医院典型废水处理工艺单元的抗生素去除效果与评价

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时检测了医院废水中2种喹诺酮类(氧氟沙星、环丙沙星)和4种磺胺类(磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲叶恶唑)抗生素,并对医院废水处理工艺的抗生素去除能力进行了评价。结果表明,现行医院废水处理工艺对抗生素的去除能力介于36.3%~100%,废水处理工艺对医院废水中抗生素的去除能力由大到小为:"厌氧池→好氧池→沉淀池→加氯""化粪池→加氯""好氧池→沉淀池→加氯";"厌氧池→好氧池→沉淀池→加氯"工艺对磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲叶恶唑去除率达到100%,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的去除率分别为92.5%和95.6%,磺胺甲基嘧啶的去除率为45.8%;"化粪池→加氯"工艺对磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺甲叶恶唑去除率达到100%,氧氟沙星的去除率达到97.4%,环丙沙星、磺胺嘧啶和磺胺二甲基嘧啶的去除率分别为75.0%、57.9%、36.3%;"好氧池→沉淀池→加氯"工艺对磺胺甲基嘧啶去除率达到100%,氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和磺胺甲叶恶唑的去除率分别为59.5%、10.9%和53.8%;厌氧单元对氧氟沙星去除效果较差,对磺胺嘧啶去除效果较好;纯氧曝气好氧单元对环丙沙星、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺二甲基嘧啶、磺胺甲叶恶唑和氧氟沙星的去除率分别为76.0%、62.5%、77.3%、68.4%和13.9%;加氯消毒单元对磺胺二甲基嘧啶的去除效果较差,对磺胺甲叶恶唑的去除效果较好,对其他4种抗生素的去除率也能达到50%以上。     

磺胺类药物在土壤中的形态转化及降解研究

采用批量平衡试验法研究了磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑在添加模拟根系分泌物处理和对照中的形态转化及降解规律.结果表明,有机溶剂提取态、水溶态和结合态含量占总量的比例分别为86.5%~98.5%、0.6%~7.3%和0.1%~12.5%,有机溶剂提取态是2种药物在土壤中的主要存在形态.结合态所占比例随时间的增加而增高,添加模拟根系分泌物有利于土壤中磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑结合态的形成,对水溶态和有机溶剂提取态形成的影响较小.土壤中磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲恶唑的降解遵循一级反应动力学,可决系数为0.9273~0.9963.2种药物在添加模拟根系分泌物处理中的降解速率大于在对照的降解速率.     

5种磺胺类抗生素在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性

分别利用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了5种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺嘧啶,磺胺甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲嘧啶,磺胺二甲氧嘧啶,磺胺甲恶唑)在5种不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素.结果表明,磺胺类抗生素在5种供试土壤上的吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich方程,吸附常数K_d为 0.10~4.39 μg^1-1/n (cm³)^1/n g ^-1;5种磺胺类抗生素在供试土壤中吸附性大致排列顺序为:东北黑土≈无锡水稻土>江西红壤>南京黄棕壤≈陕西潮土.吸附的主要影响因素为土壤pH值和有机质含量:土壤pH值增高,磺胺类抗生素大量转变为阴离子态,吸附减弱;土壤有机质含量增加,吸附增强.5种磺胺抗生素在5种供试土壤中的吸附自由能为 -12.5~-5.3 kJ·mol^-1,表明吸附机理主要是物理吸附.磺胺类抗生素在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性, 淋溶性能从大到小依次为:陕西潮土>南京黄棕壤>江西红壤>无锡水稻土>东北黑土,与吸附试验结果相一致.畜禽养殖使用磺胺类抗生素对地下水污染具有潜在风险,应该引起足够重视.     

磺胺类药物在水中的分布及去除技术研究进展

磺胺类药物是一类水环境中高频检出的抗生素,虽然它们通常以ng/L或μg/L的浓度存在,但是可能具有直接神经毒性,对环境和人类健康产生潜在风险,是再生水安全利用中重点关注的目标污染物。该文综述了磺胺类药物(磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶和甲氧苄啶)在水环境中的分布特征与毒害效应,重点对磺胺类药物的去除技术(物理方法、化学方法、生物方法和耦合工艺)进行了系统总结,分析了各种处理技术的去除效果、存在不足及发展方向,并对未来磺胺类药物的高效去除及毒性削减的技术发展进行了展望,旨在为含有磺胺类药物的污(废)水生化尾水深度净化与再生水安全回用技术的发展提供指导。     

抗生素对好氧污泥氧摄取速率单独和联合抑制效果

为研究4种抗生素(四环素、土霉素、磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺甲基嘧啶)对好氧污泥活性的单独作用及相互作用关系,以氧摄取速率(OUR)作为衡量指标,设计正交试验,测定4种抗生素对好氧污泥的单独和联合抑制效果.结果表明,4种抗生素单独使用对好氧污泥OUR抑制大小顺序为四环素>土霉素>磺胺甲恶唑>磺胺甲基嘧啶;其中四环素和土霉素毒性较高;联合作用下,对好氧污泥OUR影响最大的因素是四环素,之后依次是土霉素、磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺甲基嘧啶,4种抗生素对好氧污泥OUR抑制作用大小顺序与单独抑制作用大小顺序基本相同.其中四环素表现出显著抑制作用(p<0.05).四环素类抗生素和磺胺类抗生素联合使用表现出一定的相加关系,对目标微生物存在一定的竞争;两种磺胺类抗生素一级交互作用为拮抗关系.     

磺胺类抗生素在华南地区不同污水处理工艺中的去除及风险评估

采用固相萃取、高效液相色谱-质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS)法研究了磺胺类抗生素在华南地区(以珠三角地区为例)AB、UNITANK、AAO 3种不同典型污水处理工艺中的去除规律。采用风险商值法评估磺胺类抗生素的环境风险。结果表明:3种工艺的进出水中均检测出较高浓度的磺胺类抗生素,较2007年和2010年调查取样结果增长较大,进水中以磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺嘧啶浓度最高,出水中磺胺甲恶唑浓度较高;AAO工艺较AB及UNITANK工艺的去除效果更好,总去除率达到97%;磺胺类抗生素人均日质量负荷呈现逐年上升趋势,2016年广州污水处理厂人均日质量负荷高达102.81~129.31 mg/d;磺胺类抗生素在3种工艺的剩余污泥中含量极少,主要随出水排放至外界环境中。风险评估表明:除磺胺甲基嘧啶及磺胺对甲基嘧啶未检出不存在环境风险外,其他检出的5种磺胺类抗生素的环境风险为中低等级环境风险。     

抗生素类药物对土壤微生物呼吸的影响

为评价抗生素类药物对土壤生态环境的影响,通过室内直接吸收法测定了磺胺、四环素、大环内酯类等几类抗生素对水稻土土壤微生物呼吸的影响.结果表明,磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲唑、氯四环素、四环素、泰乐菌素、甲氧苄啶对土壤呼吸的最大抑制率分别为34.33％、 34.43％、 2.71％、 3.08％、 7.13％、 38.08％,以磺胺甲唑和甲氧苄啶对土壤呼吸影响最大.在试验早期(0～2 d),磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲唑和甲氧苄啶的≥10 mg·kg^-1处理显著抑制土壤呼吸.同一种抗生素随着浓度的增加对土壤呼吸的影响不同,磺胺甲唑与甲氧苄啶对土壤呼吸的影响表现出很好的剂量依赖效应.参考农药的安全性评价标准,可以认为试验中各抗生素属于低毒或无实际危害的药物.     

广东省畜牧粪便中喹诺酮类和磺胺类抗生素的含量与分布特征研究

利用超声提取-高效液相色谱技术分析广东省20个规模化猪牛养殖场粪便中4种喹诺酮类(QNs)和4种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素的含量与分布特征.结果表明,猪粪中喹诺酮类和磺胺类化合物均全部被检出,前者总含量(QNs,鲜重,下同)在24.5～1516.2 μg/kg之间,平均为581.0 μg/kg,以恩诺沙星和环丙沙星为主;后者总含量(SAs)在1925.9～13399.5 μg/kg之间,平均为4403.9 μg/kg,以磺胺甲基嘧啶和磺胺甲唑为主.牛粪中喹诺酮类化合物也全部被检出,磺胺类化合物检出率在90%以上,QNs在73.2～ 1328.0 μg/kg之间,平均为572.9 μg/kg,以诺氟沙星和环丙沙星为主;SAs在1039.4～15930.3 μg/kg之间,平均为3787.7 μg/kg,以磺胺甲唑和磺胺甲基嘧啶为主.不同地区畜牧粪便中喹诺酮类和磺胺类化合物的含量与组成特征有明显差异,广州市猪粪和牛粪中两类抗生素的含量均较高,而佛山市、深圳市牛粪中磺胺-5-甲氧嘧啶和磺胺二甲嘧啶均低于检测限.     

大通湖表层水体中抗生素赋存特征与风险

为了评价大通湖表层水体中典型抗生素的赋存特征及生态风险等级,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪（UPLC-MS/MS）检测了4类12种（磺胺类,磺胺增效剂,喹诺酮类和四环素）抗生素的浓度水平.结果表明：除氧氟沙星外,其余11种抗生素均有检出,其总浓度为0.19~261.89ng/L;磺胺嘧啶的平均浓度最高（37.41ng/L）,其次为磺胺甲恶唑（12.34ng/L）>沙拉沙星（8.55ng/L）>恩诺沙星（8.04ng/L）>甲氧苄啶（7.56ng/L）>金霉素（3.92ng/L）,并且磺胺嘧啶、四环素、沙拉沙星、金霉素、磺胺甲恶唑和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的检出率均超出50%,处于较高水平.与部分河流、湖泊相比,大通湖抗生素的浓度除磺胺嘧啶和恩诺沙星外,基本处于较普通水平;在空间分布上表现为明显的差异性.环境和健康风险评价结果表明：磺胺甲恶唑、沙拉沙星和环丙沙星为大通湖主要的风险因子,RQ>1,对洞庭湖有较高的潜在风险;点位S2、S3、S6对大通湖周围环境具有较高的累积风险,主要的贡献因子分别为恩诺沙星和沙拉沙星、磺胺甲恶唑和环丙沙星;11种抗生素通过饮水途径对成人和儿童的健康风险指数R_QH处于8.74×10^-8~9.17×10^-3之间,且通过饮水途径摄入抗生素对儿童的健康风险高于成人.     

水体中3种磺胺类药物对斑马鱼的生态毒性效应

采用斑马鱼作为模式动物,针对斑马鱼的代谢能力,进行3种磺胺类药物(磺胺甲恶唑,磺胺嘧啶,磺胺二甲嘧啶)的暴露实验。实验选取谷胱甘肽s-转移酶(GST)和丙二醛(MDA)含量作为评判斑马鱼代谢能力的指标。在实验过程中,随着暴露时间的改变,GST活性和MDA含量都呈现出不同的变化。在实验前3 d,GST酶活性在不同浓度下都呈现出显著增长。但是MDA的含量在第1天达到顶峰,随后都呈现出下降趋势。由结果可得,MDA含量指标对磺胺类药物的毒性更加敏感,其指示作用更优于GST活性指标。同时,实验结果中可以看出,在磺胺嘧啶作用下的GST酶活性和MDA含量都呈现更加明显的变化,因此实验推断磺胺嘧啶会对水环境具有更潜在的危害。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.