The degradation of corrosion resistance for Al 5083 alloy after thermal and superplastic forming processes

Corrosion behavior, particularly the intergranular corrosion susceptibility of a superplastic Al 5083 alloy (denoted as Al 5083S) and a non-superplastic Al 5083 alloy (denoted as Al 5083N) with various thermal processes and a superplastic forming process, has been systematically evaluated. The nitric acid mass loss test (NAMLT) according to ASTM G 67 indicated that the weight loss of Al 5083S was larger than that of Al 5083N, which was due to the finer grain size in the former alloy. It also showed that superplastically formed specimens of Al 5083S and the specimens of Al 5083S and Al 5083N treated with the same thermal process as the superplastically formed specimens suffered from severe intergranular corrosion. The serious intergranular corrosion of these specimens was attributed to the formation of continuous β (Mg₂Al₃) precipitates at grain boundaries, i.e., the sensitization effect. Such a detrimental effect can be eliminated by a postforming annealing treatment at 345 °C for 1 h. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements in a 3.5 wt.%NaCl solution also revealed that the sensitized specimens possessed more active corrosion potential (E_corr), breakdown potential (E_b), and protection potential (E_pp), as well as higher corrosion current density (i_corr) and passive current density (i_p), than those of the as-received specimens. Experimental results also showed that the corrosion resistance of the superplastically formed specimen was the worst among all specimens, which was attributed to the formation of cavities during the superplastic forming in addition to the sensitization effect caused by the thermal processing. The influences of both detrimental effects on the corrosion resistance of the Al 5083 specimens were also discussed.     

On Practical Forming Limits in Superplastic Forming of Aluminum Sheet

In this paper, the superplastic forming (SPF) potential of two fine-grained 5083 aluminum alloys were studied under various stress states with the use of both high temperature tensile testing and pneumatic bulge testing. Experiments with the pneumatic bulge test were performed at temperatures ranging from 475 to 525 °C under three different strain paths ranging from equi-biaxial to approaching plane strain. The effects of temperature on total elongation, m-value, final thickness distribution, dome height, and cavitation were investigated for the case of uniaxial and equi-biaxial stretching. Increased temperature in bulge forming was found to improve the thickness distribution in the formed parts, but did not have a significant effect on dome height. The shape of the forming limit diagram (FLD) was found to be significantly different than that of FLDs commonly used in room temperature stamping. Results indicate that determination of forming limits in SPF cannot be represented with a simple FLD and additional metrics such as external thinning and internal cavitation need to be considered to determine a material’s SPF potential. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2006, Innovations in Metal Forming symposium held in Cincinnati, OH, October 15-19, 2006.     

Formability of AA5052/polyethylene/AA5052 sandwich sheets

The formability of AA5052/polyethylene/AA5052 sandwich sheets was experimentally studied. Three kinds of AA5052/polyethylene/AA5052 sandwich specimens with different thicknesses of core materials were prepared by the hot pressing adhesive method. Then, the uniaxial tensile tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of AA5052/polyethylene/ AA5052 sandwich sheets, and the stretching tests were carried out to investigate the influences of polymer core thickness on the limit dome height of the sandwich sheet. The forming limit curves for three kinds of sandwich sheets were obtained. The experimental results show that the forming limit of the AA5052/polyethylene/AA5052 sandwich sheet is higher than that of the monolithic AA5052 sheet, and it increases with increasing the thickness of polyethylene core.     

基于温度变化的AA5083合金拉伸变形行为描述

在温度为100℃~525℃,应变速率为0.008s-1、0.013s-1条件下,采用恒应变速率法研究AA5083合金板的流变行为,以及流变应力、变形温度与应变速率之间的关系。结果表明,在该条件下,AA5083合金受应变速率硬化与应变硬化共同作用;其应变速率敏感性指数随温度的升高逐渐增大,应变硬化指数随温度的升高逐渐减弱至零,而后略有增大。建立了材料基于温度变化的修正Fields-Backofen本构模型,其值与实验值吻合良好。     

AA5083铝合金表面处理对AA5083/低温胶胶接性能的影响

目的为适应LNG船运输液化天然气时的低温工作环境,选择AA5083铝合金和外围保温材料,通过低温胶胶接的方式进行液货维护系统内部结构的搭建,保证满足基本强度要求的同时,降低生产成本。方法对AA5083铝合金进行喷砂和阳极氧化处理,对其表面形貌、表面粗糙度、表面能以及与低温胶的接触角进行表面性能表征,同时进行25、0、-60、-120℃四种不同温度下的单搭剪切力学性能测试,研究揭示不同表面处理方法对AA5083/低温胶胶接强度的影响。结果与AA5083铝合金原始试样对比,表面处理后的铝合金表面粗糙度变大,表面能升高,与低温胶的接触角变小,胶接接头强度显著提升,其中,阳极氧化后试样的胶接强度在0℃达到最大,为29.80 MPa,比原始试样提升了128.18%,比喷砂试样提升了29.90%。结论结合表面性能表征以及低温下的单搭剪切试验结果,喷砂和阳极氧化均能提高AA5083铝合金与低温胶的粘结强度,而且阳极氧化后的AA5083铝合金具有较好的综合性能。     

5083铝合金压力容器的铆装焊接工艺

以10 mm厚5083铝合金为原材料,介绍铝合金压力容器下料、铆装、焊接的工艺流程。通过方案的对比分析,总结出符合实际生产的铆焊工艺流程为:先装配母筒和母筒法兰,再装配支筒和支筒法兰,最后将两个焊接好的整体部件进行装配,此工艺流程可利用现有设备,保证产品质量,尤其在批量生产的情况下工时定额最短,提高了生产效率。     

Commercial Airplane Applications of Superplastically Formed AA5083 Aluminum Sheet

This article discusses some of the advances that have been made at Boeing Commercial Airplanes during the manufacture of superplastically formed (SPF) AA5083 aluminum components for aircraft applications. This specially processed material is the lowest cost aluminum alloy that exhibits superplastic properties. Therefore, the use of 5083 would be beneficial to aircraft in forming complicated configurations. Since this aluminum alloy is non-heat treatable and therefore low strength, it is not typically considered a material for use on commercial airplanes. However, applications have been found on the Boeing Commercial fleet that provide lower cost hardware which, in some cases, is lighter weight. Design Engineers have been able to take advantage of the benefits of using SPF sheet metal hardware fabricated from AA5083 in areas where failure of the component during flight would not cause loss of the aircraft. SPF AA5083 components have replaced aluminum castings, fiberglass assemblies, and components fabricated by SPF from other aluminum alloys. Since this alloy is non-heat treatable, the cost of heat treating, quenching, and aging is avoided. Also, there is no contour distortion to straighten due to the solution heat treating and quenching process. Therefore, the quality of the hardware being delivered to the customer is greatly improved. This article was presented at the AeroMat Conference, International Symposium on Superplasticity and Superplastic Forming (SPF) held in Seattle, WA, June 6-9, 2005.     

受电弓用5083铝合金焊接裂纹分析

新设计一种受电弓的上框架采用5083铝合金通过钨极氩弧焊（TIG）焊接而成,在试制过程中发现上交叉管与纵支柱连接部位出现裂纹。为查明裂纹产生的原因及机理,对裂纹件取样通过理化测试、金相分析、断口分析技术手段进行了综合分析。分析结果表明：焊接过程中的热输入过大和焊缝凝固时产生的收缩应力使得接头出现液化裂纹,该裂纹属于热裂纹。针对分析结果提出了改进措施并加以验证,为后续类似产品的试制和生产提供一定的技术支撑。     

Evaluation of Vitreous and Devitrifying Enamels as Hot Forming Lubricants for Aluminum AA5083 Alloy

The adhesion of aluminum to tool surfaces during the hot forming of sheet aluminum alloys presents challenging tribological problems. Graphite and boron nitride are commonly used as aluminum adhesion mitigating solid lubricants for hot forming processes, but lubricant breakdown in high-stress areas, such as corners and bends, remains an issue compromising the quality of the formed parts as well as the tool life. Low-melting temperature enamels may provide an affordable and easy to apply alternative. In this study, vitreous (amorphous glass) and devitrifying (two phase crystalline glass) layers were deposited on the surface of sheet aluminum samples with a sedimentation technique. Enamel lubrication was effective in preventing aluminum transfer to the steel counterface. Hence, the prospect exists for the use of these enamels as aluminum workpiece lubricants in hot forming operations. This article was presented at Materials Science & Technology 2007, Automotive and Ground Vehicles Symposium held September 16-20, 2007, in Detroit, MI.     

Joint performance of CO2 laser beam welding 5083,H321 aluminum alloy

Laser beam welding of aluminum alloys is expected to offer good mechanical properties of welded joints. In this experimental work reported, CO2 laser beam autogenoas welding and wire feed welding are conducted on 4 mm thick 5083- H321 aluminum alloy sheets at different welding variables. The mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of the welds are evaluated through tensile tests, micro-hardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Experimental results indicate that both the tensile strength and hardness of laser beam welds are affected by the constitution of filler material, except the yield strength. The soften region of laser beam welds is not in the heat-affected zone （ HAZ ）. The tensile fracture of laser beam welded specimens takes place in the weld zone and close to the weld boundary because of different filler materials. Some pores are found on the fracture face, including hydrogen porosities and blow holes, but these pores have no influence on the tensile strength of laser beam welds. Tensile strength values of laser beam welds with filler wire are up to 345.57 MPa, 93% of base material values, and yield strengths of laser beam welds are equivalent to those of base metal （264. 50 MPa）.     

LNG全容罐5083铝合金吊顶焊接施工技术

在LNG全容罐建造过程中,铝合金吊顶和拱顶是在混凝土外罐内底部施工,完成后整体气吹顶升至罐顶位置固定.5083铝合金吊顶属于4.76mm的铝板搭接拼焊而成,主要起保温绝热作用,焊接采用手工钨极氩弧焊来完成,在焊接过程中,需要采用合理的焊接顺序和措施来减少残余应力和变形.     

工业AA1200铝合金薄板拉伸成形模拟和实验研究(英文)

对工业AA1200铝合金薄板拉伸成形的模拟和实验结果进行比较和评估。采用单向拉伸试验得到模拟所需输入参数。根据von Mises和Hill-1948屈服准则,采用Abaqus/Explicit有限元软件分析成形过程。将冲压力和应变分布的模拟结果与实验结果进行比较和验证。结果表明:在这两种情况下,使用各向异性屈服准则模拟的结果与实验结果更吻合。     

Superplasticity of AA5083 alloy as processed by equal channel angular extrusion

Although the regular AA5083 aluminium alloy has long been used, its superplastic version has not been intensively or thoroughly studied such that some aspects regarding superplastic AA5083 are need to be elucidated. For example, the influence of Fe content on superplastic elongation is almost ignored, and this topic will be explored. Besides, this paper presents one of the minority studies on applying the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) to this alloy. It provides a comprehensive knowledge of processing and thus resulting mechanical properties as well as microstructures, which are probably unavailable elsewhere.     

5083铝合金MIG焊接头微观组织与力学性能

采用熔化极惰性气体保护焊开展了6 mm厚5083-H111铝合金热轧板焊接工艺试验,研究了接头宏观形貌和力学性能随工艺参数的变化规律,分析了不同区域的微观组织和元素分布对接头力学性能的影响。结果表明,采用优化后的工艺参数进行焊接,得到的接头表面成形良好,无明显缺陷。随着送丝速度增加,焊缝宽度随之增加;熔合线附近的热影响区发生完全再结晶,形成了粗大的等轴晶;焊缝边缘沿散热方向形成柱状晶,焊缝中心则为细小的等轴晶组织;Fe和Mn在热影响区偏聚严重,形成Al6(Fe, Mn)相,焊缝中Mg主要分布在晶界处,形成β(Al3Mg2)相。拉伸试验结果表明,接头最大抗拉强度可达307 MPa,约为母材抗拉强度的96%,拉伸后断裂于热影响区,呈韧性断裂;受焊接热输入影响,焊缝和热影响区的硬度低于母材,随着焊接热输入增加,焊缝和热影响区的硬度降低。创新点： (1)优化焊接工艺参数,获得了表面成形良好的焊接接头。(2)研究了焊接工艺参数对接头宏观形貌和气孔分布的影响。(3)阐明了接头不同区域的微观组织和元素分布对接头力学性能的作用机理。     

A5083铝合金焊缝断裂韧度研究

在焊道中添加铜丝,成功制造出含类裂纹缺陷的焊缝。采用尺寸敏感断裂抗力δ_m(8)表征断裂韧度大小。与标准焊缝进行对比分析,含类裂纹缺陷的焊缝断裂韧度均值较低,为0.061mm,小于标准焊缝断裂韧度均值0.127mm,焊缝内残余铜丝是影响其数值较小的主要原因。     

Superplastic Behavior of Copper-Modified 5083 Aluminum Alloy

An AA5083 aluminum alloy was modified with two different levels of Cu additions, cast by direct-chill method, and thermo-mechanically processed to sheet gauge. Copper additions reduced sheet grain size, decreased tensile flow stress and significantly increased tensile elongation under most elevated temperature test conditions. The high-Cu (0.8 wt.%) alloy had the finest grain size 5.3 μm, a peak strain-rate sensitivity of 0.6 at a strain-rate of 1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹, and tensile elongation values between 259 and 584% over the temperature range, 400-525 °C, and the strain rate range, 5 × 10⁻⁴ to 1 × 10⁻² s⁻¹, investigated. In biaxial pan forming tests, only the Cu-containing alloys successfully formed pans at the higher strain rate 10⁻² s⁻¹. The high-Cu alloy showed the least die-entry thinning. Comparison of ambient temperature mechanical properties in O-temper state showed the high-Cu alloy to have significantly higher yield strength, ultimate strength, and ductility compared to the base 5083 alloy. This article was presented at the AeroMat Conference, International Symposium on Superplasticity and Superplastic Forming (SPF) held in Seattle, WA, June 6-9, 2005.     

多级热处理工艺对铝合金AA7049性能的影响(英文)

T6态高强7xxx系列铝合金对应力腐蚀开裂敏感。采用回归和再时效热处理(RRA)可以提高其抗应力腐蚀开裂性能而不降低其强度性能。研究了多级热处理工艺对7049铝合金性能和组织的影响。通过电导率测量、DSC分析和TEM组织观察,考察合金在不同热处理态的组织变化。DSC分析表明,RRA处理会导致合金的显微组织发生显著变化,RRA处理态合金的组织与T6和T73态合金的组织明显不同。RRA处理可以使合金保持在T6态的强度且获得T73态的热力学稳定性能。     

微合金化元素Zr对5083铝合金组织和性能的影响

在实验室中用井式坩埚炉熔炼铸造了5083和5083+0.1Zr两种铝合金,轧制后在100～450℃范围内退火。通过金相显微镜、显微硬度计、扫描电镜、电子万能试验机、透射电镜对合金的铸态组织、板材纤维组织、力学性能、耐蚀性能、第二相粒子成分进行了分析,研究了微量元素Zr对5083铝合金组织性能的影响。结果表明,添加微量元素Zr能够细化合金组织,与未添加Zr相比,添加0.1Zr的5083合金的铸态晶粒尺寸从123μm降至73μm,并使第二相粒子Al₆Mn(Fe)尺寸变小;同时使晶间腐蚀坑变小,合金耐蚀性得到提高。添加微量元素Zr还能抑制合金板材再结晶,300℃退火1 h无明显再结晶现象;尤其是5083+0.1Zr合金经250℃退火1 h,抗拉强度为389.50 MPa,屈服强度为215.62 MPa,伸长率为18.2%,仍完全满足使用要求。     

非恒温电解液中AA5083Al-Mg合金阳极氧化膜的制备及其耐蚀性

采用硼酸-硫酸-草酸电解液在铝合金表面制备有序多孔层,研究阳极氧化过程中电流随时间的变化,分析界面反应并计算膜层的生长效率。采用扫描电子显微镜、交流阻抗和动电位极化曲线研究膜层的微结构及其在不同温度环境下的耐蚀性。结果表明：在氧化层界面双离子层浓度的增大有利于提高膜层的生长效率。所制备的阳极氧化膜厚度为8-9μm,孔径为10-14 nm,膜层的微观形貌受金属基体组织结构的影响较大。在沸水封闭后膜层为分层结构,表面呈细片状。氧化膜层封闭后能够明显降低试样的自腐蚀电流密度,且耐蚀性随着环境温度的升高而具有更好的稳定性。