酶联免疫法测定牛初乳中乳铁蛋白含量

应用酶联免疫法制定牛初乳中乳铁蛋白的含量,最小检出量为０．５ｎｇ／ｍｌＬＦ,浅性范围为０．８ｎｇ／ｍｌ至１００ｎｇ／ｍｌ。标准曲线性方程为Ｙ＝－２２．７２Ｘ＋２１．３８,相关系数γ为０．９９６。结果较为理想,这种对ＬＦ的检测方法在国内未见报道。     

疆岳驴乳成分测定

连续3d采集12头疆岳驴共72头份驴乳和4份混合乳进行乳成分测定。结果表明。驴乳蛋白质、脂肪、乳糖和灰分的含量分习1为1．35，1．16，6.52和0．35g／100g；8种人体必需氨基酸（未含色氨酸Trp）的含量占氨基酸总量的44％；人体必需脂肪酸亚油酸、亚麻酸的含量分别占脂肪酸总量的26．83％和3．6％；含多种矿物元素和维生素，其中Se含量迭80μg／kg，Vc含量达5．16mg／100g。驴乳的营养成分和人乳相近．可作为婴幼儿代乳品或代乳品基料，也适合于心脑血管病、“三高症”及肥胖症等患者饮用。     

初乳和免疫乳的功能成分

综述了初乳与免疫乳中功能成分的结构特性、加工特性、生物学功能以及在食品领域中的应用,并提出了开发牛乳中功能成分的方向。      

初乳和免疫乳的功能成分

综述了初乳与免疫乳中功能成分的结构特性、加工特性、生物学功能以及在食品领域中的应用,并提出了开发牛乳中功能成分的方向。     

牛初乳中乳铁蛋白的分离纯化与免疫功能检测

牛初乳经离心、盐析后获得乳铁蛋白粗提物,通过CM-Sephadex C50离子交换色谱和Heparin-Sepharose CL-6B亲和色谱纯化获得纯度分别为76．98％和92．75％的乳铁蛋白,经SDS-PAGE检测乳铁蛋白存在分子质量分别为76000Da和78000Da的两种异构体,免疫电泳说明提纯样品与乳铁蛋白标准品具有相同的免疫原性。小白鼠喂养和免疫实验说明乳铁蛋白可提高机体免疫功能。     

新疆褐牛不同部位分割肉块品质差异研究

为了研究育肥新疆褐牛不同部位分割肉块品质的差异,实验选取了11头育肥新疆褐牛,对其肩肉、辣椒条等10个部位肉进行了营养指标和理化指标的测定。结果显示,不同部位分割肉块间的蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、水分含量、蒸煮损失、剪切力、p H和肉色L*、b*值均存在差异;肩肉和臀肉的脂肪含量仅次于高档部位肉,但与高档部位肉存在显著差异(p<0.05);除大黄瓜条和小黄瓜条外,其余部位肉剪切力均低于4.39kg。可见,育肥新疆褐牛的肉质因部位不同而有所差异,且总体较嫩,为今后各部位的加工利用和品质改进提供依据。      

新疆褐牛不同部位牛肉肌纤维类型及品质差异研究

为了研究新疆褐牛不同部位牛肉肌纤维类型组成及品质差异,测定了冈上肌、冈下肌、臂三头肌、腰大肌、背最长肌、半腱肌、半膜肌和股二头肌的肌纤维特性和品质特性,并通过相关性分析研究了牛肉品质和肌纤维特性之间的相关性。结果显示腰大肌、背最长肌和股二头肌分别具有最高的Ⅰ型、ⅡA型和ⅡB型肌纤维比例,八个部位肉的肌纤维直径为ⅡB型>ⅡA型>Ⅰ型,且腰大肌三种肌纤维类型直径均小于其他部位。冈上肌具有较低的b^*值,冈下肌具有较低的剪切力、蒸煮损失率;臂三头肌具有较高的剪切力,腰大肌具有较低的剪切力、硬度、胶着性和pH,较高的粘聚性和压力失水率;背最长肌具有较低的咀嚼性、回复性和弹性;半腱肌具有较低的压力失水率、粘聚性和回复性,较高的L^*值;半膜肌具有较低的L^*值和咀嚼性,股二头肌具有较高的弹性、胶着性和咀嚼性。Ⅰ型、ⅡA型和ⅡB型纤维面积、直径与剪切力、硬度和蒸煮损失显著正相关(p<0.05),与压力失水率显著负相关(p<0.01);Ⅰ型肌纤维比例与硬度、剪切力显著负相关(p<0.05),ⅡB型肌纤维比例与剪切力正相关。结果表明,肌肉部位显著影响牛肉品质,特别是嫩度,增加Ⅰ型肌纤维比例、减少ⅡB型肌纤维比例均有利于提高牛肉嫩度。     

新疆褐牛高档牛肉感官评定比较

利用评分检验法对新疆褐牛育肥牛与未育肥牛、公牛与母牛高档部位的里脊、外脊从颜色、光泽、细致度、坚挺度等进行感官评定比较与感官指标相关性分析,结果表明:除汁液浸出、残留度无显著差异外,其他各项指标育肥牛均显著高于未育肥牛。通过对感官指标相关性分析作感官指标简化,鲜肉简化后指标主要有颜色、光泽、细致度、坚挺度、形态、鲜度、香气、整体可受性8项。熟制牛肉感官指标主要有色泽、美食欲、咬入度、嚼透度、初始多汁性、持续多汁性、细腻程度7项。     

新疆褐牛高档牛肉感官评定比较

利用评分检验法对新疆褐牛育肥牛与未育肥牛、公牛与母牛高档部位的里脊、外脊从颜色、光泽、细致度、坚挺度等进行感官评定比较与感官指标相关性分析,结果表明:除汁液浸出、残留度无显著差异外,其他各项指标育肥牛均显著高于未育肥牛.通过对感官指标相关性分析作感官指标简化,鲜肉简化后指标主要有颜色、光泽、细致度、坚挺度、形态、鲜度、香气、整体可受性8项.熟制牛肉感官指标主要有色泽、美食欲、咬入度、嚼透度、初始多汁性、持续多汁性、细腻程度7项.     

河南奶山羊及其杂种羊泌乳早期乳成分动态变化

对河南奶山羊及其杂种羊泌乳早期初乳及常乳主要常规成分进行分析。结果表明:奶山羊和杂种羊乳中干物质含量分别在泌乳的第1天和第2天最高,分别达24.14g/100g和26.17g/100g,高峰后随着泌乳期的延长总体上呈下降趋势;乳糖含量在两组羊乳中随着泌乳期的延长总体上均呈上升趋势;乳脂率均在泌乳第5天和第4天时最高,分别达6.32g/100g和5.38g/100g,随着泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势。奶山羊前5d含量所泌初乳中,乳蛋白含量逐渐升高,常乳中乳蛋白含量基本稳定,杂种羊乳蛋白含量在初乳期随着泌乳期的延长呈下降趋势,常乳中含量基本稳定。乳中的灰分含量随着泌乳期的延长总体呈下降趋势,到常乳期有波动。乳中钙含量在实验期趋于稳定,磷含量在初乳期随泌乳期延长而稍有增加,常乳期平稳下降。河南奶山羊及其杂种羊乳中主要成分随着泌乳时间的变化而变化,各主要成分含量的变化与饲养管理条件和羊只营养状况等因素存在密切关系。     

不同母本西门塔尔杂交牛各部位肉品质与蛋白质功能特性的差异

为了研究西秦牛(西门塔尔牛×宁夏秦川牛)和西褐牛(西门塔尔牛×新疆褐牛)不同部位肉的差异性,对选取的牛腩、霖肉、牛腱子、黄瓜条、肩肉和臀肉6个部位肉样从营养品质、食用品质和蛋白质功能特性等多项指标进行探究.结果表明:西褐牛的牛腩保水性较好,肩肉的水分含量较高(78.75％)且脂肪含量较低(0.4％),霖肉的蛋白质含量较...     

牛初乳产品标准的建立与管理

随着乳品加工业的进步和西方营养概念的引入，牛初乳已经成为功能性乳品开发的热点。本文首先分析牛初乳市场的发展和存在问题，提出建立产品标准的重要意义；研究了产品标准建立中的关键问题。在此基础上，针对产品标准体系的建立和标准的实施与管理两个方面提出了相应的对策建议。     

The association between reproductive performance and milk yield in Chilean Holstein cattle

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between reproductive performance and milk yield in central-southern Chilean Holstein cattle that calved from 1990 to 2003. The analysis included 150,457 lactations obtained from a certified recording system. Reproductive indexes included in the study were calving interval (CI, d), calving to first service interval (CFSI, d), calving to conception interval (CCI, d), services per conception (SC), and conception rate at first service (CRFS). Survival analysis for the risk of pregnancy was also conducted. Models for reproductive indexes were significant and included, as independent variables, year and season of parturition, parity, length of dry period, milk and fat production standardized to 305 d, herd size, and herd. In 1990 and 2003, respectively, means ± SEM for CI were 399 ± 1.6 and 415 ± 1.1 d; for CFSI were 85 ± 0.6 and 97 ± 0.6 d; for CCI were 124 ± 1.3 d and 137 ± 1 d; and for SC were 1.6 ± 0.02 and 1.7 ± 0.01. For every 100 kg of 305-d standardized milk yield, the CCI increased by 0.6 d and CRFS decreased by 0.9%. Association between milk yield and the risk of pregnancy was almost zero when a Cox proportional regression model was conducted (hazard ratio = 1.005; 95% confidence interval = 1.002 to 1.008). We conclude that CCI has increased over time and is related negatively to the increase in milk yield experienced by central-southern Chilean Holstein cattle during the last 15 yr. Nevertheless, risk of pregnancy was not explained by the individual level of standardized 305-d milk yield of cows studied.     

Genotype x environment interaction for protein yield in Dutch dairy cattle as quantified by different models

Variance components and breeding values for protein yield were estimated with REML without and with correction for heterogeneity of variances. Three different sire models were applied, which all accounted for genotype x environment (G x E) interaction. The first model included a sire x herd-year-season subclass (HYS) interaction. The second model divided all records in four different types of management groups, based on estimated HYS subclass effect. The third model, the reaction norm model, performed a random linear regression on the estimated HYS effect. For comparison, a standard model that did not take G x E interaction into account was also applied. Data consisted of 102,899 305-d first-lactation protein records of Holstein Friesians of 1,000 ofthe largest Dutch dairy herds. All animals calved in 1997, 1998, or 1999. Estimated breeding values (EBV) for 2,150 bulls with at least five daughters were calculated. The interaction model detected an interaction variance of 2.5% of the phenotypic variance. The EBV showed a correlation of 1.00 with those of the standard model without interaction. The model with the division in groups showed correlations between groups ranging from 0.73 to 0.86. The EBV showed correlations from 0.84 to 0.91 with the EBV of the standard model. The reaction norm model calculated EBV that had a correlation of 1.00 with the EBV of the standard model. The reaction norm model was not able to detect significant variance of the slope for the protein data corrected for heterogeneity of variances.     

Low colostrum yield in Jersey cattle and potential risk factors

Consumption of an adequate volume of high-quality colostrum is vital to a dairy calf's ability to survive and become a productive herd member. However, some dairy herds have reported a deficiency of colostrum production, which ranges from a low volume to no colostrum produced, by cows during fall and winter. Little information regarding this phenomenon exists. The purpose of this study was to characterize the syndrome and identify potential risk factors for low colostrum yield. A 2,500-cow Jersey dairy farm was enrolled in a prospective cohort study in May 2016, to evaluate possible effects of photoperiod, temperature, and cow factors on colostrum production. Dairy personnel were trained to collect, weigh, and evaluate colostrum quality. Information on parity, previous lactation length, previous 305-d mature-equivalent milk production, and dry period length were collected through the farm's dairy management software. Weather and photoperiod data were also collected. Over the year of enrollment, 2,988 eligible cows calved and had colostrum weights recorded and 38% were primiparous (n = 1,143), 25% were in their second lactation (n = 752), and 37% were in their third or greater lactation (n = 1,093). The overall average colostrum yield was 6.6 kg/cow in June 2016, 2.5 kg/cow in December 2016, and 4.8 kg/cow in May 2017. Multiparous cows had a larger decline in colostrum production between June and December (6.6 to 1.3 kg/cow) compared with primiparous animals (6.5 to 4.2 kg/cow). Overall, average colostrum production decreased by 0.17 kg/cow per week during this time, 0.22 kg for multiparous cows and 0.08 kg for primiparous cows. A logistic regression model was constructed for all cows to evaluate effects of cow factors on low colostrum production (<2.7 kg at first milking). Dry period length, calf sex, singleton or twin, age at freshening, month of calving and previous lactation length were significantly associated with the probability of low colostrum yield (<2.7 kg at first milking). A cross-correlation function analysis between the time series for colostrum yield and photoperiod revealed a high correlation at the time of calving and 1 mo prior, particularly for multiparous cows. A pedigree analysis showed that extreme colostrum yield (low vs. high) followed some sire lines. Low colostrum production in this herd could have an economic effect on the dairy and calf health and appears to have a strong seasonal and, potentially, a genetic component.     

葡萄酒的营养成分及保健功能

简要介绍了葡萄酒的营养成分及对人体多方面的保健功能。     

Comparison of random regression test-day models for Polish Black and White cattle

Test-day milk yields of first-lactation Black and White cows were used to select the model for routine genetic evaluation of dairy cattle in Poland. The population of Polish Black and White cows is characterized by small herd size, low level of production, and relatively early peak of lactation. Several random regression models for first-lactation milk yield were initially compared using the “percentage of squared bias” criterion and the correlations between true and predicted breeding values. Models with random herd-test-date effects, fixed age-season and herd-year curves, and random additive genetic and permanent environmental curves (Legendre polynomials of different orders were used for all regressions) were chosen for further studies. Additional comparisons included analyses of the residuals and shapes of variance curves in days in milk. The low production level and early peak of lactation of the breed required the use of Legendre polynomials of order 5 to describe age-season lactation curves. For the other curves, Legendre polynomials of order 3 satisfactorily described daily milk yield variation. Fitting third-order polynomials for the permanent environmental effect made it possible to adequately account for heterogeneous residual variance at different stages of lactation.     

Corn grain endosperm type and brown midrib 3 corn silage: feeding behavior and milk yield of lactating cows

Interactions of endosperm type of corn grain and the brown midrib 3 mutation (bm3) in corn silage on feeding behavior, productivity, energy balance, and plasma metabolites of lactating dairy cows were evaluated. Eight ruminally and duodenally cannulated cows (72 +/- 8 d in milk; mean +/- SD) were used in a duplicated 4 x 4 Latin square design experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were corn grain endosperm type (floury or vitreous), and corn silage type (bm3 or isogenic control). Diets contained 26% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 30% starch. Floury endosperm grain decreased dry matter intake (DMI) 1.9 kg/ d compared with vitreous grain when combined with control corn silage but did not affect DMI when combined with bm3 corn silage. This interaction of treatments occurred because of changes in meal size; floury endosperm grain decreased meal size in control silage diets but increased meal size in bm3 corn silage diets. Ruminal pool sizes reflected DMI differences among diets, suggesting that ruminal fill was not the primary limitation on intake. Brown midrib 3 corn silage reduced rumination time per day and number of rumination bouts per day. Floury endosperm grain decreased 3.5% fat-corrected milk by 1.2 kg/d when combined with control silage but increased 3.5% fat-corrected milk by 2.1 kg/d when combined with bm3 corn silage. Starch and fiber digestibility interact to affect feeding behavior and milk production and production response to bm3 corn silage depends on the grain source that is fed.     

洋葱的成分及保健功能的研究进展

为了促进洋葱的开发利用,介绍了洋葱所含的化学成分和功效成分主要有含硫化合物、前列腺素A、洋葱类黄酮、硒、洋葱油树脂、苯丙素酚类和甾体皂苷类等,同时综述了其具有抑菌、降血脂、降血糖、抗血栓、抗肿瘤和抗氧化等保健功效,认为洋葱是一种具有较高的食用和药用的植物资源.