中尺度海-气相互作用对台风暴雨过程的影响研究

利用中尺度海-气耦合模式MCM对两个典型台风过程进行了数值模拟试验,定量地分析了海-气相互作用对台风暴雨的影响,并探讨了这一影响的物理机制。结果表明,模式MCM能成功模拟台风的路径、强度以及台风暴雨的落时、落区。考虑海-气相互作用能使台风中心气压48和72 h分别回升9.9和3.5 hPa,使后续时段的台风对流性降水减小40~100 mm,还明显改变了非对流性降水分布。耦合与非耦合试验对比分析初步表明,海-气相互作用影响台风暴雨的机制是一种通过台风大风区附近海平面温度(SST)下降来调节的负反馈机制。     

一个冰气相互作用数值模拟结果的可能统计解释

基于一个全球海-冰-气耦合模式的数值模拟结果,选取冬季格陵兰海海表面温度(SST)、海冰密集度、海表面感热通量等物理量以及3个相关区域海平面气压分别作经验正交函数展开,取第一模时间系数作相关分析。结果表明,上一年海冰密集度偏大(小)与来年的SST偏低(高)相联系,但二者同期相关性最大。当海气热通量交换变化超前一年时,其与SST相关性最大。模式最低层大气温度与海洋表面热通量之间的同时相关性最大,冬季模式最低层气温偏高(低)与海洋表面失去的感热、潜热通量偏少(多)相联系。气温、比湿都和冰岛低压区及格陵兰海的海平面气压相关性最强,冰岛低压气压偏低(高)与模式最低层气温和比湿偏高(低)相联系。所以,在海-冰-气年际尺度的相互作用中,主要关系是大气环流调整造成大气中云量和低层气温、湿度变化,进而影响海气界面上的通量交换,造成SST的变化。SST变化决定着海冰范围及海冰密集度的变化,但海冰变化时通过相变潜热的释放或吸收反过来对SST变化有较明显影响。     

中尺度海-气耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM对台风珍珠的模拟研究

利用全球/区域同化与预报系统GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)和改进的Mellor-Yamada型海洋混合层模式OMLM(Ocean Mixed Layer Model),建立了一个新的中尺度海-气耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM,并利用该模式对发生于南海的台风珍珠(0601)进行了模拟研究,检验了GRAPES_OMLM对台风的模拟性能,并分析了局地海-气相互作用对台风的影响。结果表明,GRAPES_OMLM基本能模拟出台风天气过程中的主要物理过程。考虑了海-气相互作用的耦合试验所模拟出的台风强度、近台风中心最大风速以及台风后期移动路径,相对于两组控制试验(单独大气模式)的模拟结果都有较大的改进。而且,采用逐日变化海表温度作为下边界条件的控制试验2的模拟结果相对于SST不变的控制试验1更接近观测。耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM能较好地模拟出台风过境海表温度的变化,台风珍珠在其路径右侧有超过4.0℃的降温。SST的变化和海表风应力的变化呈反相关系,风应力的增大伴随着海洋近表层湍流动能(TKE)的加强,大风动力作用是SST降低的主要原因。SST的降低致使海洋向台风输送的热通量减少,进而削弱了台风的强度并改变台风环流结构,同时通过改变位势涡度趋势的一波结构(WN-1)来影响台风的移动路径。     

一个中尺度海-气耦合模式的研制

将L inux系统的管道通信技术运用到大气-海洋耦合模式的研究,实现了中尺度大气模式与海洋模式的双向耦合。使用这个模式研究中尺度海-气相互作用,有较多的优点,不但可以提高模式的稳定性和运行效率,且可移植性强,利于模式的独立升级和改进。     

中国热带海-气相互作用与ENSO动力学及预测研究进展

国际上针对海洋-大气系统的观测、理论和模拟方面已经开展了广泛而深入的研究,为短期气候预测水平的不断提升奠定了坚实基础,这其中中国学者做出了许多重要贡献。文中简要回顾了中国学者70年来在热带海-气相互作用与ENSO动力学及预测方面的研究进展。其中,热带海-气相互作用部分主要涉及4个方面的内容:热带太平洋气候特征与ENSO现象、热带印度洋海温主要模态及其与太平洋相互作用、热带大西洋海温主要模态及与海盆的相互作用、中高纬度海-气系统对ENSO的影响;ENSO动力学包括7个方面的内容:基本理论的相关研究、ENSO相关的诊断与模拟研究、两类ENSO相关研究、ENSO触发机制相关研究、ENSO与其他现象的相互作用、外部强迫与大气遥相关、气候变化与ENSO响应;ENSO预测主要包括2个方面的内容:动力-统计ENSO预测方法、ENSO预测系统与应用。最后,还讨论了上述相关方面亟待解决的问题。     

一个海-冰-气耦合模式中格陵兰海海冰年际变异及其成因的个例分

利用一个全球海-冰-气耦合模式模拟结果, 选取冬季年际变率最大的海冰区--格陵兰海海冰区中的一个4年海冰剧烈变化过程展开分析, 试图探讨此个例过程中海冰剧烈变化的原因.结果表明, 在此个例中, 该区域海冰年际变异主要是由大气环流异常驱动的, 海表面温度和海冰密集度变化主要是对大气环流变化的响应.海表面温度变化决定着海冰范围及海冰密集度的变化, 但海冰变化时通过相变潜热的释放或吸收反过来对海表面温度变化有一定影响.     

高分辨率区域海-气耦合模式:短期气候预测新的春天

在短期气候预测的研究历史上,经验统计和动力模式是两大主流预报方法,两种方法至今已经取得了相当程度的发展。通过分析两种方法各自的优缺点,提出动力模式比统计分析具有更好的发展前景,并分别论证了海-气耦合模式、区域模式和高分辨率的重要性,指出高分辨率区域海-气耦合模式是未来进行短期气候预测的良好工具。在此基础上,结合高分辨率区域海-气耦合模式的研究现状,对我们所面临的机遇和挑战进行了展望。     

EAWM流型域——一种与东亚冬季风异常相联的海-气耦合流型域

提出海-气耦合流型域的概念,并探讨了与东亚冬季风异常有关的耦合流型域——EAWM 流型域。本文得出如下结果: 利用ECMWF分析资料10年的冬半年500 hPa高度场和同期COADS资料SST场,在SVD分析和聚类分析的基础上确定了三个海-气耦合流型域。第一个和第二个耦合流型域以ENSO事件冷暖位相与北太平洋/北美区的正负位相PNA型之间的关系为主要特征。第三个耦合流型域,即EAWM流型域则以强东亚冬季风环流型以及类似于La Ni?a事件冷暖分布却有明显区别的SSTA型为主要特征。数值试验结果表明,EAWM流型域的SSTA型,作为强迫,有利于东亚冬季风活动的加强并导致对应的大气型。数值试验同样证实,与强东亚冬季风活动相联系的EAWM流型域的大气型,作为强迫,可以导致该耦合流型域海温异常型的形成和维持。EAWM流型域的SSTA型和大气型间的这种双向相互作用导致正反馈过程,从而展示了该耦合流型域形成的主要特征,即以强东亚冬季风活动衔接的热带海-气相互作用以及热带内外大气相互作用。     

北极冰盖对我国气温和降水的影响

利用滤波、扩展经验正交函数、谱分析及相关分析方法研究了北极冰盖面积与我国气温和降水的联系。北极冰盖面积的功率谱密度曲线表明，北极冰盖面积距平除存在半年和一年的周期变化，还存在准两年的周期变化，尤其在６、９、１１月份表现更加突出。冰盖面积的低频滤波曲线还表现出与全球性ＥＮＳＯ现象的密切联系。通过北极冰盖面积与我国月平均气温的ＥＥＯＦ分析，表明两者之间存在相当好的匹配关系，而且后期匹配更好。相关分析表     

STUDY ON THE AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE INTERANNUAL TIME SCALE IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

In this paper we document the correlationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and lowlevel-winds such as sea level wind and 850 hPa wind in the South China Sea (SCS) based onCOADS (1958—1987) and ECMWF objective analysis data (1973—1986).Further statisticalanalyses tell us that there is a fixed SCS basin mode for variations both of SST and low-level windsin the region on the interannual time scale due to air-sea interactions.A simplified,coupled model that is designed following the McCreary and Anderson's (1985)model and includes the feedback between the upper ocean and the circulation of East Asianmonsoon demonstrates an interannual oscillation in the coupled air-sea system,which is similar tothe observations in the SCS.     

STUDY ON THE AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE INTERANNUAL TIME SCALE IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA*

In this paper we document the correlationship between sea surface temperature(SST) and low level-winds such as sea level wind and 850 hPa wind in the South China Sea(SCS) based on COADS(1958-1987) and ECMWF objective analysis data(1973-1986).Further statistical analyses tell us that there is a fixed SCS basin mode for variations both of SST and low-level winds in the region on the interannual time scale due to air-sea interactions.A simplified,coupled model that is designed following the McCreary and Anderson's(1985) model and includes the feedback between the upper ocean and the circulation of East Asian monsoon demonstrates an interannual oscillation in the coupled air-sea system,which is similar to the observations in the SCS.     

EFFECT OF ARCTIC ICE COVER ON THE MONTHLY TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION IN CHINA

Filtering technique, extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF), spectrum distribution function and correla-tion analysis have been employed to study the relationship between arctic ice cover (AIC) and monthly mean tempera-ture and precipitation in China. The function of power spectrum density shows that not only a semi-annual and an an-nual oscillation but also a quasi-biennial oscillation can be found in AIC area index series, especially in June, Septemberand November. During the period of analysis, it can also be found that there exists a good correlation between the ElNino events and the AIC area index. An analysis on the EEOF of AIC and the temperature over China exhibits somesignificant temporal-spatial patterns and a better time-lag interrelationship between them. The results from the correla-tion analysis indicate that the variation of AIC area has a significant influence on the temperature and precipitation insubsequent months over China. In addition, it experiences a quasi-biennial low-frequency oscillation and displays tocertain extent some features of propagation.     

PROPAGATION OF 30-60 DAY LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON THE SUBTROPICAL WESTERLIES JET STREAM DURING NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER*

Based on daily ECMWF gridpoint data of two winters during 1981-1983 including an ENSO year,propagation of low frequency oscillations(LFO) during Northern Hemisphere winters and their influences upon 30-60 day oscillations of the subtropical jet stream are studied with the statistical methods as complex empirical orthogonal function(CEOF) and so on.Results show that in the winter of a normal year(1981-1982),30-60 day oscillations in the subtropical zone are mainly in the northern and southern flanks of exit region of jet stream.In the ENSO year(1982-1983),they are mainly in the vicinity of entrance and exit regions of jet stream.Intraseasonal changes of subtropical jet stream manifested themselves as latitudinal fluctuation or longitudinal progression or regression of about 40 day period.There are marked differences between propagating passages of low frequency modes responsible for changes of subtropical jet stream in the normal year(1981-1982) and in the ENSO year(1982-1983).Changes of oscillation amplitude show obvious phases.In general,the one in late winter is stronger than that in early winter,strongest one occurs in February.     

Numerical Simulation of Atmosphere-Ocean-Sea Ice Interaction During Interannual Cycle in High Northern Latitudes

The interannual atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interaction （AOSI） in high northern latitudes is studied with a global atmosphere-ocean-sea ice coupled model system, in which the model components of atmosphere and land surface are from China National Climate Center and that of ocean and sea ice are from LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. A daily flux anomaly correction scheme is employed to couple the atmosphere model and the ocean model with the effect of inhomogenity of sea ice in high latitudes is considered. The coupled model system has been run for 50 yr and the results of the last 30 years are analyzed. After the sea level pressure （SLP）, surface air temperature （SAT）, sea surface temperature （SST）, sea ice concentration （SIC）, and sea surface sensible heat flux （SHF） are filtered with a digital filter firstly, their normalized anomalies are used to perform the decomposition of combined complex empirical orthogonal function （CCEOF） and then they are reconstructed with the leading mode. The atmosphere-ocean-sea ice interactions in high northern latitudes during a periodical cycle （approximately 4 yr） are analyzed. It is shown that： （1） When the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） is in its positive phase, the southerly anomaly appears in the Greenland Sea, SAT increases, the sea loses less SHF, SST increases and SIC decreases accordingly; when the NAO is in its negative phase, the northerly anomaly appears in the Greenland Sea, SAT decreases, the sea loses more SHF, SST decreases and SIC increases accordingly. There are similar features in the Barents Sea, but the phase of evolution in the Barents Sea is different from that in the Greenland Sea. （2） For an average of multi-years, there is a cold center in the inner part of the Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. When there is an anomaly of low pressure, which is closer to the Pacific Ocean, in the inner part of the Arctic Ocean, anomalies of warm advection appear in the region near the Pacif