影响周围性面神经麻痹预后的相关指标

目的探讨影响周围性面神经麻痹预后的相关指标。方法对109例周围性面神经麻痹患者行面神经病变定位、House-Brackmann(H-B)分级及神经电生理检查。随访半年,以H-B分级法评估预后,分为预后好组(1~2级)及预后差组(3~6级),两组的临床及电生理指标行统计学处理。结果根据H-B分级法,将患者分为预后好组89例,预后差组20例。与预后好组比较,预后差组年龄及入院时H-B分级4级的比率显著升高,入院时H-B分级3级的比率显著降低(均P0.001)。预后好组及预后差组膝状神经节、面神经管镫骨神经以上、面神经管镫骨神经以下、茎乳孔以外病变比率依次增高和降低,且预后差组膝状神经节病变比率显著高于,茎乳孔以外病变显著低于预后好组(均P0.001)。预后差组患侧面神经复合动作电位(CMAP)潜伏期、波幅下降比及F波消失率显著高于,波幅显著低于预后好组(均P0.001)。年龄(OR=2.545,95%CI:1.155~5.608,P0.05)、面神经病变部位(OR=0.178,95%CI:0.075~0.426,P0.01)、患侧面神经CMAP潜伏期(OR=1.843,95%CI:1.574~9.271,P0.05)及波幅下降比(OR=2.447,95%CI:0.577~5.631,P0.05)是预后差的独立影响因素。结论年龄、面神经病变部位、患侧面神经CMAP潜伏期及波幅下降比是周围性面神经麻痹患者预后差的独立影响因素。     

低水平神经肌肉阻滞状态下听神经瘤切除术中面神经的保护

目的在低水平神经肌肉阻滞状态下进行听神经瘤切除术中面神经的保护。方法28例大、中型听神经瘤患者行听神经瘤切除术,术中应用AXONEpochXP神经电生理工作站,根据4个成串刺激(train of four stim-ulation,TOF)和脑电图(EEG)分别监测肌松程度和麻醉深度,在肿瘤切除过程中通过调节肌松药物和麻醉药物剂量使T4/T1维持在25%～50%,术中监测眼轮匝肌、口轮匝肌、咬肌和斜方肌自由描记肌电图和诱发肌电图,分别反应面神经、三叉神经和副神经功能。于术后1周和术后第6个月分别评估面神经功能。结果28例患者术中均成功探测到面神经走行,电刺激强度为0.1～0.3mA,术中无患者发生体动情况。术后面神经功能保留率良好,术后1周面神经House-Brackmann(H-B)功能分级为Ⅰ级者5例、Ⅱ级者13例,Ⅲ级者8例,Ⅳ级者2例;至术后6个月面神经H-B功能分级Ⅰ级者10例,Ⅱ级者12例,Ⅲ级者5例,Ⅳ级者1例。结论在听神经瘤手术过程中通过电生理监测对面神经进行保护,需要电生理、麻醉和手术医生的配合。在低水平神经肌肉接头阻滞状态下,完全可以达到确保手术安全进行及保护面神经功能的目的。     

听神经瘤切除术中使用神经监测护理对面神经功能远期影响

目的探究听神经瘤切除术中使用神经监测护理对面神经功能的远期影响。方法 2013-01—2015-06确诊为听神经瘤Ⅳ期18例患者纳入研究,所有患者行彻底手术切除,术中采用神经生理监测护理;使用House-Brackman(HB)评分系统进行面神经的功能评价,其中HBⅠ/Ⅱ级患者归为面神经功能良好组,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级归为功能不佳组,随访时间为1a。结果术后1a随访显示,面神经功能良好者8例,而功能预后不佳患者10例;预后较差与预后良好相比,延迟时间显著增加(P=0.041),并且近端的振幅显著降低(P=0.038),近端与远端的振幅比率偏低(P=0.039);振幅比评估预后较差的截止值为0.45、0.21,其灵敏度为72%、45%,特异性为81%、100%。结论听神经瘤切除术后面神经远期功能较差的预测因子包括较低的近端振幅及近远端的振幅比,对于体积较大的Ⅳ期肿瘤特异性更强;术中高效、规范的护理对神经电生理监测的准确、顺利进行至关重要。     

颅内听神经瘤手术策略与术后面神经功能的影响因素分析

目的探讨经枕下乙状窦后入路切除听神经瘤的手术策略与术后面神经功能的影响因素。方法回顾性分析120例听神经瘤病例资料。均采用枕下乙状窦后入路切除肿瘤,术中全程神经电生理监测。采用House-Brackmann面神经功能分级(H-B分级)评估术后面神经功能。结果面神经解剖保留115例(95.8%)。出院时面神经功能完好(H-B分级Ⅰ级) 28例(23.3%),良好(H-B分级Ⅱ~Ⅲ级) 47例(39.2%),较差(H-B分级Ⅳ~Ⅵ级) 45例(37.5%);术后6个月面神经功能完好68例(56.7%),良好28例(23.3%),较差24例(20%)。Logistic回归分析显示:肿瘤大小、肿瘤囊变和瘤周水肿是影响面神经功能恢复的独立危险因素(均P 0.05)。结论采用枕下乙状窦后入路,显微外科技术结合术中神经电生理监测,可安全、有效切除听神经瘤。肿瘤瘤体大、肿瘤囊变和瘤周水肿的病例,术后面神经功能恢复不佳的风险增大。     

面神经电生理监测在大型听神经瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨大型听神经瘤术中面神经监测对面神经保护及评估术后面神经功能的临床意义。方法回顾性分析我科2007年6月至2010年3月术中行面神经监测的42例大型听神经瘤的临床资料。结果 面神经解剖保留37例(88％),面神经功能保留30例(71％)。术末刺激强度1～3V即引起肌电反应者预后良好;而术末面神经近端与远端波幅之比＜0.3者预后差。结论 大型听神经瘤术中面神经监测可显著降低术后面神经瘫痪的发生率,术末面神经脑干端的刺激强度与面神经功能呈负相关,而面神经近端与远端波幅之比与面神经功能呈正相关。     

电生理诊断先天性肌无力综合征2例报道

目的：观察先天性肌无力综合征（CMS）患者重复复合肌肉动作电位（R—CMAP）的特征，讨论其诊断意义。方法：采用低频和高频重复电刺激方法，记录肢体近端肌、远端肌和面肌的R—CMAP，观察其改变特点，并测量重复放电与主波的关系。结果：2例CMS中有特征性的R—CMAP以独立于主波和叠加于主波两种形式存在。独立的R—CMAP出现干肢体的近端肌和远端肌，与主波的时间间隔为9．2～13．4ms；叠加的R—CMAP主要见于近端肌和面肌，与主波的潜伏期差为3．1～6．7ms。两种R—CMAP在低频刺激时波幅均有明显的衰减。结论：R—CMAP是诊断CMS中胆碱酯酶缺乏症和慢通道综合征的重要依据。     

正中神经和尺神经分段刺激在慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病中的电生理研究

目的 探讨运动神经传导速度(MCV)、复合肌肉动作电位(CMAP)与肌力减退的关系和传导阻滞(CB)在慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病(chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuritis,CIDP)中的表现特点.方法 30例CIDP患者在进行常规MCV、远端潜伏期(DML)、F波、感觉神经传导速度(SCV)、肌电图(EMG)测定的基础上,在正中神经采用由远到近的“腕-肘-腋-Erb's点”4点3段刺激,尺神经采用由远到近的“腕-肘下-肘上-腋-Erb's点”5点4段刺激,记录各段刺激后CMAP各参数及MCV的变化.结果 CMAP波幅衰减、面积衰减、时程增加以及MCV减慢与临床肌力减退无相关性,dCMAP波幅与上肢远端肌力呈正相关;患者中80.00％在正中神经、73.33％在尺神经发现了1个或多个节段的CB,且出现节段无明显选择性.结论 dCMAP波幅降低与CIDP患者肌力减退有相关性.在CIDP中CB出现率高,且较为弥散地在各节段中出现.     

面神经电生理监测下切除大型及巨大听神经瘤

目的探讨面神经电生理监测下切除大型及巨大听神经瘤技术。方法回顾分析22例大型及巨大听神经瘤临床资料,在面神经电生理监测下行显微手术切除,术后随访面神经功能。结果肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除7例。面神经自发肌电图在面神经受牵拉、挤压、生理盐水冲洗等操作过程中产生显著放电,刺激肌电图对寻找和辨认面神经具有重要作用。面神经位于肿瘤腹下方7例,腹上方2例,腹侧中部13例。所有病例面神经均解剖保留。术后随访6~42个月,面神经功能(House-Brackmann分级),H-B分级Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级4例。结论面神经电生理监测辅助显微手术对术中解剖与功能保留面神经具有重要价值。     

复发听神经瘤的临床特征分析与显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨不同类型复发听神经瘤的临床特征及其显微外科手术治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2016年10月华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经外科收治的29例复发听神经瘤患者的临床资料.初次手术全切除后复发11例（全切复发组）,初次不全切除后复发18例（非全切复发组）.比较两组患者的年龄、原发肿瘤最大径、复发肿瘤最大径、肿瘤囊性变、两次手术间隔时间、并发症、House-Brackmann面神经功能分级（H-B分级）.结果 全切复发组的平均年龄大于非全切复发组[分别为（52.2±10.8）岁和（33.0±5.5）岁,P〈0.05],前者两次手术间隔时间也明显大于后者[分别为（93.3±30.0）个月和（45.0±15.6）个月,P〈0.001].两组的原发肿瘤最大径、复发肿瘤最大径、肿瘤囊性变的比率、并发症发生率、面神经功能良好（H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级）比率的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）.29例患者的随访时间为3-37个月,平均（11.7±3.1）个月.肿瘤全切除28例,近全切除1例.术中面神经解剖保留率为93％ （27/29）.术后实用听力保留率为7％ （2/29）,面神经功能良好的比率为41％ （12/29）.结论 听神经瘤不全切除后残留复发者的两次手术间隔时间明显较全切除者短.在保护神经功能的前提下,初次全切除是听神经瘤患者获得最佳临床疗效的首选方法.对于复发听神经瘤建议早期积极手术.     

大型听神经瘤的手术治疗方法

目的探讨在术中神经电生理监测下经枕下-乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2015年10月收治的85例大型听神经瘤的临床资料,均在术中神经电生理监测下,采取直切口乙状窦后入路小骨窗显微手术切除肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除76例(89.4%),次全切除9例(10.6%);术中面神经解剖保留80例(94.1%)。术后即刻、7 d、3个月、6个月、9个月、1年面神经功能分级优良率(H-B分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)分别为88.2%、56.0%、41.9%、50.9%、68.6%、86.7%。结论在术中神经电生理监测下显微手术治疗大型听神经瘤,可更好保护面神经功能,提高术后生活质量。     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.