disorders and not expose their patients to the risks of unnecessary transfusion of blood products. Undoubtedly further studies are required before this instrument can be used reliably in the clinical setting but it may prove to be a useful addition to the available techniques for monitoring perioperative bleeding disorders.     

Cost-utility analysis

Decisions have to be made about allocating health resources. Currently the best economic evaluation method for doing this is cost-utility analysis. This compares the costs of different procedures with their outcomes measured in "utility based" units--that is, units that relate to a person's level of wellbeing. The most commonly used unit is the quality adjusted life year (QALY). QALYs are calculated by estimating the total life years gained from a procedure and weighting each year to reflect the quality of life in that year. To compare outcomes of different programmes the Rosser index is one measure that is widely used to assign quality of life scores to patients. Combined with a measure of life years gained from a procedure, this enables QALYs to be calculated and procedures ranked according to cost per QALY gained. In this article Ray Robinson explains the measures used and discusses how QALY league tables can be used to guide decisions on resource allocation.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis

When different health care interventions are not expected to produce the same outcomes both the costs and the consequences of the options need to be assessed. This can be done by cost-effectiveness analysis, whereby the costs are compared with outcomes measured in natural units--for example, per life saved, per life year gained, and per pain or symptom free day. Many cost-effective analyses rely on existing published studies for effectiveness data as it is often too costly or time consuming to collect data on cost and effectiveness during a clinical trial. Where there is uncertainty about the costs and effectiveness of procedures sensitivity analysis can be used, which examines the sensitivity of the results to alternative assumptions about key variables. In this article Ray Robinson describes these methods of analysis and discusses possibilities for how the benefits of alternative interventions should be valued.     

一种新型稳定平台的运动学和工作空间分析

针对某些精密设备在运输过程中的颠簸、倾斜等问题,设计了一种采用液压缸驱动方式的水平稳定平台,并对该平台进行了结构、运动学分析,计算出了机构运动的自由度,建立了运动学数学模型,使用Matlab软件对机构进行了仿真计算,为伺服液压缸的设计计算提供了依据.通过对工作空间的分析,得出了稳定平台的工作空间范围.仿真结果表明,该稳定平台不存在干涉现象.     

Timing waveform analysis

PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic yield of routine admission chest radiographs in patients with acute gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage and clinical predictors of radiographic abnormalities. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was a retrospective series of 202 adult patients with GI hemorrhage admitted to intensive care units at an academic medical center. Routine admission chest radiographs were obtained in 161 patients. These radiographs were reviewed by a study radiologist blinded to the study purpose. The radiologist scored radiographic abnormalities into categories of "minor" or "major," "new" or "previously known," and "with an intervention" or "without an intervention." Nominal logistic regression explored the data for clinical features that identified patients with major new radiographic abnormalities with or without an intervention. RESULTS: Minor radiographic abnormalities were noted in 23 (14.3%) patients, of whom 17 (10.6%) patients had "new" (previously unknown) abnormalities. No minor abnormality prompted a therapeutic or diagnostic intervention. Major radiographic abnormalities were detected in 21 (13.0%) patients, of whom 19 (11.8%) had new findings. Major new findings prompted interventions in only 9 (5.6%) of patients. A history of lung disease and an abnormal lung physical examination predicted major new radiographic findings (P = 0.0001, sensitivity 79%, negative predictive value 96%). These variables also identified major new abnormalities that prompted interventions (P = 0.007, sensitivity 89%, negative predictive value 99%). Use of the logistic regression model to select patients for admission chest radiographs decreased charges from $1,068 to $580 for each detected major new radiographic abnormality and from $2,254 to $1,087 for major new radiographic abnormalities that prompted an intervention. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that routine chest radiographs have a low yield in detecting major new radiographic abnormalities in patients with acute GI hemorrhage. Clinical criteria, available at the time of admission, may be useful for selecting patients for chest radiographic evaluations.     

Theatre utilization analysis

A method of analysing operating theatre utilization is presented as a management information system applicable to medical administration.The operating theatre plant represents an item of considerable expenditure in a hospital budget. This aspect of hospital activity requires maximized utilization to ensure an appropriate cost benefit. Extraction of information in such a form provides a basis for exact comparisons of performance of the personnel involved and determining needs for additional resources.