内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制

内质网应激（endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERs）是内质网腔内错误折叠蛋白聚积的一种适应性反应,适度ERs通过激活未折叠蛋白反应起适应性的细胞保护作用,而过高和持久的ERs则通过诱导转录因子CHOP表达、激活caspase-12和c—Jun氨基末端激酶（JNK）等导致细胞凋亡。近年来,越来越多的研究提示内质网应激是神经退行性病变、2型糖尿病以及肥胖等疾病发生过程中的重要环节。对内质网应激的细胞效应分子机制进行综述。随着对ERs机制理解的深入,有可能会发现新的分子标志物或新的诊疗策略。     

内质网应激与疾病

内质网是蛋白质合成与折叠、维持Ca²⁺动态平衡及合成脂类和固醇的场所。遗传或环境损伤引起内质网功能紊乱导致内质网应激,激活未折叠蛋白反应。未折叠蛋白反应是一种细胞自我保护性措施,但是内质网应激过强或持续时间过久可引起细胞凋亡。因此,内质网应激与众多人类疾病的发生发展密切相关。最近研究证明,癌症、炎症性疾病、代谢性疾病、骨质疏松症及神经退行性疾病等有内质网应激信号传递参与。然而内质网应激作为一个有效靶点参与各种疾病发挥作用的功能和机制仍然有待进一步研究。在近年来发表的文献基础上对内质网应激与疾病的关系,以及其可能的作用机制进行综述。     

内质网应激介导的细胞凋亡

内质网是细胞内重要的细胞器,内质网功能的损伤引起ER应激(ERS).内质网通过激活未折叠蛋白质反应(UPR)以保护由内质网应激所引起的细胞损伤,恢复细胞功能,包括暂停早期蛋白质合成、内质网分子伴侣和折叠酶的转录激活、内质网相关性降解(ERAD)的诱导.长期过强的内质网应激诱导内质网相关性细胞凋亡,清除受损细胞,包括内质网应激诱导CHOP/GADD153表达、JNK的激活以及caspase-12蛋白水解酶的活化等一系列生物学效应.     

疱疹病毒与内质网应激

内质网是分泌型蛋白和膜蛋白折叠及翻译后修饰的主要场所.病毒感染所引起的宿主细胞内环境的改变可使细胞或病毒的未折叠和/或错误折叠蛋白在内质网中大量聚集,使内质网处于生理功能紊乱的应激状态.为了缓解这种应激压力,细胞会启动未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),并通过一系列分子的信号转导维持内质网稳态;同时病毒也会通过对UPR的精密调控...     

内质网应激与心血管疾病关系的研究进展

内质网是蛋白质折叠、转录后修饰和转运的重要细胞器,对维持细胞稳态具有重要作用。多种内外环境刺激能够引起内质网内错误折叠或未折叠蛋白的积累,即形成内质网应激。内质网应激激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR),进而启动一系列下游信号以维持内质网稳态。但持续或过度的内质网应激激活的UPR最终导致细胞凋亡和疾病。近年来,大量研究证据表明,内质网应激参与多种心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)的发生和发展,包括缺血性心脏病、糖尿病性心肌病、心力衰竭、动脉粥样硬化、血管钙化、高血压和主动脉瘤等,是治疗多种CVD的重要靶点。本文就内质网应激激活UPR在多种常见CVD中的调控机制以及内质网应激与CVD关系的研究进展作一简要综述。     

冠状病毒感染与内质网应激研究进展

内质网（Endoplasmic reticulum,ER）是真核细胞细胞器的重要组成部分,主要负责蛋白质合成和翻译后修饰等过程,还参与调控了钙离子储存和脂类合成,具有重要生理功能。冠状病毒感染细胞后,在复制其遗传信息的同时也在合成大量病毒蛋白,造成未折叠/错误折叠蛋白堆积,进而增加内质网工作负担,诱发内质网应激（Endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS）,激活未折叠蛋白反应（Unfolded protein response,UPR）,引起一系列信号级联反应,如诱导细胞凋亡等,进而影响病毒复制。本文就冠状病毒感染与ERS及UPR信号通路的研究进展做一综述,为新型抗冠状病毒药物的研发提供新视角。     

内质网应激与帕金森病

内质网是细胞内最重要的细胞器之一,内质网功能与细胞状态密切相关。异常蛋白在内质网的堆积、胆固醇代谢异常、钙代谢紊乱等均能引起内质网应激。内质网应激在细胞生理病理中发挥重要作用。研究表明:内质网应激与神经退行性疾病,如帕金森病密切相关。该文简单概述了内质网应激与帕金森病之间的关系。     

内质网应激与肝脏胰岛素抵抗

肝脏是机体物质代谢的中心,也是胰岛素作用的重要靶器官。肝脏胰岛素抵抗会影响糖脂代谢,机体出现血糖升高、肝内脂质沉积等症状,从而进一步加重胰岛素抵抗,二者形成恶性循环。内质网是蛋白质合成、折叠、加工及其质量监控的重要场所,广泛分布于真核细胞中。当机体出现生理性应激(如蛋白质分泌量增加)或病理性应激(如内质网中存在大量无法正确折叠的突变蛋白质)时,会导致蛋白质折叠需求与内质网蛋白质折叠能力之间的不平衡,从而引起内质网应激。内质网应激与肝脏胰岛素抵抗密切相关。近年来,大量研究发现,内质网应激不仅能直接破坏胰岛素信号传导通路,还可以通过多种方式作用于靶组织进一步促进胰岛素抵抗(尤其在肝脏)。     

内质网应激诱导自噬的分子机制

在真核细胞中,内质网对蛋白质的折叠和运输至关重要,多种病理因素对内质网稳态的扰乱,可导致内质网腔中未折叠或错误折叠蛋白蓄积,即内质网应激(ERS)。细胞为此通过激活一种叫做未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)的防御反应来恢复内质网稳态。自噬是一种被描述为"自我吞食"的细胞代谢过程,其通过批量清除和降解未折叠蛋白以及破损细胞器在ERS时作为一种重要的保护机制。近年的研究显示这两个系统动态互联,且ERS可以通过多种方式诱导自噬的发生。在本文中,我们将总结目前关于ERS尤其是UPR诱导自噬的分子机制的相关知识,以进一步指导关于ERS与自噬关系的的研究。     

内质网应激及其在糖尿病肾病中的作用机制

糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症,是导致终末期肾脏疾病（end-stage renal disease,ESRD）的继发性肾脏疾病的主要病因之一。多种因素如缺氧、氧化应激、病毒感染、遗传突变等,可导致内质网内稳态失衡,大量未折叠蛋白和错误折叠引起蛋白堆积,即形成内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS),从而激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)介导的三条经典的细胞适应性应答通路以恢复内质网稳态和细胞活性。但如果刺激过强或持续存在,便会启动细胞凋亡信号通路。大量研究表明ERS与DN的发生发展相关,并参与不同类型肾细胞损伤的过程,因此ERS作为治疗DN的有效靶点具有很重要的研究前景,调控ERS可为DN的治疗提供新的理论支持。从ERS相关信号通路及其在DN中的作用和新进展领域作一综述,以期为DN的治疗研究提供参考。     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis

Cell death is an essential event in normal life and development, as well as in the pathophysiological processes that lead to disease. It has become clear that each of the main cellular organelles can participate in cell death signalling pathways, and recent advances have highlighted the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cell death processes. In cells, the ER functions as the organelle where proteins mature, and as such, is very responsive to extracellular-intracellular changes of environment. This short overview focuses on the known pathways of programmed cell death triggering from or involving the ER.     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress triggers autophagy

Eukaryotic cells have evolved strategies to respond to stress conditions. For example, autophagy in yeast is primarily a response to the stress of nutrient limitation. Autophagy is a catabolic process for the degradation and recycling of cytosolic, long lived, or aggregated proteins and excess or defective organelles. In this study, we demonstrate a new pathway for the induction of autophagy. In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), accumulation of misfolded proteins causes stress and activates the unfolded protein response to induce the expression of chaperones and proteins involved in the recovery process. ER stress stimulated the assembly of the pre-autophagosomal structure. In addition, autophagosome formation and transport to the vacuole were stimulated in an Atg protein-dependent manner. Finally, Atg1 kinase activity reflects both the nutritional status and autophagic state of the cell; starvation-induced autophagy results in increased Atg1 kinase activity. We found that Atg1 had high kinase activity during ER stress-induced autophagy. Together, these results indicate that ER stress can induce an autophagic response.     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates telomerase

Telomerase contributes to cell proliferation and survival through both telomere‐dependent and telomere‐independent mechanisms. In this report, we discovered that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress transiently activates the catalytic components of telomerase (TERT) expression in human cancer cell lines and murine primary neural cells. Importantly, we show that depletion of hTERT sensitizes cells to undergo apoptosis under ER stress, whereas increased hTERT expression reduces ER stress‐induced cell death independent of catalytically active enzyme or DNA damage signaling. Our findings establish a functional link between ER stress and telomerase, both of which have important implications in the pathologies associated with aging and cancer.     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and kidney dysfunction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects millions of persons worldwide and constitutes a major public health problem. Therefore, understanding the molecular basis of CKD is a key challenge for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies. A major contributor to chronic histological damage associated with CKD is acute kidney injury (AKI). At the cellular level, kidney injuries are associated with microenvironmental alterations, forcing cells to activate adaptive biological processes that eliminate the stressor and generate alarm signals. These signalling pathways actively participate in tissue remodelling by promoting inflammation and fibrogenesis, ultimately leading to CKD. Many stresses that are encountered upon kidney injury are prone to trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In the kidney, ER stress both participates in acute and chronic histological damages, but also promotes cellular adaptation and nephroprotection. In this review, we will discuss the implication of ER stress in the pathophysiology of AKI and CKD progression, and we will give a critical analysis of the current experimental and clinical evidence that support ER stress as a mediator of kidney damage.     

内质网应激与糖尿病动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化是糖尿病常见的并发症,80%的糖尿病患者死于动脉粥样硬化。近年来内质网应激在糖尿病动脉粥样硬化发生、发展过程中的作用受到了广泛关注。本文就内质网应激及其在糖尿病促发动脉粥样硬化中的作用机制作一概述。     

内质网应激与心肌肥大

肌浆网是调控心肌细胞钙稳态、蛋白质合成和细胞凋亡的重要亚细胞器。内质网应激是指内质网理化环境改变和过负荷等因素导致未折叠/误折叠蛋白在内质网聚集和钙稳态失衡等内质网功能紊乱状态。适度的内质网应激有利于心肌细胞代偿,持续而严重的内质网应激则触发内质网应激相关细胞凋亡,造成肥大心肌由代偿转向衰竭,是影响心肌肥大发生、发展的重要因素。本文综述了内质网应激反应在心肌肥大发生、发展中的作用。     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and fungal pathogenesis

The gateway to the secretory pathway is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), an organelle that is responsible for the accurate folding, post-translational modification and final assembly of up to a third of the cellular proteome. When secretion levels are high, errors in protein biogenesis can lead to the accumulation of abnormally folded proteins, which threaten ER homeostasis. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive signaling pathway that counters a buildup in misfolded and unfolded proteins by increasing the expression of genes that support ER protein folding capacity. Fungi, like other eukaryotic cells that are specialized for secretion, rely upon the UPR to buffer ER stress caused by fluctuations in secretory demand. However, emerging evidence is also implicating the UPR as a central regulator of fungal pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss how diverse fungal pathogens have adapted ER stress response pathways to support the expression of virulence-related traits that are necessary in the host environment.     

血管内皮细胞内质网应激

内质网是调控细胞内膜型/分泌型蛋白质合成、钙稳态和细胞凋亡的重要细胞器,多种因素影响内质网稳态、触发内质网应激。适当的内质网应激通过激活未折叠蛋白反应促进内质网紊乱的恢复,但过度内质网应激触发内质网相关凋亡途径,参与多种疾病的发生。血管内皮细胞具有高度发达的内质网,对内质网应激非常敏感,本文综述血管内皮细胞内质网应激反应及其在血管损伤相关疾病中的作用。