不同包装条件下冷却肉品质变化及腐败菌相研究

为寻找冷却猪肉合理的包装方式,延长货架期,将猪后腿肉分别进行托盘包装、真空包装、高氧气调包装(20%CO_2+80%O_2)和低氧气调包装(65%CO_2+35%O_2)处理,并以无包装组为对照,测定样品在4℃贮藏过程中挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值、色差值a*、丙二醛(MDA)值、微生物菌落(菌落总数、假单胞菌菌落数和热杀索丝菌菌落数)和感官评分。结果表明:无包装和托盘包装冷却猪肉货架期不超过4 d,高氧气调包装(20%CO_2+80%O_2)货架期为6 d,真空包装和低氧气调包装(65%CO_2+35%O_2)货架期长达9 d。真空和气调包装均有利于延长冷藏猪肉货架期,但真空包装使肉呈暗红色。气调包装中O_2和CO_2的含量影响肉的品质,高氧气调包装有利于好氧菌假单胞菌和热杀索丝菌的生长繁殖,同时促进脂质氧化,但可以很好维持肉色,低氧气调包装(65%CO_2+35%O_2)可以抑制细菌的生长和脂肪氧化。综合各项评判结果,得到最佳包装方式为低氧包装(65%CO_2+35%O_2)。     

高O_2结合高CO_2气调包装对绿芦笋抗氧化活性的影响

以空气为对照,研究不同体积分数的高氧(60%O_2+20%CO_2+20%N2、80%O_2+20%CO_2、100%O_2)气调包装对绿芦笋嫩茎在(3±1)℃贮藏期间Vc、总酚、总黄酮含量及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、羟基(·OH)自由基清除能力的变化规律,以探究高氧气调包装对绿芦笋抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:高氧气调包装对绿芦笋抗氧化活性有显著影响,60%O_2、80%O_2结合20%CO_2气调包装处理能有效抑制绿芦笋嫩茎低温贮藏期间总酚、总黄酮含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的下降,这种抑制作用在贮藏14 d后尤为显著;高氧气调包装处理能有效抑制Vc含量和·OH自由基清除能力的下降,抑制能力强弱顺序依次为60%O_2、80%O_2和100%O_2。由此表明,60%O_2、80%O_2结合20%CO_2气调包装处理对绿芦笋抗氧化活性的保持效果要优于100%O_2处理。     

高氧气调包装对草莓保鲜效果的影响

为考察高氧气调包装对草莓保鲜效果的影响。以PE/OPP/PE复合膜为气调包装膜,制备气体比例为60%O_2+1.2%CO_2的高氧气调包装,以气体比例为7.5%O_2+16.5%CO_2的高二氧化碳气调包装和空气气体比例为对照组,在冷藏(5±1)℃环境下对草莓的品质指标进行评价和测定。结果表明,高氧气调包装可以有效维持草莓的感官品质及硬度,延缓Vc含量、可溶性固形物及总酸含量的降低,亦可抑制失重率及p H值的升高,草莓的货架寿命可达到24天,相比对照组货架寿命延长了3~6天。     

大蒜提取物对冷却肉保鲜及抗氧化性的研究

主要研究大蒜提取物的抗氧化能力,并将其应用于冷却肉中研究其保鲜效果。将不同浓度的大蒜提取物(0%、1%、2%、4%和8%)应用到冷却肉中,通过测定其理化指标,并且进行感官评定来判定大蒜提取物对冷却肉的保鲜作用及抗氧化能力。结果表明:大蒜提取物浓度为4%时,对冷却肉有较好的保鲜效果,且对冷却肉的颜色影响不大,还有一定的抗氧化能力。     

大蒜提取物对冷却肉保鲜及抗氧化性的研究

主要研究大蒜提取物的抗氧化能力,并将其应用于冷却肉中研究其保鲜效果.将不同浓度的大蒜提取物(1%、2%、4%、8%和10%)应用到冷却肉中,通过测定其微生物指标与理化指标,并且进行感官评定来判定大蒜提取物对冷却肉的保鲜作用及抗氧化能力.结果表明,大蒜提取物浓度为2%时,对冷却肉有较好的抑菌能力,且对冷却肉的颜色影响不大,还有一定的抗氧化能力.     

不同气体比例对草莓气调包装保鲜效果的影响

以PE膜为包装膜,分别制备了气体比例为60%O_2+1.2%CO_2、7.5%O_2+16.5%CO_2、8%O_2+8%CO_2的气调包装件,以空气气体比例为对照组,根据草莓保鲜品质指标评价不同气体比例对草莓的保鲜效果。试验结果表明:与空气对照组相比,60%O_2+1.2%CO_2的气体比例可有效保持草莓的感官品质、硬度、Vc含量及总酸含量,减缓果汁p H值升高,对失重率和可溶性固形物影响不大;可将草莓的货架寿命延长2天。     

不同气调包装对蕨菜保鲜效果的影响

本文就气调处理对蕨菜保鲜的影响进行研究。以未处理状态下的蕨菜的作为空白对照组,6%CO_2+2%O_2、6%CO_2+6%O_2、6%CO_2+10%O_2不同比例的二氧化碳和氧气混合气体的气调包装作为实验组,研究气调保鲜对蕨菜保鲜效果的影响。通过测试保鲜后蕨菜的失重率、可溶性固形物、Vc含量、可滴定酸含量、硬度和叶绿素含量变化,分析不同气体比例蕨菜保鲜的效果,选择出最佳保鲜效果的气体比例。实验结果表明,气调保鲜减缓了蕨菜品质的下降速率。气调保鲜延长了达到可溶性固形物和叶绿素a峰值含量的时间,从原来的第4 d延长到第8 d,且可溶性固形物实验组峰值是对照组的1.56倍。14 d时6%CO_2+10%O_2可溶性固形物是对照组的1.31倍,叶绿素a含量是对照组的1.55倍。气调保鲜减缓Vc的分解,分别减缓了5%、5%、10%,其中6%CO_2+10%O_2气体比例减缓效果更明显。分析得出CO_2和O_2含量为6%、10%时,对蕨菜的保鲜效果最佳。     

O2 /CO2气调对生姜贮藏品质的影响

为了研究O_2/CO_2气调对生姜贮藏品质的影响,本试验设置了气体质量分数分别为100%O_2、90%O_2+10%CO_2、80%O_2+20%CO_2%、70%O_2+30%CO_2%和自然大气(对照)5个处理,对(20±0.5)℃生姜的贮藏品质进行了定期测定。结果表明,100%O2处理能显著降低生姜贮藏过程中呼吸速率,较好的维持其颜色和白度,减少生姜油损失和干物质消耗,延长保鲜期至42 d。随着CO_2含量的增加,生姜保鲜的效果逐渐变差。该研究结果说明生姜适于高氧保鲜,高CO_2气调会破坏生姜品质。L,玉米浆15.2 g/L,短穗竹竹叶提取物63.3 m L/L。在此条件下,竹红菌素的产量可达1997.2 mg/L,是优化前的5.66倍。     

包装方式对减轻冷却猪肉辐照异味的影响

冷却猪肉分别经真空包装、保鲜膜包装、复合包装、气调包装等预处理后辐照2.8kGy剂量,低温4℃冷藏,研究包装方式对减轻猪肉辐照异味的影响。结果表明,复合包装和60%O_2+30%CO_2+10%N_2组合的气调处理均可有效去除猪肉辐照异味,其中60%O_2+30%CO_2+10%N_2组合的气调处理4.2kGy剂量辐照后异味达到不可察觉的程度。     

不同气体比例对金枪鱼气调解冻及贮藏期间保鲜效果的影响

为减缓解冻过程及解冻后金枪鱼品质劣化,研究金枪鱼在不同气体比例条件下解冻及后续贮藏期间的品质变化。采用6种不同气体比例(100%O_2、20%O_2+80%N_2、60%O_2+40%N_2、40%O_2+60%CO_2、20%O_2+60%CO_2+20%N_2、40%O_2+40%CO_2+20%N_2),在4℃冷藏条件下对金枪鱼进行解冻及贮藏,以汁液流失率、pH值、色泽、嫩度、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值、高铁肌红蛋白含量、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数等理化指标的变化为依据评价金枪鱼的品质变化。结果表明:气调解冻对金枪鱼的色泽影响较明显,并且气调包装有利于金枪鱼贮藏期间的保鲜,其中组4(40%O_2+60%CO_2)金枪鱼气调解冻及贮藏期间保鲜效果最好。     

壳聚糖和气调包装在冷却肉保鲜中的应用

利用不同浓度、不同溶解性的壳聚糖，以及不同气体配比的气调包装对冷却肉进行保鲜处理，比较其保鲜效果。结果表明：壳聚糖在鲜猪肉中有明显的保鲜作用，且浓度越高，保鲜效果越好；酸溶性壳聚糖的保鲜效果好于水溶性壳聚糖，2．5％的水溶性壳聚糖能使冷却肉保质期达5d左右，而1．5％的壳聚糖醋酸溶液能使保质期达到6d，但会使肉样产生酸味，影响感官。与壳聚糖相比，气调包装对冷却肉具有更好的保鲜效果，且感官质量也更好，气体配比为50％O2＋25％CO2＋25％N2的处理组效果最佳，能使冷却肉保质期达到7d以上；气体配比中二氧化碳的含量越高，保鲜效果越好；氧气含量超过50％以上时，肉样还具有良好的鲜红色泽。     

四种不同气调包装的冷却猪肉在冷藏过程中的理化及感官变化

冷却猪肉分别采取真空包装、CO-MAP(CO+CO2+N2)包装、高氧-MAP(高浓度O2+CO2+N2)和低氧-MAP(低浓度O2+CO2+N2)包装后,在(4±1℃)贮存三周,每周测定各项理化指标(TVB-N和TBARS),并进行感官评定。结果表明:1)采用CO-MAP包装的冷却猪肉在贮存过程中不仅TVB-N和TBARS较低,而且红色稳定无任何异味。2)真空包装组的冷却猪肉在贮存期间TVB-N和TBARS也较低,在贮存末期呈淡紫色有轻微异味。3)含氧气调包装中,冷却猪肉的TVB-N值和TBARS值相对较高,特别是脂肪氧化加速,鲜红色泽1周后很快变为褐色,并有不良气味产生,所以含氧包装仅适合保质期在1周以内的冷却猪肉。     

Effect of irradiation and modified atmosphere packaging on the microbiological and sensory quality of pork stored at refrigeration temperatures

The effect of combining low-dose irradiation (1.75 kGy) with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on the microbiological and sensory quality of pork chops stored at refrigeration temperatures was studied. The microflora of irradiated MAP pork was almost exclusively composed of lactic acid bacteria, predominantly Lactobacillus spp. Modified atmospheres containing either 25 or 50% CO₂, balance N₂, resulted in the best microbial control in irradiated pork held at 4°C, compared to an unirradiated MAP control, and these atmospheres were subsequently used in sensory studies. The atmosphere containing 25% CO₂ 75% N₂ maintained the uncooked colour and odour of irradiated pork chops more effectively than 50% CO₂ 50% N₂. Therefore packaging in a modified atmosphere containing 25% CO₂, balance N₂, followed by irradiation to a dose of 1.75 kGy is recommended to improve the microbiological and sensory quality of pork chops.     

包装内O_2对冷却肉微生物生长的影响

研究了气调包装内不同初始氧浓度对冷却肉微生物生长的影响。来自冷却猪肉的混合微生物群接种于液体培养基中,经不同O2浓度的无CO2气调包装后于3℃下贮藏,测定其中假单胞菌属、肠杆菌科及乳酸菌的生长变化,同时测定样品中菌落总数的变化规律。采用Baranyi模型拟合微生物生长变化数据得到相关动力学参数。结果表明:包装内初始O2浓度在11.0%～79.0%范围内变化时,3种特征微生物生长及菌落总数的变化均不受影响;0.3%～11.0%范围内,初始氧浓度的降低可不同程度上抑制假单胞菌属、肠杆菌科及乳酸菌的生长,且浓度越低,抑制作用越强;同时,低氧浓度也能有效抑制混合菌群菌落总数增长。     

Nisin、姜油协同高氧气调包装熟肉保鲜效果的研究

将熟猪肉采用Nisin和姜油处理,结合60%O2+20%CO2+20%N2和80%O2+20%CO2高氧气调包装,于低温和常温条件下贮藏,研究高氧气调包装对熟猪肉制品的保鲜效果,以空气包装的熟肉制品为对照。结果表明:高氧气调包装可显著抑制熟肉制品贮藏期间菌落总数的上升和感官品质的下降,贮藏后期能有效抑制TBA值的上升,防止肉制品的氧化;0.05%乳酸链球菌素、0.08%姜油结合80%O2+20%CO2高氧气调包装,可使肉制品达到最佳的保藏效果,低温下(0～4℃)至少可以保藏28d,常温下可以保藏15d。     

包装材料对高氧气调包装冷鲜肉品质变化的影响

气调包装能有效延长冷却肉的货架期,但是不同阻隔性的包装材料对冷却肉的保质期影响差异显著,因此选用3种不同阻隔性的包装材料,对冷鲜肉进行高氧气调包装(35% CO2、65% O2),测定冷鲜肉在贮藏期的菌落总数、大肠菌群、色泽、挥发性盐基态氮、汁液流失率和pH值等指标,观察不同阻隔性的材料对冷却肉货架期品质的影响。结果表明：高氧包装条件下,高阻隔材料包装的冷却肉在贮存10d菌落总数已经超标,pH值在贮存期内处于二级鲜肉的范围内;中阻隔包装材料包装的冷却肉菌落总数对数值在保质期内未超过6(lg(CFU/g)),但是肉色保持的较好,感官评价相对较好,但是汁液流失较大;低阻隔包装材料低阻隔性的包装材料菌落变化最大,13d时菌落总数对数值达到6.46(lg(CFU/g)),肉的色泽相对较差,气味和总体可接受性也较差,因此,中阻隔性包装材料效果较好。     

Effects of ascorbic acid and Origanox™ in different packaging systems to prevent pork lumbar vertebrae discoloration

Darkening of bone marrow in packaged fresh pork is problematic and may be caused by pro-oxidative iron and (or) a pro-oxidative atmosphere. We evaluated the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) and Origanox? (OG) in different packaging systems to prevent pork lumbar vertebrae marrow discoloration. Concentrations of 1.25%, 1.875%, or 2.5% AA; 0.15% OG+0.30% AA; and 0.225% OG+0.45% AA were applied in 0.5-ml aliquots to 2.54-cm-thick pork lumbar vertebrae sections (n=288). Three packaging systems were used: high-oxygen (HiOx) modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), ultra-low-oxygen (ULOx) MAP, and polyvinyl chloride film (PVC). Vertebrae in HiOx MAP treated with 1.875% or 2.50% AA had superior (P<0.05) visual color to HiOx and PVC control by d 8. Antioxidant-treated vertebrae in HiOx had the highest (P<0.05) d 8 a(?) values. Vertebrae treated with 1.875% or 2.50% AA in ULOx MAP had the least (P<0.05) discoloration as assessed by a(?)/b(?) by d 8. Topical antioxidant application was very beneficial in preventing vertebrae discoloration in PVC and HiOx packaging systems.     

Application of Electronic Nose for Measuring Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen and Total Viable Counts in Packaged Pork During Refrigerated Storage

The objective of this study was to predict the total viable counts (TVC) and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) in pork using an electronic nose (E‐nose), and to assess the freshness of chilled pork during storage using different packaging methods, including pallet packaging (PP), vacuum packaging (VP), and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, 40% O₂/40% CO₂/20% N₂). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the E‐nose signals, and the results showed that the relationships between the freshness of chilled pork and E‐nose signals could be distinguished in the loadings plots, and the freshness of chilled pork could be distributed along 2 first principal components. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to correlate TVC and TVB‐N to E‐nose signals. High F and R² values were obtained in the MLR output of TVB‐N (F = 32.1, 21.6, and 24.2 for PP [R² = 0.93], VP [R² = 0.94], and MAP [R² = 0.95], respectively) and TVC (F = 34.2, 46.4, and 7.8 for PP [R² = 0.98], VP [R² = 0.89], and MAP [R² = 0.85], respectively). The results of this study suggest that it is possible to use the E‐nose technology to predict TVB‐N and TVC for assessing the freshness of chilled pork during storage.     

A comparison of modified atmosphere and vacuum skin packing for the storage of red meats

The performances of two commercially available packaging systems for prolonging the shelf-life of fresh meat were compared at 1°C and during simulated retail display. Beef and pork loin steaks in modified atmosphere packs (MAP), containing 75% O2 and 25% CO2, developed an initial bright red (beef) or pink (pork) colour, which gradually changed to brownish-red or -pink after 12 days; similar samples in vacuum skin packs (VSP) remained purple-red throughout the storage period. Off-odours developed more rapidly in MAP (8–12 days), possibly due to more extensive growth of Brochothrix thermosphacta and the effects of aerobic conditions on the metabolites of lactic acid bacteria, which predominated in both types of packs. Evidence of rancidity, using thiobarbituric acid assay, was demonstrated in MAP beef after approximately 8 days, but not in VSP. Drip losses in MAP increased after 6 days' storage, but remained generally low in VSP. Physical texture (shear force values of cooked samples) of beef was unaffected by packaging method, but pork in VSP was significantly more tender ( P < 0.001) than in MAP.     

Retail Shelf-Life of Pork Dipped in Organic Acid before Modified Atmosphere or Vacuum Packaging

Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is increasingly popular for meat, but raw, chilled pork in vacuum or anoxic environments has a purple color. The retail shelf‐life of pork chops dipped in 500 ppm ascorbic acid, 250 ppm citric acid, or no acid dip and stored at 1 °C before simulated retail display in MAP with gas exchange or air‐permeable packaging after vacuum pouch storage was determined. The 80% N₂:20% CO₂ in MAP was exchanged with 80% O₂:20% CO₂, and chops were removed from vacuum packages and overwrapped with permeable film (VP‐PVC) on the 7th day before simulated retail display at 4 °C. Shelf‐life traits were determined at 1, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 14 d postpackaging. The pH values changed with time, but returned to post‐dipped, prepackaged levels at the end of simulated retail storage. Weight loss of chops increased (P < 0.05) in VP‐PVC compared with MAP. The a* values increased (P < 0.05) and L* and b* values decreased during simulated retail display, with higher L*, a*, and b* color values for chops in MAP than VP‐PVC. Log numbers of psychrotrophic microorganisms were higher (P < 0.05) on VP‐PVC samples than for chops in MAP on days 12 and 14. Psychrotrophic counts on ascorbic acid‐treated samples were decreased compared with citric acid or no dipping on pork during simulated retail display. Pork chops in MAP with gas exchange had lighter and redder color, increased weight retention, decreased psychrotrophic counts, and increased lipid oxidation compared with conventional vacuum and overwrap packaging systems.