广西中东部9县区农田土壤Cd输入通量研究

对广西中东部9县区农田土壤中的Cd输入通量进行了初步研究,确定大气干湿沉降、化肥和灌溉水为Cd的主要输入途径。研究区大气干湿沉降通量平均值为5.01 g/(hm2·a),化肥和灌溉水通量则明显较低,三者对土壤Cd污染的贡献率分别为90.65%、3.02%和6.33%,其中不同县区三者比例略有不同,但大气干湿沉降所占贡献比例均在60%以上,最高达到97.74%。因此,大气干湿沉降是研究区Cd的主要输入途径,大气环境质量监控应该给予足够的重视。如果不考虑农田土壤Cd的输出通量,当前的Cd年平均输入通量可引起土壤Cd质量分数升高0.002×10-6·a。研究区内象州县Cd输入通量最高,并且主要以活动态形式存在于表层土壤中,生物可利用性高。     

农田生态系统区域生态地球化学评价的示范研究:以成都经济区土壤Cd为例

选择成都经济区作为典型研究区,以Cd为代表,在生态地球化学填图的基础上开展农田生态系统生态地球化学评价的示范性研究。布置采集了58个大气干湿沉降、86个化肥、121个灌溉水、276个农作物样品,分析和计算了Cd等重要元素的含量和通量。结果显示,研究区局部地段地表土壤Cd环境质量较深部有恶化之势,部分水稻籽实Cd含量已超过无公害食品标准;大气干湿沉降物输入到农田生态系统中的Cd平均通量为17.76g/(hm2·a),占总输入通量的85.20%,是研究区外源Cd的主要输入途径;下渗水(2.34g/(hm2·a))和作物收割(1.87g/(hm2·a))是Cd的主要输出途径;全区外源输入Cd可使土壤中的Cd含量以0.006mg/kg的年速率递增;在Cd输入-输出通量不变的情况,预测未来20a研究区三级土壤面积将增加2~3倍,适耕土地面积将全面缩小;研究区因酸雨沉降和施肥等因素使土壤pH值下降的平均速率为0.106a-1,其中化肥施用的贡献率为89.62%。预警研究显示,目前研究区95%的水稻生产是安全的,但预测20a后研究区土壤质量退化明显,近70%安全土壤等级降为一般土壤,须报警土壤面积也将由目前的不足4%快速上升至27%。     

广西中东部9县区农田土壤As输入通量研究

对广西中东部9县区农田土壤中的As输入通量进行了初步研究。综合各方面因素,计算获取了大气干湿沉降、施肥和灌溉水输入通量。结果表明,研究区大气干湿沉降和施肥As输入通量基本相当,平均值分别为9.92 g/(hm^2·a)和7.83 g/(hm^2·a),灌溉水通量最高,平均值为14.98 g/(hm^2·a),三者对土壤As污染的贡献率分别为30.31%、23.92%和45.77%。9个不同县区大气干湿沉降、施肥和灌溉水As输入通量占比略有不同,其中6个县区灌溉水和施肥输入通量占主导地位,另外3个县区大气干湿沉降输入通量比例较高。因此,灌溉水是研究区农田土壤As的主要输入途径,应重视灌溉水水质控制。在未考虑农田土壤As输出通量的情况下,以当前的As年平均输入通量估算得到耕层土壤As的质量分数每年升高0.01 mg/kg。与土壤As含量现状相比,As年增量比例很小,因此判断在短期内,外源输入对土壤As分布现状影响不大。该区土壤p H值较低,铁氧化物含量较高,因此外源输入农田土壤的As生物有效性较低。     

广西中东部9县区农田土壤Se输入通量研究

对广西中东部9县区农田土壤中Se的输入通量进行了初步研究,确定大气干湿沉降是Se的主要输入途径。研究区大气干湿沉降通量平均值为6.36 g/(hm~2·a),灌溉水输入通量次之,施肥输入通量明显较低,三者对土壤Se输入的贡献率分别为70.93%、27.35%和1.72%,其中不同县区三者比例略有不同,但大气干湿沉降贡献比例大部分在50%以上。因此,大气干湿沉降是研究区Se的主要输入途径。研究区Se输入通量与进入农田土壤的As、Cd、Cr~(6+)、Hg、Pb 5种重金属元素总量在各地区间的差异以及三种输入途径所占比例方面表现基本一致,说明外源输入在带入有益元素Se的同时也带入了一定量的重金属元素,因此要严格预防和控制外源输入造成的土壤重金属污染。     

江西省鄱阳湖流域农田生态系统土壤Se元素含量变化研究

以江西省鄱阳湖流域农田生态系统中Se元素为研究对象,以大气干湿沉降、灌溉、施肥、喷施农药为输入途径,以农作物收割、地表径流以及Se升华为输出途径对Se的生物地球化学循环规律进行研究。结果表明,鄱阳湖流域Se元素的大气干湿沉降通量密度平均值为6.90g/(hm2.a),灌溉、施肥、喷施农药通量密度明显较低,它们对土壤Se元素的富集贡献率分别为77%、20%、1%和2%。Se通过升华输出通量密度相对较小,土壤Se年净增量主要受大气干湿沉降的制约。以20cm厚的耕作土体为研究介质,经估算,当前的Se年平均通量密度可引起土壤Se质量分数升高0.007mg/kg。20a后研究区富硒土壤将由目前5 960km2增加至6 672km2。研究中未考虑天降水下渗问题,这对中国南方土壤中元素的地球化学行为有非常重要的影响。     

黑龙江省松嫩平原南部土壤硒元素循环特征

硒(Se)是生态环境中重要的微量元素,其丰缺与人和动植物健康有着密切关系。选择黑龙江省松嫩平原南部,在多目标区域地球化学调查获取的Se元素数据基础上,采集大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、化肥等土壤硒输入端元,以及植物收割、下渗水等输出端元样品,计算土壤Se输入输出通量,研究土壤硒循环特征,并预测土壤Se未来发展趋势。结果发现:研究区总体上为土壤低Se区,Se不足和潜在Se不足面积占总面积的35.20%;土壤Se的主要输入途径为大气干湿沉降,可达总输入量的70%～90%,主要输出途径为土壤下渗水,约占总输出量的73%;研究区土壤Se为净积累状态,预测表明20年后土壤Se不足和潜在Se不足面积将从目前的35.20%下降到31.7%。     

南京沿江地区大气干湿沉降对农用地土壤重金属含量的影响

为查明大气干湿沉降对农用地土壤环境的影响大小,通过估算干湿沉降通量、计算并分析重金属元素含量及其变化率,探讨了南京沿江地区干湿沉降中8种重金属元素输入对农田土壤重金属累积的影响。结果表明：干湿沉降物中重金属元素含量明显高于周边土壤的重金属元素为Cd,干沉降中的Cd平均含量达0.84 mg/kg,是农用地土壤污染筛选值的2.8倍;As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn的年沉降通量平均值分别为12.1、1.60、89.1、47.9、0.092、46.6、36.6、116 g/(hm²·a);大气干湿沉降物对土壤影响最显著的重金属元素为Cd,大气干湿沉降1年后的增量为5.33 ng/g,年变化率达1.38%,表明大气沉降物为研究区农田土壤中重金属Cd的重要来源之一。     

安徽旌德-宁国地区大气干湿沉降地球化学特征及评价研究

以安徽旌德-宁国地区大气干湿沉降物为研究对象,共采集6处干湿沉降物样品24件,对大气干湿沉降元素含量特征、通量特征进行对比分析,对干湿沉降元素含量及分布特征加以统计研究,并开展大气干湿沉降环境地球化学评价.结果显示：1）大气干湿沉降元素主要以矿物相形式存在或吸附在固体颗粒上,且受周边环境影响;2）干沉降中Cd、Se的高含量会对研究区土壤污染造成较大影响,湿沉降中部分样点pH超灌溉水水质标准,所有点均达到地表水Ⅱ类环境质量标准;3）区内重金属元素年沉降通量密度为,As年沉降通量低,Hg、Ni、Pb、Cr、Cu、Cd偏低,Zn偏高;4）大气干湿沉降重金属元素通量一般表现为丘陵山区小于城镇及工矿区,主要受燃煤燃烧、尾气排放及人为活动等影响;5）大气干湿沉降物环境地球化学单指标和综合指标评价结果均为一等.     

北京平原区元素的大气干湿沉降通量

从2005年11月到2006年11月,采用被动方式同时采集了北京市平原区10个地点的大气干、湿沉降样品共计39件.分析干、湿沉降样品中K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cd、Hg、Pb、As、B、Mo、Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni元素的含量,分别计算出各元素的年沉降通量.其中,有害金属元素Cd、Hg、Pb、As的年沉降通量的平均值分别为2.36、0.24、219.95、29.00(g/hm2·a).对比后发现,研究区大气Cd和Hg的年输入通量远远低于四川成都经济区,Cd和Hg的大气污染状况相对南方地区较轻,As和Pb的年输入通量相对成都经济区差异较小.研究区元素的大气沉降通量与同点位的土壤元素的相关分析表明,元素的沉降通量并不是农田生态系统中土壤元素的主要输入途径,大气沉降中的元素主要来自远源.     

广西宜州市土壤重金属元素地球化学特征

对广西宜州市土壤重金属元素地球化学特征与富集规律的研究表明,研究区土壤以镉(Cd)污染为主,成土母质是土壤Cd的主要来源,大气干湿沉降、灌溉水、化肥及人类活动等在一定程度上影响了土壤环境质量。全区土壤环境质量综合等级为一等的土壤占比为26.67%,四等和五等的土壤占比达到了47.07%,土壤环境综合质量总体一般。土壤重金属元素形态分析显示:As、Hg、Pb、Cr主要以惰性态为主,而Cd的易利用态和中等利用态分配比率分别占到了21.6%和46.6%,活性很强,是土壤Cd污染的主要内因。     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

新疆阿图什市木吉地区木吉群孢粉化石的发现

新疆维吾尔自治区阿图什市木吉地区邻近帕米尔,是印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞挤压应力最集中的地区,地层变质和变形强烈,研究基础薄弱。木吉群由变质砂岩、板岩、千枚岩、石英岩、钙质石英岩、变粒岩、二云石英片岩、大理岩等组成,一直未发现任何化石。最近,笔者在木吉乡的喀拉足克沟和阿拉木陶沟的粉砂岩、钙质粉砂岩中发现了一些植物管胞片和孢粉化石:Gran-ulatisporites sp.,Cycloranisporites sp.,Verrucosisporites sp.,Pityosporites sp.,Punetatosporites sp.,Leiotriletes sp.,Apicu-latisporites sp.,Platysaccus sp.,Cycodopites sp.等。从地层接触关系和孢粉化石的整体面貌看,木吉地区含上述孢粉化石的木吉群的时代可能为泥盆纪—石炭纪。     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

西藏措勤县雄玛地区始新统林子宗群帕那组 火山岩地球化学特征及构造背景

西藏措勤县雄玛地区林子宗群帕那组火山岩大地构造位置位于冈底斯—念青唐古拉山板片,地层分区上属于冈底斯地层区、隆格尔—南木林地层分区。岩性主要为一套以浅灰色、灰绿色流纹质凝灰岩为主,夹浅黄绿色、灰绿色流纹岩及英安岩、火山角砾岩、杂砂岩及砾岩的岩石组合。之下与永珠组和拉嘎组呈喷发不整合接触。岩石地球化学特征表明该火山岩系属过铝质的高钾钙碱性—亚碱性系列,稀土元素地球化学中轻稀土元素明显富集,微量元素中大离子亲石元素(Rb、K、Th、U、LREE)富集,高场强元素(Nb、P、Ti)亏损。以上特征说明雄玛地区林子宗群帕那组火山岩岩浆源于陆壳重熔,属与俯冲造山有关的陆相火山岩,同时又兼具陆—陆碰撞的特点。推测帕那组火山岩形成于新特提斯洋壳俯冲基本结束,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞开始的构造背景下,年龄大概在38Ma左右,为始新世晚期。     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.     

Metasomatic effects in the Faraday Metagabbro,Bancroft, Ontario,Canada

Summary The Middle Proterozoic Faraday Metagabbro in the Bancroft area of eastern Ontario has been subjected to syn-orogenic textural and mineralogical modifications resulting in the formation of scapolite-bearing metagabbro and gabbroic blastomylonite assemblages. The elemental flux during cryptic and overt scapolitization has been calculated usingGresens general metasomatic equation which applies corrections for density and volume changes during alteration. Metasomatic variation diagrams using analyses from two primary gabbros and six altered rocks indicate that Na, K, Cl, Li, Rb, and Ba are the principal introduced elements and that Cu and S were removed. These changes are very similar to those involved in the formation of metasomatic nepheline-bearing rocks elsewhere in the district and, furthermore, nephelinization and scapolitization were broadly coincident in time and space. It is concluded that the nephelin- and scapolite-bearing rocks and their cryptic facies are different manifestations of the same metasomatic agent and that the source of the fluids was a possible horizon of evaporitic sediments within the country rocks in which the gabbro was emplaced.

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Metasomatose im Faraday-Metagabbro, Bancroft, Ontario, Kanada

Zusammenfassung Der Mittel-proterozoische Faraday-Gabbro in der Umgebung von Bancroft (Ost-Ontario) erfuhr synorogene Veränderungen in Textur und Mineralogie, die zur Bildung skapolit-haltiger Metagabbros und gabbroider Blastomylonite führten. Die während kryptischer und offener Skapolitisierung stattfindende Elementtransport wurde mit Hilfe der vonGresens entwickelten generellen metasomatischen Gleichung errechnet; Korrekturen für Varänderungen in spezifischer Dichte und Volumen wurden angebracht. Metasomatische Variationsdiagramme basierend auf Analysen an zwei primären Gabbros und sechs modifizierten Gesteinen zeigen, daß Na, K, Cl, Li, Rb und Ba die hauptsächlich zugeführten Elemente darstellen, und daß Cu-und S-Konzentrationen abgebaut wurden. Diese Veränderungen sind vergleichbar mit solchen, wie sie bei der Bildung metasomatischer, Nephelin-haltiger Gesteine erkannt wurden. Außerdem fallen Nephelinisierung und Skapolitisierung zeitlich und räumlich in etwa zusammen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß Nephelin- und Skapolit-haltige Gesteine und deren kryptische Phasen durch den gleichen metasomatischen Prozeß entstanden sind, und daß die Herkunft der umwandelnden Lösungen möglicherweise in evaporitischen Sedimenten zu suchen ist, in die der Gabbro intrudierte.

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With 3 Figures     

Modeling runoff and soil erosion in a catchment area, using the GIS, in the Himalayan region, India

Remote sensing data and GIS techniques have been used to compute runoff and soil erosion in the catchment area along the NH-1A between Udhampur and Kud covering an area of approximately 181 km². Different thematic layers, for example lithology, a landuse and landcover map, geomorphology, a slope map, and a soil-texture map, were generated from these input data. By use of the US Soil Conservation Service curve number method, estimated runoff potential was classified into five levels—very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. Data integration was performed by use of the weighting rating technique, a conventional qualitative method, to give a runoff potential index value. The runoff potential index values were used to delineate the runoff potential zones, namely low, moderate, high, and very high. Annual spatial soil loss estimation was computed using the Morgan–Morgan–Finney mathematical model in conjunction with remote sensing data and GIS techniques. Greater soil erosion was found to occur in the northwestern part of the catchment area. When average soil loss from the catchment area was calculated it was found that a maximum average soil loss of more than 20 t ha⁻¹ occurred in 31 km² of the catchment area.     

Platinoids in the Kaalamo Differentiated Massif in the Northern Ladoga Region,Karelia, Russia

The Kaalamo massif is located in the Northern Ladoga region, Karelia, on the extension of the Kotalahti Belt of Ni-bearing ultramafic intrusions in Finland. The massif, 1.89 Ga in age, is differentiated from pyroxenite to diorite. Nickel–copper sulfide mineralization with platinoids is related to the pyroxenite phase. The ore consists of two mineral types: (i) pentlandite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite and (ii) chalcopyrite, both enriched in PGE. Pd and Pt bismuthotellurides, as well as Pd and Pt tellurobismuthides, are represented by the following mineral species: kotulskite, sobolevskite, merenskyite, michenerite, moncheite, keithconnite, telluropalladinite; Pt and Pd sulfides comprise vysotskite, cooperite, braggite, palladium pentlandite, and some other rare phases. High-palladium minerals are contained in pentlandite–chalcopyrite–pyrrhotite ore. Native gold intergrown with kotulskite commonly contains microinclusions (1–3 μm) of Pd stannides: paolovite and atokite. Ore with 20–60% copper sulfides (0.2–6.0% Cu) contains 5.1–6.6 gpt PGE and up to 0.13–2.3 gpt Au. Pd minerals, arsenides and sulfoarsenides of Pt, Rh, Ir, Os, and Ru are identified as well. These are sperrylite, ruthenium platarsite, hollingworthite, and irarsite; silvery gold and paolovite have also been noted. All these minerals have been revealed in the massif for the first time. The paper also presents data on the compositions of 25 PGE minerals (PGM) from Kaalamo ores.     

Geochronology of the Dovyren intrusive complex, northwestern Baikal area, Russia, in the Neoproterozoic

The paper reports newly obtained data on the geochronology of the Dovyren intrusive complex and associated metarhyolites of the Inyaptuk Formation in the Synnyr Range. The data were obtained by local LA-ICPMS analysis of zircons in samples. The U-Pb age of olivine-free gabbronorite from near the roof of the Yoko-Dovyren Massif is 730 ± 6 Ma (MSWD = 1.7, n = 33, three samples) is close to the estimated age of 731 ± 4 Ma (MSWD = 1.3, n = 56, five samples) of a 200-m-thick sill beneath the pluton. These data overlap the age of recrystallized hornfels found within the massif (“charnockitoid”, 723 ± 7 Ma, MSWD = 0.12, n = 10) and a dike of sulfidated gabbronorite below the bottom of the massif (725 ± 8 Ma, MSWD = 2.0, n = 15). The estimates are also consistent with the age of albite hornfels (721 ± 6 Ma, MSWD = 0.78, n = 12), which was produced in a low-temperature contact metamorphic facies of the host rocks. The average age of the Dovyren Complex is 728.4 ± 3.4 Ma (MSWD = 1.8, n = 99) based on data on the sill, near-roof gabbronorite, and “charnockitoid”) and is roughly 55 Ma older than the estimate of 673 ± 22 Ma (Sm-Nd; [13]). The U-Pb system of zircon in two quartz metaporphyre samples from the bottom portion of the Inyaptuk volcanic formation in the northeastern part of the Yoko-Dovyren Massif turns out to be disturbed. The scatter of the data points can be explained by the effect of two discrete events. The age of the first zircon population is then 729 ± 14 Ma (MSWD = 0.74, n = 8), and that of the second population is 667 ± 14 Ma (MSWD = 1.9, n = 13). The older value pertains to intrusive rocks of Dovyren, and the age of the “rejuvenated” zircon grains corresponds to the hydrothermal-metasomatic processes, which affected the whole volcano-plutonic sequence and involved the serpentinization of the hyperbasites. This is validated by the results of Rb-Sr isotopic studies with the partial acid leaching of two serpentinized peridotite samples from the Verblyud Sill. These studies date the overprinted processes at 659 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 1.3, n = 3).     

海南长塘岭矿区大坡岩体岩石学、地球化学特征及其含矿性初探

海南大坡岩体位于五指山褶皱带内,主要受昌江—琼海构造带、琼西构造带与潭爷断陷构造带控制.岩石地球化学及岩石学研究表明,大坡岩体形成于海西-印支晚期,岩性单一,主要为中细粒似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩.岩体显示为Ⅰ型花岗岩与S型花岗岩的混合,主体以地壳物质部分熔融为主,形成过程有少量地幔物质加入.元素对的比值及稀土元素配分特征说明岩体钨锡等多金属含矿性可能较差.