经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌的疗效.方法 本组复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌63例,肿瘤单发36例,多发27例.肿瘤直径0.2～3.0 cm,术前均经膀胱镜检查,活检病理检查确诊为低级别尿路上皮癌.所有患者均行TURBT,术后常规卡介苗或化疗药物膀胱灌注,定期复查膀胱镜.结果 63例均顺利完成手术,无严重手术并发症.术后61例获得随访,随访时间8～62个月,平均36个月,38例长期稳定,未见复发;23例复发,复发率37.7%(23/61).其中17例再次行TURBT,手术后9例病情稳定,8例术后再次复发,再行TURBT 1～4次(其中5例临床分期增至T2,鉴于患者高龄或全身情况较差,仍采用TURBT治疗);6例术后复发,因临床分期增加至T2～T3,行开放手术,其中2例行膀胱部分切除术,4例行根治性膀胱切除术.随访期间死亡2例.结论 对于复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌,TURBT安全性高,并发症少,疗效确切.对于进展为T2期的老年体弱膀胱癌患者,多次TURBT可改善生活质量,延缓患者生命,可有选择性地应用.     

二次电切术治疗非肌层浸润膀胱尿路上皮癌的临床价值

目的探讨非肌层浸润膀胱尿路上皮癌二次电切术的临床价值。方法将60例非肌层浸润膀胱尿路上皮癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组2组,每组30例,均给予尿道电切术,观察组行二次电切术。比较2组复发情况,并对比首次电切与二次电切的病理结果。结果观察组复发4例(13.3%),出现复发时间(6.3±1.2)个月,其中原电切部位复发1例(3.3%),其他部位复发3例(10.0%),单发1例,多发2例。对照组复发13例(43.3%),出现复发时间(2.4±0.9)个月,其中原电切部位复发7例(23.3%),其他部位复发6例(20.0%),单发4例,多发2例。以上差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组初次电切的病理结果显示,Ta期4例(13.3%),T1期26例(86.7%)。二次电切病理结果为Ta期2例(6.7%),T1期19例(63.3%),T2期9例(30.0%)。1例Ta期升为T1期,1例Ta期升为T2期,8例T1期升为T2期。以上差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论二次电切术能够有效降低非肌层浸润膀胱尿路上皮癌的复发率,同时对纠正病理结果具有重要临床价值。     

TURBT联合膀胱内BCG灌注治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌疗效分析

目的 探讨选择性经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗经选择的肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者保留有功能性膀胱的可行性.方法 回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第二医院2006年至2011年间323例行TURBT治疗的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的临床资料,选择术前影像学检查无明显膀胱外浸润,肿瘤单发,直径5 cm以下,局限于膀胱顶壁、底壁及侧壁,距输尿管口1 cm以上,不伴有原位癌,肿瘤创缘及基底部活检为阴性的T2期患者为研究对象,接受选择性TURBT伴膀胱内灌注BCG的保膀胱治疗.术后膀胱镜密切随访5~10年,运用统计学分析生存率、疾病特异生存率和无复发生存率评价疗效.结果 入组31例患者,5年总体生存率、疾病特异生存率和无复发生存率分别为87%、93%和58%.复发15例,浅表性复发6例,8例接受延迟膀胱癌根治术.23例保留有功能性膀胱,死亡6例.结论 选择性TURBT治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌在少部分经严格选择的患者中是合理可行的,术后患者应终生接受膀胱镜严密随访.     

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的外科治疗选择

目前非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)的治疗以手术治疗为主,术后辅助规律膀胱灌注化疗。经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBT)是治疗NMIBC的标准手术方式,但存在闭孔神经反射、癌组织残余率高、病理分期不准确、复发率高等问题。随着泌尿外科微创技术及设备不断发展,本文综合了文献报道和临床治疗体会,详细分析目前临床上NMIBC的外科治疗选择。     

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术后肿瘤残余病人行二次电切术后复发的危险因素分析

目的 探究非肌层浸润性膀胱癌经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)术后肿瘤残余病人行二次电切术后复发的危险因素。方法 2020年5月～2021年6月我院收治的非肌层浸润性膀胱癌行TURBT术后肿瘤残余病人100例,随访术后12个月复发情况,并将其分为复发组(15例)和未复发组(85例)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析法分析非肌层浸润性膀胱癌病人二次电切术后复发的危险因素,同时建立Nomogram列线图模型,绘制受试者工作特征曲线分析预测效能。结果 100例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌行二次电切术后随访12个月复发15例,1年复发率15.00%。复发组首次TURBT术前肿瘤多发、肿瘤分期T1期、肿瘤分化程度低分化所占比例均高于未复发组,肿瘤带蒂、二次电切术后卡介苗灌注所占比例均低于未复发组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,首次TURBT术前肿瘤多发、肿瘤分期T1期、肿瘤低分化均为二次电切术后复发的危险因素(P<0.05)。二次电切术后卡介苗灌注为二次电切术后复发的保护因素(P<0.05)。列线图预测模型预测非肌层浸润性膀胱癌病人二次电切术后复...     

多技术融合手术在非肌层浸润性膀胱癌治疗中的临床效果分析

目的 比较多技术融合的手术方案与经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术(TURBT)治疗非肌层浸润性膀胱癌(NMIBC)的效果差异.方法 收集2016年5月至2018年5月在郑州人民医院治疗NMIBC的142例患者,根据手术方式的不同分为融合组89例和TURBT组53例.融合组采用基于窄带光成像技术(NBI)+肿瘤基底组织分离法+2μm...     

第二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术预防高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌术后肿瘤复发的临床研究

目的 探讨高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者行二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切(TURBT)术的意义.方法 已行第一次TURBT的高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者70例随机分为对照组和二次TURBT:对照组患者在电切术后行膀胱内化疗药物(丝裂霉素C)灌注治疗;二次TURBT组完成对照组治疗,术后3个月第一次复查时行第二次TURBT为实验组.两组患者随访2年,观察肿瘤复发的情况.结果 2年内实验组患者膀胱肿瘤的复发率相比对照组患者的复发率显著降低(P<0.05).结论 第二次TURBT术能有效降低高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者术后肿瘤复发率.     

非肌层浸润性膀胱癌电汽化术治疗(附28例报告)

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电汽化术（transurethral electrovaporization of bladder tumor,TVBT）是在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBT）的基础上发展而来,现已广泛应用于临床治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤。我科自2002年1月至2008年12月采用TVBT术治疗膀胱肿瘤28例,效果满意。现报告如下。     

密集膀胱灌注对抑制非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤术后复发的随机对照研究

目的：观察短期密集疗程膀胱腔内蒽环类药物灌注化疗对抑制非肌层浸润性膀胱肿瘤（nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC）经尿道电切术（TUR）后复发的效果。方法：我院自2006年1月～2008年12月对221例NMIBC患者行TUR术,经随机分为两组,密集疗程组术后执行表柔比星（epirubicin,EPI）40mg／40ml每周1次,连续8次的腔内灌注方案;常规化疗组则在连续8次的密集灌注化疗后续行40mg／40ml每月1次,连续10次的灌注方案。记录患者每3个月1次膀胱镜检查情况至术后24个月或肿瘤复发。结果：共有141例获得完整资料。24个月随访期中;45例（31．9％）肿瘤复发。其中常规化疗组22例（30．1％）,密集化疗组23例（33．2Vo）（p-0．64）。复发时间常规化疗组为（8．73±5．23）个月,密集化疗组为（8．74±4．42）个月（P=0．38）。15例（10．6％）复发肿瘤进展,其中常规化疗组7例（9．6％）,密集疗程组8例（11．8％）（P=0．675）。对141例患者的肿瘤大小,单发多发,初发复发,肿瘤病理类型,以及临床分期方面进行分层研究,密集疗程组与常规化疗组的无肿瘤复发率差异均无统计学意义。结论：TUR术后短期密集葸环类药物膀胱腔内灌注化疗可以获得与常规灌注化疗方案相同的降低NMIBC复发的效果。     

高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌要慎行再次电切

目前，二次经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术（transurethral resection of bladder tumor，TURBT）已被国内外指南所认可，已被推荐应用于有指征的患者。欧洲泌尿外科协会（European Association of Urology，EAU）指南推荐的二次电切指征包括：①膀胱肿瘤多发或体积较大；     

非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌预后的多因素Cox回归分析

目的:探讨影响非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌(non-muscle invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)预后的主要相关因素及其临床意义。方法:采用回顾性分析的方法,分析川北医学院附属医院2008年1月~2011年6月间收治的174例非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的临床病例资料。患者的临床病理特征(单因素)对肿瘤复发和进展风险的影响采用Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank检验评估。选择单因素分析有意义的变量分别对肿瘤复发、疾病进展进行Cox比例风险回归模型的多因素生存分析。结果:单因素分析表明患者年龄、肿瘤个数、肿瘤分期、分级、肿瘤生长部位、术后是否即刻灌注及既往复发情况七项因素与肿瘤复发显著相关(P0.05);肿瘤直径、肿瘤分期、分级、术后是否即刻灌注及既往复发情况五项因素与疾病进展相关(P0.05)。将上述各因素分别纳入Cox风险模型中得出各因素对肿瘤复发的相对危险度分别为:肿瘤分期(RR=2.041,P=0.046)、肿瘤分级(RR=1.548,P=0.037)、术后是否即刻灌注(RR=2.335,P=0.005)、既往复发情况(RR=1.484,P=0.048);各因素对疾病进展的相对危险度分别为:肿瘤分级(RR=3.019,P=0.006)、肿瘤直径(RR=5.062,P=0.005)、既往复发情况(RR=2.345,P=0.012)。结论:与非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发密切相关的因素包括肿瘤分期、分级、术后是否即刻灌注及既往复发情况,而膀胱肿瘤的直径、分级及既往复发情况对患者肿瘤的进展影响最大。     

Clinical outcome of tumor recurrence for Ta, T1 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer from the data on registered bladder cancer patients in Japan: 1999–2001 report from the Japanese Urological Association

Objective:   To characterize the clinical outcome in a large contemporary series of Japanese patients with newly diagnosed Ta, T1 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent transurethral bladder tumor resection with or without intravesical chemotherapy or Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy.
Methods:   We developed a database incorporating newly diagnosed non-muscle invasive bladder cancer data and outcomes from a Japanese bladder cancer registry between 1999 and 2001 and identified a study population of 3237 consecutive patients who had complete data based on pathological features. Median patient age was 69.9 years.
Results:   The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year overall recurrence-free survival rates were 77.0%, 61.3%, and 52.8%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, the multiplicity of bladder tumors, tumor size greater than 3 cm, pathological stage T1, tumor grade G3, and the absence of adjuvant intravesical instillation were independent risk factors for tumor recurrence. Overall, 1710 patients (52.8%) received intravesical instillation; chemotherapy in 1314 (76.8%) and BCG treatment in 396 (23.2%). In patients treated with intravesical chemotherapy in which an anthracycline chemo-agent was used in 90.5% of the cases, multivariate analyses demonstrated that male gender, multiple bladder tumors, a tumor size greater than 3 cm, and pathological stage T1 were associated with tumor recurrence.
Conclusions:   The accumulation and analysis of data from the Japanese National Bladder Cancer Registry made it possible to determine the clinical characteristics, management trends, and survival rates for the period studied. Further study with a dataset created from longer follow-up data would be warranted to analyze tumor progression and disease survival.     

Efficacy of compound aluminum sulfate injection as a monotherapeutic regimen in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients: a retrospective single-arm cohort study

BackgroundCompound aluminum sulfate injection (CASI) originated from a Chinese traditional medicine, “Kuzhiye”, and has been used in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Previous studies suggested that CASI was a potential monotherapeutic drug for NMIBC. However, the efficacy and safety of CASI in the treatment of NMIBC, as well as the long-term recurrence after treatment, need to be further evaluated.MethodsA multicenter retrospective single-arm cohort study was conducted. From 2006 to 2009, 101 patients (74 men and 27 women, aged 58.9±11.9 years) with T1 or benign NMIBC were enrolled. Each patient was directly injected with CASI through catheter needle into the root of NMIBC. Vital signs, electrocardiography, blood count, blood biochemistry, and urine analysis were re-examined on day 2 and day 14 after CASI injection, together with a cystoscopic examination 4 weeks after CASI treatment was performed for all patients to assess the clinical activity and safety of CASI. To study long-term efficacy, patients in center 2 were followed up for recurrence with a median follow-up time of 13.8 years.ResultsFor the 101 patients enrolled in this study, demographic characteristics in the 3 centers showed no significant differences. After CASI, 2 patients showed administration site-dependent, but not dose-dependent, increase in their aluminum concentration in 24 hours without obvious abnormality in blood biochemistry. The overall effective rate was 97.03%, including complete tumor necrosis in 94 patients. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 20 patients (19.80%), including 9 drug-related and 11 cystoscopy-related adverse events (AEs). All AEs were endurable and disappeared within 2 weeks without any treatment. The maximum tolerated single dose of CASI was 21 mL. Among the 43 patients at center 2, 3 patients were excluded because they changed to other treatment regimen. As of April 2022, of the 40 patients enrolled, 22 had no recurrence and 7 relapsed. The follow-up time was 2–16.2 years. The other 11 patients were lost to follow up.ConclusionsCASI may be an effective and safe option for the treatment of NMIBC and is expected to be a potential monotherapy regimen for NMIBC.     

Impact of diabetes mellitus on recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tumor features in patients with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Methods: Data from 251 patients who underwent transurethral resection (TUR) for NMIBC from January 2000 to June 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups: Group I, 159 patients (63%) who did not have DM at the time of surgery; and (ii) Group II, 92 patients (37%) who had DM at the time of surgery. Recurrence‐ and progression‐free survival was assessed in both groups. Preoperative HbA1c levels, as parameter of glycemic control, were determined in Group II patients, with patients divided into two subgroups: (i) HbA1c ≥7.0%; and (ii) HbA1c <7.0%. The clinical features of the bladder tumor were compared in these two subgroups. Results: Compared with Group I, Group II patients were older and had a higher rate of hypertension, recurrence, and progression (P < 0.05). Univariate survival analysis showed that gender, DM, smoking, and serum creatinine were associated with recurrence‐free survival (P < 0.05), whereas DM, stage, grade, intravesical instillation, and serum creatinine were associated with progression‐free survival. In multivariate survival analysis, DM was found to be an independent factor for recurrence‐ (hazard ratio [HR] 2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–3.2; P = 0.001) and progression‐free survival (HR 9.35; 95% CI 3.1–28.6; P = 0.001). Furthermore, patients with HbA1c ≥7.0% exhibited a significantly higher rate of multiplicity (P = 0.001), tumor grade (P = 0.03), and intravesical treatment (P = 0.04). Conclusions: In conclusion, DM seems to be an independent predictor of recurrence‐ and progression‐free survival in NMIBC patients. Further prospective studies are needed to establish the prognostic significance of postoperative glycemic control in this patient population.     

Recurrence pattern for superficial bladder cancer

AIM: Patients with superficial bladder tumors sometimes have long recurrence-free intervals. We evaluated whether patients with long recurrence-free periods had subsequent recurrences. We also clarified how these patients should be followed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 244 patients with superficial bladder cancer (62 pTa and 182 pT1) treated by transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and adjuvant chemotherapy with pirarubicin. Median follow up was 75.5 months. Patients were stratified by the length of their recurrence-free interval. RESULTS: Recurrences occurred in 124 patients (50.8%). Of 185 patients who did not have a recurrence for the first 3 years, subsequent recurrences occurred in 65 patients; in more than half the first recurrence developed after 5 years or more. Ta tumors had a low recurrence rate (14.5%) with the first recurrence often developing after a long recurrence-free period. Of 40 patients who remained recurrence-free for 3 years or more after at least one recurrence occurred, 16 patients (40%) had subsequent recurrences. Furthermore, most of these patients who remained free of recurrence for more than 5 years eventually had a recurrence. The overall progression rate was 15.6%, and this did not relate to the length of the recurrence-free interval. CONCLUSION: When patients did not have a recurrence for the first 3 years, tumors subsequently often recurred, even in pTa tumors. In patients with at least once recurrence, subsequent recurrences appear to occur irrespective of the length of the recurrence-free period. Thus, we recommend that all patients with superficial bladder tumors be followed for as long as possible.     

Prediction models for progression of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: A review

An accurate prediction of progression is critically important in the management of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer. At present, three risk models are widely known for prediction of the risk of tumor recurrence and progression of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, Club Urológico Español de Tratamiento Oncológico, and new European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer models. Bladder neck involvement has been shown to be one of the significant predictors for progression in non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer, and a new scoring model (Tokyo Medical and Dental University model) consisting of bladder neck involvement, tumor grade, and stage has been developed and externally validated. However, the predictive abilities of these models are still unsatisfactory, and more precise models are necessary for accurate individual prediction of prognosis. Until now, time‐fixed analysis has been used for most studies predicting the prognosis and outcome of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer patients. In order to predict progression more precisely, time‐dependent models should be developed using multiple‐event analytical techniques, as non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer often progresses to muscle‐invasive bladder cancer after multiple recurrences and changes in tumor characteristics over a long natural history. Integration of molecular markers is also a promising approach. A validated model that accurately predicts the risk of progression would help urologists and patients decide whether and when to choose radical cystectomy on an individual basis.